解题方法之首字母

首字母专题解析 一 首字母填空题考查什么 二 解题技巧 首字母填空之通关秘籍 第一招 判断词性 第一招 判断词性 通过句法分析弄清楚要填的词是在句中充当主语 谓语还是宾语等 如果是主语或宾 语 要填的应当是名词或代词 如果是谓语 要填的就应是动词 如果是在名词前作定语 或者在系动词后作表语 要填的应当是形容词 如像 We busy He fine 之类的 句子 busy fine 都是形容词 也就是说句中还无动词 这一定是填系动词 be look 等 第二招 语言逻辑 就是利用上下文的意思与结构来填空 这个上下文可能是空格所处的那句本身的前部 分和后部分 也可能是空格前后的那个或那几句子 还有可能前后段落或对整篇文章的理 解 有时甚至还要结合常识进行简单的逻辑推理才能准确判断出该填哪个词 中考英语段落还是比较简单的 所以出现的语言逻辑情况不多 纵观这几年的真题 基本上用好以下两个兵器就能解决了 兵器 1 前后解释呼应 Remember that dogs need e You should take it for a walk every day Don t keep your dog inside all day 讲解 此空后面句子其实是对前面句子的进一步解释 尤其是划横线部分就相当于 是对空格部分单词的对应解释 所以联想到 e 开头的动词 应该就是 exercise When you buy a dog an important thing to think about is its s buy a small dog if your home is small and a bigger one if your home is larger 讲解 buy 这一句是不是就是对前面那一空的解释 大房子就买大狗 小房子买小 狗 那不就是说要注意狗狗的大小吗 A long time said the doctor Maybe for the r 5 of your life 2011 年上海中考真题 讲解 一个人要表达一个意思往往不止说一句话 一般说完后 会再补充几句以更 加说明自己的观点和意思 此举就是对前面 a long time 的补充说明 想到 The rest of 句型了吧 兵器 2 连词提示 转折 递进 因果等 Mum used to d 97 us to school but now my sister and I have started riding our bikes to school 2009 上海中考真题 讲解 but 是一个标志性词 标志着前后句意思是转折对比关系 现在是骑车到学 校 那和这个相对比 之前的是什么呢 肯丢只有 drive 了 We stopped taking long baths and had short showers i 95 2009 上海中考 讲解 文章就是讲节约能源的方法的 所以这句 and 前后其实内容是对比关系 instead 都是至于句尾的 表达转折关系的词 Most sunshine recorders o 102 record direct 直接的 sunshine Neil s is more accurate and this is very important for research into ways of using solar power Neil plans to keep inventing 2008 年上海中考 讲解 一看到 more 就意味着什么 对 比较 那就是比较这两句 more 所在这 句意思是递进的 更 精确 前面的肯定就是不够精确了 为什么不够精确呢 看到 direct 马上会想到 indirect 所以联想 会不会是 大多数记录者 only 记录了 direct sunshine 而没有记录 indirect sunshine 引导学生 看到 more but 这种标志性连词 要高 度兴奋 第三招 常识常理 Alana was on a diet but she didn t like it at all She was not a 2 to eat her favourite food by the doctor 2011 上海中考真题 讲解 减肥期间 医生肯定是不让你随便吃东西的 这是常识常理 女生会更有感 触 When people study the weather it s important to be able to record the sunshine accurately We need to know how many h 101 of sunshine we have and how strong it is 2008 上海中考 讲解 看到 how many 应该判断这个空应该是个可数名词 还像是一个量词 因为 后面有 of sunshine 再根据常识 记录阳光精确 是要记录我们感受阳光的时间阳光本身 的强度 注意 1 考虑词形变化 是名词或代词要考虑是该用单数还是用复数 是人称代词是用主格还是宾格 如果是 动词就要考虑是谓语动词还是非谓语动词 是谓语动词是主动语态还是被动语态 还要考 虑该用哪一种时态 是非谓语动词是用 ing 形式 不定式还是用过去分词 等等 切不可 一确定是填哪个单词后 就在不作任何考虑的情况下填上去 犯了不该犯的错 2 注意固定搭配 根据空格前后之间的固定搭配关系来分析 如 be good at be interested in make progress at least at most at last in this way pay a visit to take care of a lot of have a population of get on well with have a party give sb sth ask sb to do sth be get used to spend doing so that 等等 三 台阶式 教学法 台阶式 教学法也许是在较短时间里提高缺词填空能力的途径之一 台阶一 掌握七种句子成分与十种词性之间的对应关系 通过对单一成分的分 类练习 掌握该句子成分与何种词性相对应 词性正确是答案正确的前提 1 对主语的判断 1 are helpful to students teach 2 is more important to me than money healthy 3 Some famous are going to give lectures in our university in August science 4 is my favourite sport fish 5 stamps is my hobby collect Key 1 Teachers 2 Health 3 scientists 4 Fishing 5 Collecting 分析 以上练习中 填入词均为句子的主语 主语是动作的发出者 词性主要为名词与代 词 1 题 动词不能直接用作主语 必须转化成其对应的名词或 doing 此 外 形容词前加 the 带连词的句子也可作主语 2 对谓语的判断 John was standing on the step of a house An old woman c over to him My boy she a Is your father at home Yes a John The woman began r the bell She rang and rang but there was no answer At last she t back to John and s angrily Didn t you s that your father was at home I did answered John but this i my house Key came asked