京典祥译：NASA技术文件编辑部的语法参考手册(四)

3 5 1 作分离用的逗号作分离用的逗号 在开放式风格中 逗号的很多分离使用是可用可不用的 如在任何可能的情况下都使 用逗号 它们将截断文字 并使得文章难以阅读 这与引入标点符号的初衷相违 独立子句独立子句 由并列连词连接 参见 1 8 1 的独立子句可由逗号隔开 The mixing noise dominates the spectrum but the background noise peaks at a high frequency 当独立子句很短且密切关联时 逗号可以省略 Each performance of an experiment is called a trial and its result is called an outcome 逗号通常保留在由并列连词but和for连接的子句之间 以强调对比 当独立子句很复杂且内部含有逗号时 可使用分号来分离它们 不要使用逗号来分离没有并列连词的独立子句 错误的表达The differences were generally about 11 percent however larger differences occurred at 15 要么为The differences were generally about 11 percent but larger differences occurred at 15 或者The differences were generally about 11 percent however larger differences occurred at 15 不要使用逗号分离复合谓语 除非它们很长 且需要逗号以保证意义的明确 不好的表达Viewing through the atmosphere increases the apparent reflectance for low reflectance objects e g p 0 1 and decreases the apparent reflectance for high reflectance objects e g p 0 7 正确的表达Viewing through the atmosphere increases the apparent reflectance for low reflectance objects e g p 0 1 and decreases the apparent reflectance for high reflectance objects e g p 0 7 当复合谓语很长 可以加逗号时 说明可能太长了 用逗号来分离它们 可能并不足 以明确其意义 元素序列元素序列 逗号 至少 需要分离三个或三个以上个元素的序列 The flight navigation system also provides altitude roll pitch yaw and ground speed Pressures at the bulkhead in the cove and at the seal were measured Wind speed is obtained from antenna brightness temperature rain rate is obtained from the brightness temperature difference at two frequencies and wind vector is obtained from radar cross section 在一系列句子元素中 我们更倾向于在连接词前加逗号 对于防止误读 这种连续逗 号通常是必要的 前导短语和子句前导短语和子句 逗号可用以从主从句中 分离前导短语或子句 If the variable t is actually time then a is frequency As discussed in reference 4 one has considerable freedom in defining the Fourier transform pair 对于含有动词形式的所有前导子句和前导短语 将逗号放置于其后是标准的做法 Ebbitt 1982 从句Although some mathematicians are not comfortable with this intuitive definition it is widely used 分词短语Called mean square calculus this theory is based on the concept of mean square convergence 动名词短语 In analyzing the experiment we try to statistically describe the whole random process 不定式短语 To understand this concept note that periodic functions may be expanded in Fourier series 在简短的前导副词性短语后 逗号是可选用的 除非为了明确意义必须用逗号 要么为In recent years the delta function has been rigorously defined 或者In recent years the delta function has been rigorously defined 错误的表达Soon after the photon density becomes steady as gains and losses balance each other 更好的表达Soon after the photon density becomes steady as gains and losses balance each other 对于紧贴其修饰的动词之前的前导短语 不要将逗号放置它们之后 错误的表达Only in recent years has the delta function been rigorously defined 正确的表达Only in recent years has the delta function been rigorously defined 记住 在前导子句和短语后的逗号 起的是分离作用 而非封闭作用 对于句内部的子句 或子句 使用逗号是适当的 但在之前就不适合 除非短语或子句是非限制性的 参见作闭 合用的逗号章节 逗号跟在限制性前导句子元素之后 但不能放在它们的前面 错误的表达Recombination rate is larger than quenching rate and after lasing is achieved both are smaller than photo break dissociation rate 正确的表达Recombination rate is larger than quenching rate and after lasing is achieved both are smaller than photo break dissociation rate 错误的表达The laser pulse was reasonably stationary although at 1 6 msec motion of the arc is evident 正确的表达The laser pulse was reasonably stationary although at 1 6 msec motion of the arc is evident 对于非限制性的前导元素 逗号即可放在其后 也可放在前面 正确的表达Note that even though they are unbounded the delta functions are plotted as arrows with their heights representing