2012高考英语 语法---动词的时态和语态复习

用心 爱心 专心1 时态和语态时态和语态 一般进行完成完成进行 现在write writesam is are writinghave has writtenhave has been writing 过去wrotewas were writinghad writtenhad been writing 将来shall will writeshall will be writingshall will have writtenshall will have been writing 过去将 来 should would writeshould would be writingshould would have writtenshould would have been writing 1 一般现在时一般现在时 表示客观事实或普通真理 不受时态限制 Water boil at 100oC 表示现状 性质 状态时多用系动词或状态动词 表示经常或习惯性的动作 多用动作动词 且常与 表频率的时间状语 always every time now and then occasionally often seldom sometimes usually 等连用 Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea which the Pacific and we met no storm A was called B is called C had been called D has been called 表示知觉 态度 感情 某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时 see hear smell taste feel notice agree believe like hate want think belong seem等 All the students here belong to No 1 Middle School 现在时态表示将来时 A 用现在时表示将来时往往出现在下列状语从句中 if unless even if 等引导的 条件状语从句条件状语从句 when before after once until till as soon as the moment immediately 等引导的时间状语从时间状语从 句句 no matter what who which when where how 或 whatever whoever whichever whenever wherever however 引导的让步状语从句让步状语从句 强调延续性或动态时 有时也可用完成时 但要注意由 if 引导的条件状语从句 中可以用用 shall 或或 will 表表 意愿意愿 但不表示时态 If you accept my invitation and come to our party my family please When you finish the report I will wait for about 3 hours B 少数用于表示起止的动词表示起止的动词如 come go leave arrive fly return start begin open close end stop run 等常用一般现在时代 替将来时 表示一个按规定 计划或安排要发生的动作 常见的用法是 飞机 火车 轮船 汽车等 定期定点运行的交通方式定期定点运行的交通方式 The next train leave at 3 o clock this afternoon 表示根据时间或事先安排 肯定会出现的状态 固定不变或不易变的动作或状态 只用一般现在时 Tomorrow be Wednesday C 倒装句 表示动作正在进行 有时表将来 There go the bell The bell ring D 在动词 hope take care that make sure that 等后 Make sure that the windows close before you leave the room tomorrow 2 一般过去时 一般过去时 一般过去时的基本用法 表示过去的事情 动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用 或有上下 文语境暗示 用于表示过去习惯性动作 特别是由would used to do表达的句型 本身表示的 就是过去 时 表示说话人原来没有料到 想到或希望的事通常用过去式表示说话人原来没有料到 想到或希望的事通常用过去式 I think the film be interesting but it be not 有时可代替一般现在时 表达一种婉转 客气 礼貌 商量的语气 I want to ask you if I could borrow your car 表示两个紧接着发生两个紧接着发生的动作 常由以下词语连接 用一般过去时 如 but and when as soon as immediately the moment the minute The moment she come in she tell me what happen to her 非真实的动作或状态 属虚拟的语气范畴 It s time we go 常用一般过去时的句型 Why didn t you I think of that I didn t notice it I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before I didn t recognize him 注意事项 A 注意时间状语的搭配 一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组 如 yesterday last month in 1999 two days ago 等 绝对不可与 recently in the past 10 years this month 等连 用 因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系 应该用现在完成时或一般现在时 B used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别 你怎么写都正确 以否定形式为例 used not to do usedn t to do didn t use to do都对 used to do 和和would 动词原形动词原形 表示过去经常发生或反复发生的动作 used to do一般只表示过去情况 现在不这样 而would do则现在情况不明 常和when 引导的时间状语连用 would一般不能be动词连用 used to do经常与经常与 be used to doing sth sth结构进行对比结构进行对比 前者表示 过去常常或过去曾经 要求加动词 原形 后者表示 习惯于 要求加名词或动名词 C 当主句是过去将来时 从句用一般过去时表过去将来时 He said he go for a holiday when he finished his work 3 一般将来时 一般将来时 某个时刻 或某段时间内 将来要发生的 动作 更多地用于带有条件从句的主句中 He come next week I ll ask her as soon as she come 将 来 状态Your dress be ready soon 预测现在某事可能要发生了It s eleven o clock Mary will be in bed by now 现在的习惯A lion will never attack an elephant 现在的需要Shall I help you 一 般 将 来 时 现 在 对将来的事情现在作出决定 Which shirt do you want I take the blue one please 表示未来的动作或状态用will shall 动词 常与表将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow next week等 用心 爱心 专心2 表示一种趋向或习惯动作表示一种趋向或习惯动作 We die without air or water 有些动词 如 arrive be close come do done go have leave open play return sleep start stay等 用于一般进行时 并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用 可以表示将来时 My mother