江苏省泗阳中学2013届高三英语 语法专项名词

1 江苏省泗阳中学江苏省泗阳中学20132013届高三语法专项届高三语法专项 名词名词 重点讲解 1 可数名词 可数名词包括单数名词 复数名词和集体名词 这类名词的使用原则是 1 单数可数名词从不单独使用 如其前不加冠词或 one s 就必须改名词单数为复数形 式 2 复数名词或不可数名词表泛指意义时 其前不得添加任何冠词 3 many several a few 之后 或 one of the one s 之后绝不能接可数名词的单数 形式 2 可数名词复数的不规则变化形式 1 Negro Negroes hero heroes tomato tomatoes potato potatoes zoo zoos bamboo bamboos radio radios piano pianos photo photos 2 knife knives leaf leaves loaf loaves wolf wolves wife wives half halves thief thieves chief chiefs roof roofs belief beliefs gulf gulfs handkerchief handkerchiefs handkerchieves 3 goose geese tooth teeth 4 man men woman women gentleman gentlemen Frenchman Frenchmen policeman policemen German Germans Roman Romans 5 单 复数同形的名词 sheep deer Swiss Portuguese Chinese Japanese head 牲畜的头数 means 6 child children mouse mice 7 合成名词的复数构成方式 中心名词变复数 如 passer by passers by father in law fathers in law 无中心名词在词尾变复数 如 grown up grown ups 3 以复数形式使用的名词 总是以复数形式使用的复数名词有 2 clothes trousers glasses 眼镜 thanks congratulations preparations goods looks 外表 manners 礼貌 Customs 海关 关税 in high spirits give regards to give one s best wishes to 4 表复数意义的名词 这类名词作主语 谓语用复数形式 例如 cattle police people 4 1集体名词 这类名词作主语 强调整体时 谓语动词用单数形式 强调个体及其成员时 谓语动词用 复数形式 例如 class family team group party army enemy crew government company crow d committee 5 不可数名词 5 1 专有名词 单个单词形式的专有名词无复数 不与冠词连用 由普通名词构成的专有名词前用定冠词 例如 China has a longer history than the United States 5 2 学科名词和物质名词 学科名词与物质名词表泛指时 不用冠词 例如 My brother likes physics while I like chemistry 5 3 抽象名词 表泛指意义的抽象名词或用在介词之后的抽象名词 不可数 不与冠词连用 抽象名词表具体意义或被某一 些 形容词修饰 与不定冠词连用 Failure is the mother of success Dictionary is a great help to many people be of some much little no great 少数几个抽象名词 如 value help use importance 意同 be 该抽象名词的形容词形式 It is said that tomorrow s meeting is of much importance 3 比较 It is said that tomorrow s meeting is very important 掌握某些名词永不用复数形式 永不与不定冠词 a an 连用 fun luck news information progress equipment furniture practice advice clothing homework housework medicine grass rice wealth health gold e arth 土 ham luggage baggage money 6 名词的格 6 1 名词所有格的表达 在有生命的名词后加 s 表示在店铺或在某人家里的名词后加 s 在表示国家 地域 天体 时间 距离 机关团体等无生命名词后也可加 s This is Mary and Lucy s classroom China s industry is developing fast Is Tom s mother in the tailor s or the butcher s or at Mr Smith s 无生命的名词后接 of 名词 有生命的名词在其中心词有较长定语时 用 of 名词 The cover of Mr Smith s book is dirty Have you heard of the story of William Tell and his son 所有物名词前有冠词 数词 不定代词时 用双重所有格 of one s 名词 中心名词前有指示代词表赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩时 用双重所有格 of one s 名词 A friend of my father s likes this picture of David s too Who enjoy that pride of Linda s 7 名词作定语 名词作定语 多是脱口而出的与日常生活密切相关的情形 具体如下 名词作定语 表类别 woman scientist man doctor girl student boy friend tea cup coffee cup room number telephone number history lesson evening dress evening school college student street light country life Nobel Prize body temperature animal plant life motorcar school education car door window meeting room river bank tooth brush English teacher winter 4 sleep government office church clock bus driver air pollution lunch room 名词作定语表材料 作用 来源 内容 cloth bag stone bridge gas station bulletin board shoe shop book store shop snow mountain answer sheet sports field bamboo pipe meeting room diamond necklace straw hat peasant boy family Chinese medicine 特别留心 a woman scientist two women scientists