the coefficient magnitudes 并列形容词并列形容词 如果 1 形容词由and连接 以及 2 它们独立修饰实词 则形容词是并列的 Linton 1962 只有当那些连续的形容词并列时 才能用逗号分离 判断形容词是否并列有一定 的技巧 可以有两种尝试的方法 第一种 可以在形容词之间插入and The delta function has a long controversial history long and controversial 在long和controversial之间的逗号是合适的 Consider a linear shift invariant system linear and shift invariant 如还有疑问 可试着颠倒形容词 如它们分别独立修饰名词 则次序不重要 Consider a shift invariant linear system 形容词shift invariant和linear可能并列 但真正是否并列 还得需要理解这些形容词的 技术含义的人来判断 当尝试解释这类语法难题时 有时还得靠运气 如有疑惑 就不要在形容词之间插入逗号 当代语言的趋势是 在两个并列形容词间 省去逗号 Ebbitt 1982 尽管逗号作为分离修饰成分 对形容词起了强调作用 省略结构省略结构 当句中的子句含义重复的元素 比如动词 可用逗号来表示省略这些重复元素 Wind speed is obtained from antenna brightness temperature rain rate from the brightness temperature difference at two frequencies and wind vector from radar cross section 如果子句很短 逗号可省去不用 Wind speed is obtained from antenna brightness temperature and wind vector from radar cross section 注意 省略结构中分号的使用参见3 15 4章节 直接引语和问句直接引语和问句 使用逗号或分号 可将直接引语和问句与句中的其他部分分开 冒号用以引入正式的 长引文 使用逗号将直接引文或问句与句中的其余部分分开 In reference 6 he states Thermal neutron fluxes up to 1020 might be required The obvious question is how good is this estimate 注意 问句的第一个词的首字母可以大写 也可以不用大写 对于间接引文 或者属于句子语法结构一部分的引文 都不能使用逗号和冒号来 引出 In reference 6 he stated that thermal neutron fluxes up to 1020 may be required In case of fire the command for stopping the test is Recover fire 3 5 2 作闭合用的逗号作闭合用的逗号 起闭合作用的逗号需要配对元素 通常是另一个逗号或冒号 分号 句号 问号或感叹号 非限制性修饰词非限制性修饰词 非限制性修饰词不会影响基本句子的意义 它可被从句中移除 而不会变更句子的含 义 非限制性修饰词必须由逗号闭合 至少 重要的是 闭合逗号需要一个配对元素 它可以是另一个逗号或其他标点符号 在下面的例子中 非限制性的介词和准动词短语由逗号闭合 The record need not be continuous but may in fact be digital data Theoreticians prefer to work in terms of radian frequency defined for both positive and negative frequencies The power spectral density is integrated over some finite bandwidth such as a one third octave The second integral being the integral of an odd function over even limits is zero 对于引入子句的内部短语 参见引导章节 是否是限制性的还是非限制性的 要 有所区分 限制性的A random process is stationary if for all n its nth density function is independent of time 非限制性的The coefficient could be placed elsewhere because though preferred the placement shown is arbitrary 非限制性的关系子句由逗号闭合 限制性的The most common panel methods are the codes which Hess and Smith ref 26 designed for nonlifting bodies 非限制性的The most common panel methods are the codes of Hess and Smith ref 26 which were developed for nonlifting bodies 非限制性的副词性子句由逗号闭合 限制性的The last chapter introduces specialized areas where research is in progress 非限制性的The power spectral density of the signal is shown in figure 9 where arrows represent delta functions 限定性的Two random processes are uncorrelated if their cross correlation satisfies equation 6 非限定性的Independent random processes are uncorrelated since their cross correlation always satisfies equation 6 不管限制性还是非限制性 前导副词性子句都由逗号隔开 与其修饰的子句分开 参见引导章节 当句子内部的副词性子句位于其修饰的子句之前 不要在它前面放置逗号 除非 它明显是非限制性的 错误的表达Recombination rate is larger than quenching rate and after lasing is achieved both are smaller than photo break dissociation rate 正确的表达Recombination rate is larger than quenching rate and after lasing is achieved both are smaller than photo break dissociation rate 下面是摘自 Rowland 的一些准则 对于判断子句是否为限制性的可能有用 副词性子 句有如下几类 时序子句 由这些词引入 when whenever after as soon as just as before since until while 当修饰主动词时 时序子句是选择性的 方位子句 由这些词引入 after before where wherever 方位子句通常是限制 性的 但也有可能是非限制性的 方式子句 由这些词引入 how just as as as if as though 方式子句通常是限 制性的 比较或程度子句 由 else other rather as than 等词引入 通常是限制性的 条件子句 由 if as