come to visit me next week and stay here until May 我妈妈下周将来看我 并会呆到5月 be going to与与will shall be to do be about to do用法及区别用法及区别 ABCD be going to 表示 计划 打算 安排将要做的事 时 主语只能是人 说话人说话之 前已考虑过的 甚至已做了某 种准备 主语是物时 表 示说话人根据某 种迹象主观推测 可能发生的事 不能用于含有条件句的主句中 will shall 表示将要发生某事 或主语的 意愿 说话人说话时 刻才考虑到的 即说话时临时临时 作出的决定作出的决定 表示客观规律必 然发生的 可用于含有条件句的主句或从句中表 示 意愿 be to 表示安排 计划要 做的事 与第二人称连 用 表示转述 第三者的话 表示命令 相当 于 should must 表示 能 该 想要 注定 不 可避免 be about to do sth 强调近期内或马上要做的事 句中不能再加 at once immediately 和表示具体时间的词语 常有 be about to when 结构 If it is fine we are going to go fishing 改错 The phone is ringing I answer it Next year you be 17 years old If you listen to me I tell you a story Autumn harvest start be to do 的的5种用法种用法 a 表示 按计划 安排即将发生某事或打算做某事 She see in the lab on Monday 星期一你准会在实验室见到她 b 该做或不该做的事情 语气上接近于should must ought to have to 表示一种命令 规劝性语气 You go to bed and keep quiet kids Our guests arrive in less than 5 minutes c 能或不能发生的事情 接近 can may 征求意见 Who go there 谁该去那儿呢 d 不可避免将要发生的事情 后来将要发生的事情 I assure you that the matter as quickly as possible Have a little patience A will be attended B will be attended to C is attended D is attended to e 用于条件从句 如果 想 设想 接近if want to 或if should Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage avoided A is to be B can be C will be D has been 同样可以表示 正要 将要 的意思的句型是be on the point of doing I was on the point of telephone him when his letter arrive 注意事项注意事项 现在时态表示将来时现在时态表示将来时 I hope his health improve by the time you come back next year 4 现在进行时现在进行时 1 表示现在 指说话人说话时 正在发生的事情 We wait for you now 2 习惯进行 表示长期的或重复性的动作 说话时动作未必正在进行 Mr Green write another novel 说话时并未在写 只处于写作的状态 3 表示渐变的动词有 get grow become turn run go begin 等 The leaves turn red 4 与 always often always often forever constantly 等频度副词连用等频度副词连用 表示反复发生的动作或持续存在 的状态 往往带有说话人的主观色彩 You always change your mind 5 表近期特定的安排或计划 表示来 去 开始 终结 离开 到达等意义的瞬间动词的进行体表示即将 发生的动作 At six I bathe the baby 下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时 1 事实状态的动词 如 have belong possess cost owe exist include contain matter weigh measure continue appear depend on 2 表示心理状态 情感的动词 如 know realize think see believe suppose imagine agree recognize remember want need forget prefer mean understand love like hate mind wish 3 瞬间动词 如 accept receive complete finish give allow decide refuse 4 系动词 如 seem remain lie see hear smell feel taste get become turn 5 以 here 或 there 开头的句子 说明正在发生的动作 谓语动词不用现在进行时 而用一般现在 时 5 过去进行时 过去进行时 A 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作 Mary listen to light music 10 minutes ago B 表示过去某阶段在进行的暂时性习惯动作 He is a doctor but at that time he work in a laboratory C 表示过去将要发生的动作 但只限于一些表示起始和移动意义的动词 I had thought that he come to see me the next day but he didn t D 表示过去打算实现 但没有实现的动作表示过去打算实现 但没有实现的动作 I come but my car broke down E 表示刚才的情况 表示刚才的情况 Can you give me the right answer Sorry I not listen Would you please repeat that question F 描写故事的背景 One day we walk along a road which go around the foot of the hill Suddenly we see a little girl run quickly towards us 用心 爱心 专心3 6 将来进行时将来进行时 will be doing 强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情 Don t worry you not miss her She wear a red T shirt and a white skirt at that time 7 现在完成时 现在完成时 A 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成 I bought a new house but I my old one yet so at the moment I have two houses A didn t sell B sold C haven t sold D would sell B 表示从过去某时刻开始 持续到现在的动作或情况 并且有可能会继续延续下去 此时经常用延续性此时经常用延续性 动词动词 时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点 或for加一段时间 或by加一个现在时间 Great as Newton was many of his ideas today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time A are to challenge B have been challenged C may be challenged D are challenging C 表示发生在过去 但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况对现在仍有影响的动作或情况 通常用点动词点动词 如 arrive begin find give lose fall come leave start buy sell hear