a man doctor three men doctors a girl student nine girl students a boy friend ten boy friends a goods train the sports shoes a sales girl the clothes shop line a middle aged woman a one eyed man a six month old baby a ten storied building a forty metre deep well a three legged table an 80 metre wide street a twenty year old lady an 800 word composition a five year plan a thirty hour trip a fifty dollar note check 8 名词的双重性 特别注意高考热点 部分名词的双重性 1 抽象名词单独使用或表泛指意义或用在某一固定介宾结构中 是不可数名词 词义的变 化 抽象名词具体化 是可数名词 5 例如 life time knowledge sight pleasure repair paper glass hair food fruit character experience trouble difficulty work help population iron 等 请注意以下各组例句 Life is hard We re living a happy life under the leadership of the Party Time is money We had a wonderful time in the party Knowledge is power A knowledge of English is a must in the 21st century He has poor sight because he often reads in the sun The sunset is a beautiful sight Would you please lend me your bike With pleasure What a pleasure it is to meet you here again It is said that the road is under repair It is said that the workers are doing repairs to the road Paper is made from wood Our monitor is helping our teacher to hand out the papers Have you finished your papers on pollution Is there anything of interest in today s papers Mirrors are made of glass Glasses are made of glass Asians have black hair and Europeans have fair hair Look There are a few white hairs on your head A man will die without food for seven days That was really a delicious food at the party Lu Xun succeeded in creating many characters in his works Charlie how many characters have you learnt so far 6 Sports are very useful for training character Sun Wukong had plenty of experiences on the way to the west to seek the Bible so he had rich experience in telling the kind from the bad I had great trouble difficulty in finding your home last year Life is full of joys and troubles Here is a difficulty for you to get over Irons are usually made of iron Every means has been tried but none has have worked All means have been tried but none have has worked work 工作 活儿 不可数名词 作品 著作 工厂 工程 工事 可数名词 My father still goes to work at 8 00 in the morning while my mother is out of work It s eight o clock Let s get down to work This painting of Xu Beihong s is a valuable work of art Lu Xun s works are popular with many young readers The water works supply supplies fine water to us Our army managed to break through the enemy s defence works population 既可数又不可数 作主语时 谓语动词有时用单数 有时又用复数 多 与 少 的表达 如何针对 人口 提问 1 与具体数字连用或被 large big small 修饰 是可数名词 指某一国家 地区总人 口时 是不可数名词 India has a population of about one billion India is a country with a population of about one billion In fifty years India is likely to have a larger population than China 2 指总人口时 谓语动词用单数 指部分人口时 谓语动词用复数 The population of the United States is about 250 million and about 11 of it 7 are black people 3 指 人口多 时 用 large 或 big 指 人口少 时 用 small England is a developed country but its population is very small 4 What s the population of What population does have 均是针对 人口 提问的表达法 How large big is the population of What is the population of Russia About 250 million 2 专有名词 专有名词一般为不可数 但偶尔也可作可数名词 例如 China has a longer history than the United States There are four Jacks in our class 名词在高考中的考查重点 一般在单项选择以及完型填空和短文改错中出现 绝大多数是考查名词词义辨析 名 