though except provided unless whether 等词引入 通常是 限制性的 让步子句 由 although even while whereas though 等词引入 总是非限制性 的 原因子句 由 because 引入的话 通常是限制性的 但若由 since as in as much as 引入 则通常是非限制性的 目的子句 由 so that in order that 等引入 是限制性的 结果子句 由 so that 引入 是非限制性的 同位语同位语 除非同位语是限制性的 否则同格部分的词语或短语要由逗号封闭 限制性的同位语 的作用是 区分其先行词和同类的其他部分 限定性的The noble gas argon was chosen for the lasant gas 非限定性的Argon the lightest noble gas that will lase was chosen for the lasant gas 破折号可用以闭合同位语 以明确意义 特别是当同位语包含逗号时 参见破折号闭合 章节 单词or经常位于非限制性同位语的前面 同位格的or总是需要闭合 The concept of a laser powered directly by nuclear energy or a direct nuclear pumped laser came into existence shortly after discovery of the laser 逗号通常在一些符号的同位语处被省略 不管是限制性的还是非限制性 限定性的The coefficients and are plotted in figure 23 L C m C 非限定性的The lift coefficient is plotted in figure 23 L C 然而 如果作者或编辑偏爱 对于非限制性的符号同位语 也可以由逗号闭合 The two most sensitive parameters in the estimations and are compared with measured values in table II 插入元素插入元素 补充说明短语 修辞性副词 对偶短语 前导词语 已经其他的句子插入元素 当它 们非限制时 可由逗号闭合 补充说明短语 Auxiliary meteorological data used herein such as vorticity have been computed from NMC isobaric height fields 修辞性副词 The time between independent measurements cannot be reliably estimated it can be assumed however to lie between 20 and 120 minutes 注意 修饰性副词的放置和标点符号的使用 会影响语气的加强效果 参见2 6章节 对偶短语 In winter clouds near the tropopause are associated with negative vorticity not with positive vorticity as most meteorologists are accustomed to believing 插入词语或短语 For 33 mm diameter particles for example partial loss of laminar flow is predicted for large number densities 共用终止语的短语共用终止语的短语 用逗号闭合一个短语 闭合后的句尾与前一短语衔接 An aircraft flying through clouds will lose a significant portion if not all of its laminar flow The particle concentration data have nearly the same latitudinal but a significantly different seasonal distribution from that of the cloud encounter data 独立主格独立主格 独立主格短语 即由分词修饰的 在剧中无语法作用的名词 是非限制性的 所以可 由逗号闭合 Most confidence may be placed in the statistics for the 30 deg N to 60 deg N latitude band more data having been taken at these latitudes 3 5 3 逗号的习惯用法逗号的习惯用法 下面是逗号的一些习惯用法 它们应起的作用是闭合 而非分离 日期 The study was conducted from January 15 1975 to February 1 1979 aboard commercial airliners 不用逗号则是The study was conducted from January 1975 to February 1979 aboard commercial airliners 地名和地址 These instruments were carried on commercial airliners en route from Chicago Illinois to London England The computer program is available from COSMIC 112 Barrow Hall University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 Comment A1 2011 5 24 专有短语 This conclusion was drawn from data in Volume II page 157 of reference 16 程度 头衔 隶属单位等 Members of the committee consisted of J J Deluisi Ph D NOAA Environmental Research Laboratory J P Friend III Drexel University and M P McCormick chairman NASA Langley Research Center 名字 Refer to the report by J J Deluisi Jr and James P Friend III Deluisi J J Jr and Friend James P III Listing of Multi Spectral dots 习惯上 对于五或五以上位的数字 每隔三位使用逗号分离 但在技术写作中 我们更倾向 于使用窄空格 而不使用逗号 因为在一些外语中 逗号表示十进制中的小数点 数字 正确的表达There were 88 000 data points 2500 of which had to be discarded 更好的表达There were 88 000 data points 2500 of which had to be discarded 3 5 4 和其他标点符号联用和其他标点符号联用 逗号可与其他标点符号联用如下 逗号用在右引号前 如果逗号不做插入成分 逗号可紧跟右小括号之后 逗号很少放在左小括号前 除非插入成分明显限制了后续词语 参见 3 10 章节 其他标点符号 分号 冒号 破折号 句号 可代替逗号 所以 闭合逗号的 配对元 素 可以是其他的标点符号 3 6 破折号破折号 和逗号类似 破折号 1可用以闭合和分离 同样的 闭合的破折号需要配对元素 实际上 闭合破折号可取代闭合逗号 以加强强调作用 Ebbitt 1982 给出了使用破折 号的如下建议 破折号在不滥用的情况下 表明了一种确定