join等 表示动作在过去完成 构成主语的经历 I have the gift for ten years 瞬间动作的肯定式一般不可与表示一段时间的状语一起用于现在完成时 瞬间动词的否定式可以与 表示一段时间状语一起用于现在完成时 He has come here for two days 改错 D 在时间和条件状语从句中 表示将来完成的动作 表示这一动作先于另一动作 I will lend the book to you when I finish reading it E 表示一段时间内重复性习惯性动作 I get up early all my life 注意事项 注意事项 A 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带 现在完成时和过去时的区别在于现在完成时和过去时的区别在于 时间上有差异 凡有过去的某个具体时间均用过去时态 不能用完成时态 如含有ago last year just now the other day 等 包括 现在 在内或截止到 现在 的时间状语才能与现在完成时连用 结果上有差异 现在完成时强调 的是对 现在 的影响和结果影响和结果 动作到现在刚完成或还在继续 一般过去时强调的是动作发生在 过去 和 现在毫无关系 He work in that hospital for 8 years Now he teach B 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时 有动态和延续性的特点 所以 不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词 My sister marry for 5 years C 在时间或条件状语从句中 现在完成时可以代替一般将来时 Don t get off the bus until it stop D 现在完成时除可以和 for since 引导的状语连用外 还可以和下面的介词短语连用 during in over the last past few years months weeks in recent years so far up to now recently lately already yet 等等 有 表示频率的时间状语一般用完成时态如 ever never 等 表示到目前为止多少次或第几次干某事 He be to Beijing several times E It This That is the first second time that It This That is the first second that It This That is the only that It This That is the best biggest that 主句用一般现在时或一般将来时 从句用现在完成时 主句用一般过去时 从句用过去完成时 It is the first time that I see so much money It was the second time that I hurt by his words 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较 Hi Tracy you look tired I am tired I the living room all day A painted B had painted C have been painting D have painted 8 过去完成时 过去完成时 表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态 就是我们常说的 表示 过去的过 去的动作或状态 常用过去完成时的几种情况 A 在 by by the end by the time until before since 后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作 By the end of last year we produce 20 000 cars The train leave before we reached the station B 表示曾实现的希望 打算 意图 诺言等 常用had hoped planned meant intended though wanted expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即 hoped planned to have done C 时间名词 before 在句子中作状语 谓语动词用过去完成时 时间名词 ago 在句中作状语 谓语动词用一般过去式 He said his first teacher die at least 10 years before Xiao Hua leave school 3 years ago D 表示 一 就 的几个句型 Hardly No sooner Scarcely had 主语 过去分词 when than before 一般过去时 We no sooner seat than the bus start No sooner we seat than the bus start 若句子中含有 before after as soon as until 等连词引导的时间状语从句 通常可用一般过去时代替过 去完成时 After he leave the room the boss come in 过去完成时与一般过去时过去完成时与一般过去时 过去完成时强调的是 过去的过去 如出现同一主语连续几个动作 连谓 形式则只用一般过去时即可 9 将来完成时将来完成时 will have done 表示从将来的某一时间开始 延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态 或是发生在某个将来时间 但对其 后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态 就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样 其用 法从和过去及现在有关 变成了和将来及将来的将来有关 The conference a full week by the time it ends A must have lasted B will have lasted C would last D has lasted 10 现在完成进行时现在完成进行时 have been doing 表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间 延续或重复地出现至今 或将继续延续至将来 We work on this project for over a month now 注意事项注意事项 与现在完成时相比 现在完成进行时更强调 在从过去到现在的时间里 动作或状态一直持 续或一直反复出现 It seems oil from this pipe for some time We ll have to take the machine apart to put it right 用心 爱心 专心4 A had leaked B is leaking C leaked D has been leaking 11 过去完成进行时过去完成进行时 had been doing The old clock take apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10 year old son before I came back home 12 将来完成进行时将来完成进行时 shall have been doing will have been doing By the end of next month the project work for 3 years 13 过去将来时 过去将来时 表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事 I said on Thursday I see my friend the next day 14 过去将来进行时过去将来进行时 should be doing would be doing The government promised that a new highway build next July 15 过去将来完成时过去将来完成时 should have done would have done I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed but I be wrong 16 过去将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时 should have been doing would have been doing They said that by the end of the following month the project work for 3 years 高考中最容易出现的几个大问题 高考中最容易出现的几个大问题 1 时态的替代现象时态的替代现象 1 一般现在时代替将来时一般现在时代替将来时 除了在时间 条件 让步状语从句中用一般现在时或现 在完成时代替将来时外 表示现在已安排好的未来事项 行程等活动也用一般现在时来代替将来时 用 一般过去时或过去完成时替代过去将来时 The museum open at ten tomorrow 2 表示去向的动词或起止性动词 come leave arrive start move sail get off begin stop open end等 可用一般现在时表示按时刻表将要发生的动作 现在进行时表示预定 的近期所发生的动作 过去进行时表示过去计划 安排好的将来动作 I leave for Beijing tomorrow 3 here there now then等开头的倒装句要用一般现在时替代将来时 Look Here come the teacher The teacher come 4 before after as soon as 本身 先 后 时间明确 可用一般过去时替代过去完成时 After I finish my homework I went to bed 5 句型 It is since 代替 It has been since 中可用一般现在时代替完成时 It be five years since we last meet 6 若干连续动作 如果其顺序非常清楚 又不强调先后 或用then and but等词连接时 无需用过去 完成时 如 My aunt give me a watch and I lost it 7 think want hope wish intend plan等表示愿望 打算的动词 可用一般过去时替代一般现在时 过去完成时替代一般过去时 表示现在或过去未能实现的打算 愿望 意图表示现在或过去未能实现的打算 愿望 意图等 I want to stay with you but I have an important meeting to attend 8 make sure certain see to it mind cage matter等后接宾语从句 so long as后接条件状语从句时 从 句用一般现在时替代一般将来时 So long as he work hard I don t mind when he finish it 2 时态呼应原则时态呼应原则 含宾语从句的主从复合句 若主句谓语是现在时或将来时 从句谓语可用任何所需要 的时态 若主句谓语是过去时 从句谓语要用过去的某种时态 但客观真理 科学事实 格言警句等仍用 一般现在时 The teacher said he satisfy with us 动动 词词 语语 态态 复复 习习 语态是动词的一种形式 它用来表示句中主语同谓语动词之间的关系表示句中主语同谓语动词之间的关系 英语有两种语态 主动语态和主动语态和 被动语态被动语态 主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者 被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者 被动语态的构成 be 过去分词过去分词 口语只也有用 get become 过去分词过去分词表示 一般进行完成 现在am is are doneam is are being donehave has been done 过去was were donewas were being donehad been done 将来shall will be done shall will have been done 注意 带有情态动词的被动语态的构成 情态动词 be 过去分词 注意注意 在 see watch hear notice listen to look at make feel 等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不 带 to 但改成被动语态后都带 to 这时不定式为主语补足语 也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略 to 的问题 We often hear him play the guitar He is often heard to play the guitar 主动形式表被动意义主动形式表被动意义 1 某些表状态特征的连系动词如 smell taste feel sound look prove 等 用主动形式表达被动意义 Cotton feel soft 2 某些不及物动词 其主语大多为事物 可以表达被动意义 这些不及物动词有下列几种 某些可以用来表示主语内在 品质 或 性能 的不及物动词 shut lock open move read write sell wear blow wash clean burn catch draw peel cut tear dry 等 并通常接 easily well perfectly 等副词 如 The door blow open 门给吹开了 无被动语态的动词 不及物动词 某些及物动词 have 有 possess 拥有 lack 缺乏 suit 合适 fit 合适 equal 相等 resemble 长得像 hold 容纳 beg 请求 fail 不及格 contain 包含 last 持续 cost 花费 以及以 be out 为前缀的及物动词等 表发生的动词 happen occur take place 发生 break out 爆发 其他一些动词 spread 传播 belong to 属于 run out 等 The Second World War break out in 1939 表开始 运动 结束的动词 begin finish start open close stop run 等 Work begin at 7 this 用心 爱心 专心5 morning 3 不定式以主动形式表达被动意义的情况 不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系 但逻辑主语又 是句子的主语或宾语 If you want to finish your task you still have a lot of work do 在 be 形容词 for sb 不定式 结构中 The food is fit eat 不定式与疑问词连用时 不定式逻辑主语必须是句子主语 The question is what do 某些不定式 to blame to seek to let to rent 等与 be 连用时 The house is let 这房子要出租 4 主动式动名词表被动 在 need want require deserve be worth 后加 v ing 形式的主动式表被动 也可用 不定式的被动结构换用 但 worth 后不可 The flower wants water The flower wants water 5 有些结构形式上是被动的 但意义却是主动的 He is seated on a bench He is engaged in research 又如 be faced with 面临 be devoted to 投身于 be located 位于 6 with 宾语 不定式 结构中 不定式用主动式表被动 With nothing do I feel bore 7 介词短语表被动 under examination 在审查中 under discussion 在讨论中 under repair 维修中 beyond belief 难以置信 beyond one s control 失控 beyond one s reach 鞭长莫及 够不着 for sale 出售 for rent 出租 in print 印刷中 in sight 看得见 in use 在使用中 out of control 控制不了 out of fashion 不流行 on sale 销 售中 on show 在展出中 in the charge of 受制于 under the leadership of 在 的领导下等 8 There be 