词和表示数量词结合的考查 以及主谓一致的考查以及在具体语境中的理解和应用也将占 有一席之地 解题方法 1 熟记近义名词的辨析 2 熟记常见的不可数名词 单复数同形的名词 形单义复的名词和集合名词表示单复数 的情况 如 advice furniture equipment means works 工厂 series police cattle family audience 等等 3 掌握名词的抽象化和具体化 4 掌握名词的所有格 5 注意 复合 名词作定语时可单可复 6 熟记名词与动词的固定搭配使用 例题感悟 2011 江苏卷 27 Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional A consequenceB independenceC competenceD intelligence 答案 C 考点 考查名词的辨义 解析 句意为 教师要不断地更新他们的知识以便保持专业上的称职 consequence 后果 结果 independence 独立 competence 能力 胜任 称职 intelligence 智力 智慧 理解力 根据句意选 C 2011 福建卷 26 The lack of eco friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major of global climate change 8 A result B cause C warning D reflection 答案 B 考点 考查名词的辨义 解析 句意为 公众缺乏对生态环境友好的习惯被认为是全球气候变化的主要原因 result 结果 cause 原因 warning 警告 reflection 反映 cause 与 global climate change 存在着因果关系 故选 B 2011 浙江卷 18 Anyway I can t cheat him it s against all my A emotions B principles C regulations D opinions 答案 B 考点 考查名词的辨义 解析 句意为 不管怎样 我不能欺骗他 这违反我的原则 emotion 情绪 principle 原则 准则 regulation 规定 规则 opinions 意见 根据句意选 B 2011 四川卷 13 Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of children s A touch B sight C reach D distance 答案 C 考点 考查名词的辨义 解析 句意为 时刻记住 这些危险物品 比如刀子 要放在孩子们够不着的地方 out of touch 不联系 不接触 out of sight 看不见 在视野之外 out of reach 手够 不着 达不到 out of distance 远离 far away 根据前面的交代的危险品 选 C 2011 湖北卷 21 Tommy run Be quick The house is on fire the mother shouted with clearly in her voice A anger B rudeness C regret D panic 答案 D 考点 考查名词的辨义 解析 句意为 Tommy 快跑 快点 房子着火了 母亲大声叫喊 嗓音里夹杂这明显 的惊慌 anger 生气 rudeness 粗鲁 regret 后悔 panic 惊慌 慌乱 根据句意选 D 2011 湖北卷 22 Giving up my job to go back to full time education was a big but now I know it was the best decision I ever made A project B commitment C competition D ambition 答案 B 考点 考查名词的辨义 解析 句意为 当初放弃我的工作重新接受全日制的教育是个了不起的决定 现在我知 道那是我作出的最好的决定 project 项目 计划 方案 课题 commitment 承诺 许 诺 保证 competition 比赛 竞争 ambition 抱负 雄心 野心 commitment 与后面的 decision 相呼应 故选 B 2011 湖北卷 30 When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster many teachers would prefer to see him step aside younger men A in terms of B in need of C in favor of D in praise of 答案 C 考点 考查名词的辨义 解析 句意为 当被问到对于校长的看法时 许多老师都愿意看到他靠边站为更年轻的 人让路 in terms of 就而论 in need of 需要 in favor of 赞成 in praise of 表扬 9 赞扬 2011 江西卷 31 What s the in your opinion of helping him if he doesn t make an effort to help himself A sympathy B theme C object D point 答案 D 考点 考查名词的辨义 解析 sympathy 同情 theme 主题 object 物体 point 意义 句意为你认为如果他没 有作出努力去帮助自己而去帮助他的意义是什么 选 D 2011 山东卷 34 There s a in our office that when it s somebody s birthday they bring in a cake for us all to share A tradition B balance C concern D relationship 答案 A 考点 考查名词的辨义 解析 句意为 我们办公室有个传统 轮到某个人的生日时 他就带蛋糕来与大家分享 tradition 传统 balance 平衡 concern 关心 relationship 关系 联系 句中 somebody 与 they 相照应 说明不止一次 因此用 tradition 作答案 2011 江苏卷 32 We d better discuss everything before we work out the plan A in detail B in general C on purpose D on time 答案 A 考点 考查名词的辨义 解析 句意为 我们最好先详细地讨论好一切 然后再制定计划 in detail 详细地 in general 一般而言 总的来说 on purpose 故意地 on time 准时 根据句意 先讨论 后定计划 选 A 10 安徽 I haven t seen Sara since she was a little girl and she has changed beyond A hearing B strength C recognition D measure 答案 C 考点 本题考查名词辨析 解析 hearing 意为 听力 strength 意为 力气 力量 recognition 意为 认出 识别 认识 measure 意为 测量 措施 句意为 她变得认不出来了 10 江西 Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving license reached 200 000 a n of 