句型中作定语的不定式可用主动式表达被动 用被动不定式也可 只是侧重点不同 There are still five trees to cut 被动形式表示主动意义被动形式表示主动意义 be seated坐着 He seat on a bench He seat himself on a bench 坐在凳子上 be hidden躲藏 He hide behind the door He hide himself behind the door 他藏在门后 be lost迷路 be drunk喝醉 be dressed穿着 The girl dress in a red short skirt 2011高考题 高考题 1 2011 全国卷 I 23 Planning so far ahead no sense so many things will have changed by next year A made B is making C makes D has made 2 2011 全国卷 I 24 I wasn t sure if he was really interested or if he polite A was just being B will just be C had just been D would just be 3 2011 全国卷 I 29 When Alice came to she did not know how long she there A had been lying B has been lying C was lying D has lain 4 2011 北京卷 21 Experiments of this kind in both the U S and Europe well before the Second World War A have conductedB have been conducted C had conductedD had been conducted 5 2011 北京卷 23 Tom in the library every night over the last three months A worksB worked C has been working D had been working 6 2011 北京卷 32 Bob has gone to California Oh can you tell me when he A has leftB left C is leavingD would leaving 7 2011 北京卷 27 That must have been a long trip Yeah it us a whole week to get there A takesB has taken C tookD was taking 8 2011 上海卷 31 After getting lost in a storm a member of the navy team four days later A rescued B was rescued C has rescuedD had been rescued 9 2011 上海卷 34 Did you predict that many students up for the dance competition A would signB signed C have signedD had signed 10 2011 山东卷 31 When I got on the bus I I had left my wallet at home A was realizing B realized C have realized D would realize 11 2011 山东卷 35 She was surprised to find the fridge empty the child everything A had been eating B had eaten C have eaten D have been eating 12 2011 江西卷 30 We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody into the office during the night A brokeB had brokenC has brokenD was breaking 13 2011 江苏卷 21 I hear you in a pub What s it like Well it s very hard work and I m always tired but I don t mind A are working B will work C were working D will be working 14 2011 江苏卷 22 The fact that so many people still smoke in public places that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking A suggest B suggests C suggested D suggesting 15 2011 江苏卷 23 Tommy is planning to buy a car I know By next month he enough for a used one A saves B saved C will save D will have saved 16 2011 安徽卷 32 I didn t ask for the name list Why on my desk I put it there just now in case you needed it A does it land B has it landed C will it land D had it landed 17 2011 浙江卷 15 The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant in his place but luckily everything was going on smoothly A gave B gives C was giving D had given 18 2011 福建卷 32 Last month the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they From China A receive B are receiving C have received D had received 19 2011 四川卷 9 All visitors to this village with kindness A treat B are treated C are treating D had been treated 20 2011 四川卷 19 What a mistake Yes I his doing it another way but without success A was suggesting B will suggest C would suggest D had suggested 21 2011 辽宁卷 28 I ll go to the library as soon as I finish what I A was doing B am doing C have done D had been doing 22 2011 辽宁卷 34 By the time Jack returned home from England his son from college 用心 爱心 专心6 A graduated B has graduated C had been D had graduated 23 2011 天津卷 3 In the last few years thousands of films allover the word A have produced B have been produced C are producing D are being produced 24 2011 天津卷 4 On the next birthday Ann married for twenty years A is B has been C will be D will have been 25 2011 陕西卷 12 His first novel good reviews since it came out last month A receives B is receiving C will receive D