40 000 per year A average B number C amount D quantity 答案 A 考点 考查名词 解析 a number of 许多 amount of 一般加不可数名词表金额 a quantity of 既可以 加可数也可以加不可数 但没有平均每年增加的意思 10 山东 Those who suffer from headache will find they get from this medicine A relief B safety C defense D shelter 答案 A 考点 本题考查名词在具体语境的使用 10 解析 句意应为 那些头痛的人会发现这种药物能使头痛缓解 所以 A 项意义符合句 意 relief 表示 缓解 减轻 解除 safety 表示 安全 保险 defense 表示 防御 防护 shelter 表示 掩蔽 保护 10 天津 James took the magazines off the little table to make for the television A room B area C field D position 答案 A 考点 考查名词意义和用法 解析 句意 詹姆斯把杂志从小桌子上拿下了 目的是为电视腾出空间 make room for 是固定搭配 意思是 为 让空 的意思 其中的 room 是不可数名词 10 江苏 The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients so he has a very good A expectation B reputation C contribution D civilization 答案 B 考点 名词辨析 解析 reputation 表示名声而 expectation 是期望的意思 Contribution 是贡献的意 思 Civilization 是文明的意思 10 湖北 This restaurant has become popular for its wide of foods that suit all tastes and pockets A division B area C range D circle 答案 B 考点 本题考查名词 名词短语 解析 此题不仅考查学生对于四个选项的认知 更重要的是要理解句子的含义 这家 餐馆越来越出名 是由于它做的各种各样的食物适应各种类型人群 a range of 强 调一个系列 而 a wide range of 意为 各种各样的 正好符合题意 从句子结构 来讲 这个句子属于典型的 从句套从句 for 引导原因状语从句 that 引导 定语从句 After the earthquake the first thing the local government did was to provide for the homeless families A accommodation B occupation C equipment D furniture 答案 D 考点 本题考查名词辨析 解析 512 的汶川地震 414 玉树地震 天灾 earthquake 相信是很多考生都准备过 的一个话题 所以相关词汇 accommodation 表示 住处 应该是考生们准备的系列词 汇之一 这道题难度不大 句子结构也相对简单 只要背过这几个词 知道 occupation 表示 占用 或者 工作 职业 furniture 表示 家具 equipment 表示 设备 器材 就能选出正确答案 D 了 10 浙江 The school advisers help you talk through your problem but they don t give you any direct A solution B target C measure D function 答案 A 考点 本题考查名词辨析 解析 分析四个选项 solution 解决方法 target 目标 measure 措施 function 功能 根据句意 学校的建议者们帮助你分析问题 但是他们不会给你直接的解决方法 11 09 安徽 China has got a good for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization A reputation B influence C impression D knowledge 答案 A 考点 本题考查名词辨析 解析 09 福建 The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April 2009 A delay B effort C schedule D consideration 答案 A 考点 本题考查名词辨析 解析 名词词义辨析 delay 耽搁 延误 effort 努力 schedule 时间表 consideration 考虑 体谅 关心 题干意思是 当 H1N1 型 2009 年 4 月袭击墨西哥时 世界卫生组织毫不犹豫地向人们提出了警告 选 A 09 湖北 Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health It may also be good for building A respect B friendship C reputation D character 答案 D 考点 本题考查名词辨析 解析 根据常识便可知运动既可增强体质也可强健个性 不会增强尊敬或名声 友谊可 以增强 但与前面 health 不搭配 故答案为 character 09 湖北 In our class when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book it was a for everyone to stand up A signal B chance C mark D measure 答案 A 考点 本题考查名词辨析 解析 根据句意可知打铃及老师合上书本 这是下课的暗示 选项中只能选择 signal chance 机会 mark 分数 痕迹 measure 方法 措施 09 江西 The shoes were covered with mud so I asked them to take them off before they got into car A girl s Tom s B girls Toms C girls Tom s D girl s Toms K5u 答案 C 考点 本题考查名词所有格 解析 名词所有格形式 根据题干后半部分的 them 可知对应复数 girls 此题较易 09 海南 Encourage your children to try new things but try not to them too hard A draw B strikeC rush D push 答案 D 考点 本题考查名词辨析 解析 句意为 鼓励你的孩子去尝试新事物 但不要把它们太难了 push 推 挤 逼迫 strike v 打 罢工 划燃 rush v 冲进 匆促行事 催 draw v 拉 拖 挨近 提取 画 绘制 根据句意 应选 D 09 山东 He says that my new car is a of money 12 Don t you think those words are just sour grapes A lack B load C question D waste 答案 D 考点 本题考查名词辨析 解析 考查单词的区别 lack 缺乏 load 负担 question 疑问 waste 浪费 根据句 意 尤其是下句的 sour grapes 酸葡萄 可知答案选 D 09 陕西 Form their on the top of the TV Tower visitors can have a better view of the city A stage B position C condition D situation 答案 B 考点 本题考查名词辨析 解析 名词词义辨析 stage 舞台 时期 阶段 position 位置 condition 条件 情况 situation 形式 情况 情景 根据空前的物主代词 their 可以推断出此处选 B 题干意思是 从他们在电视塔顶部的位置 游客们可以更好地看到这个城市的景色 09 天津 I m trying to break the of getting up too late A tradition B convenience C habit D leisure 答案 C 考点 本题考查名词辨析 句意为 我一直试图改变起床晚的习惯 tradition 传统 常规 convenience 方便 leisure 休闲时间 闲暇 解析 09 浙江 The system has been designed to give students quick and easy to the digital resources of the library A accessB passageC wayD approach 答案 A 考点 本题考查名词辨析 解析 句意 新设计的系统能够让学生便捷 容易地搜索到图书馆的电子资源 这里 一 基础练习 1 There are only twelve in the hospital A woman doctors B women doctors C women doctor D woman doctor 2 Mr Smith has two both of whom are teachers in a school A brothers in law B brother in laws C brothers in laws D brothers in law 3 How many does a cow have Four A stomaches B stomach C stomachs D stomachies 4 Some visited our school last Wednesday A German B Germen C Germans D Germens 5 The of the building are covered with lots of 13 A roofs leaves B rooves leafs C roof leaf D roofs leafs 6 When the farmer returned home he found three missing A sheeps B sheepes C sheep D sheepies 7 That was a fifty engine A horse power B horses power C horse powers D horses powers 8 My father often gives me A many advice B much advice C a lot of advices D a few advice 9 Mary broke a while she was washing up A tea cup B a cup of tea C tea s cup D cup teas 10 Can you give us some about the writer A informations B information C piece of informations D pieces information 11 I had a cup of and two pieces of this morning A teas bread B teas breads C tea breads D tea bread 12 As is known to us all travels much faster than A lights sounds B light sound C sound light D sounds lights 13 She told him of all her and A hope fear B hopes fear C hopes fears D hope fears 14 The rising have has a lot of to the crops A water harm B water harms C waters harm D waters harms 15 How far away is it from here to your school About A half an hour s drive B half hours drives C half an hour drives D half an hour drive 16 The shirt isn t mine It s A Mrs Smith B Mrs Smith C Mrs Smiths D Mrs Smith s 17 Miss Johnson is a friend of A Mary s mother B Mary s mothers C Mary mother s D Mary s mother s 18 Last week I called at my Last week I called at my 14 A aunt B aunts C aunt s D auntes 19 The beach is a throw A stone B stones C stones D stone s 20 I can hardly imagine sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days A Peters B Peter C Peters D Peter s 二 提高练习 1 It won t make much whether you agree or not A difficulty B trouble C difference D matter 2 No one has yet succeeded in explaining the of how life began A cause B problem C reason D puzzle 3 You must get there within an hour There should be no in sending this information to him A question B problem C quarre D delay 4 I can t give you the card without Smith s A agreement B allowing C permission D perfomance 5 What impressed me most was that they never lost A hearts B heart C their heart D their hearts 6 Though I spoke to him many times he never took any of what I said A remark B observation C attention D notice 7 I went to buy a of China Daily A piece B sh