answered ringing turned said say isn t 分析 语篇中所缺字除 ringing 以外均为谓语动词 谓语是句子所表示的动作 词性只能是 动词 在句子中不能缺 当一个主谓结构中同时出现两个或以上动词时 还要判断他们之 间的相互关系 对谓语动词或非谓语动词的判断只有在熟练掌握相关知识的基础上 才能 作出正确的判断 多做用动词的适当形式填空有助于对动词形式的判断 3 对宾语的判断 1 Mr Chen was surprised to see the fast in Shanghai after his long absence from the city develop 2 The front is in great need of medical work 3 Thank you for your kind 4 At last he sold his invent Key 1 development 2 workers 3 kindness 4 invention 分析 宾语是动作的承受者 分动词宾语与介词宾语两种 宾语的词性同主语的词性一样 代词作宾语时必须用其宾格 4 对表语的判断 1 It is for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon possible 2 The sick man is getting ill 3 Patrick is going to be a n when he grows up engine 4 Such cold weather is quite in June and people have to wear warm clothes again usually 5 It s a to have a picnic with all the members please Key 1 impossible 2 worse 3 engineer 4 unusual 5 pleasure 分析 表语是连系动词后接的成分 词性主要为形容词 名词 介词短语 动词必须改成 to do doing 或 done 的形式 5 对定语的判断 1 The exams usually take place at the end of June finally 2 On a night you can see thousands of stars in the sky clearly 3 In weather the old had better stay at home freeze 4 The French artist said it is my time to visit Shanghai I love this city so much one 5 Most people don t like food freeze 6 Who is your teacher chemical Key 1 final 2 clear 3 freezing 4 first 5 frozen 6 chemistry 分析 定语是修饰名词与代词的成分 词性以形容词 序数词 介词短语为主 名词修饰 名词说明后面名称的性能或用途 如 stamp show physics teacher 动词必须变形为 to do doing 或 done 的形式 6 对状语的判断 1 The old lady could hardly believe that she had got the travel pass to Hong Kong so easy 2 Watch and you will find the difference between the two pictures care 3 After flying in the storm for nearly one hour the helicopter landed at last safe Key 1 easily 2 carefully 3 safely 状语 说明动作发生的时间 地点 原因 方式 目的 结果 条件 伴随情况的成分 词性以副词为主 也可以是介词短语 动词必须变形为 to do doing 或 done 7 对连词的判断 在英语中 并列连词 and but or so not only but also either or neither nor as well as both and 连接并列的词 词组和句子 从属连词连接主句与从句 台阶二 在牢记了七种句子成分与十种词性的对应关系之后 多做做综合的 用所给单词的正确形式填空 提高对句子成分的判断能力 熟练掌握词性 转化的技巧是通向首字母完形的第二步 台阶三 锻炼自己的发散和归纳思维的能力 或称为 猜谜 的能力 Exercise Guess the missing word 1 are helpful to students 2 are helpful to students They give them knowledge 3 are helpful to students In class they teach them knowledge and after class they care for them like parents 4 are helpful to students They keep them healthy 分析 按顺序做你会不假思索地得出答案 1 4 均为 Teachers 全部解完后再思考 似乎 第一题答案不仅仅只有 Teachers 按判断主语的结论 凡名词 只要合乎逻辑 都可作为 第一题的答案 你会发现 Books 也可 继而得出结论 一切有益于学生的复数名词均为 正确答案 Exercises Doctors Police Parents 第二题受后一句 knowledge 的限制 答案要少一些 Teachers Books 第三题限制更多 从 care for 判断主语只能是人 Teachers 第四题受 healthy 的限制 最好填 Doctors Nurses 以上练习说明解完形填空需要如下技能 1 对所缺词的句子成分必须作出精确判断 然后填入正确的词性 即必须熟练掌握句子成 分与词性的对应关系 2 必须训练自己扩散性思维能力 如同猜谜 因为词义的确定依靠着对句中限制性信息的 判断得出 3 良好的语法基本功 在确定完词性与词义后 单复数 时态的确定建立在良好的语法基 本功之上 台阶四 对词性 词义 词形的精确判断阶段 即综合运用阶段 Mr Wu is getting old He is l the school soon The s in his class have given h a lot of p Among t are cards note books photos and books Most of the cards are m by the students themselves Photos will h Mr Wu remember the happy t when he was with his students Next week t will have a p to s goodbye to him 分析 通读短文以后发现 Mr Wu 是一位老师 从 old 可推断他不久要退休了 所以 l 应为谓语动词 leaving s 是第三句的主语 结合 have 判断为 students h 是 give 的宾语 判断为 him p 的内容是 cards note books 所以判断为名词 presents t 是介词 among 的宾语 应为 them m 处于 be done by 的结构中 应为过去分词 made h 位于情态动词 will 之后 应为动词原形 help t 是 remember 的宾语 并且受到 happy 的修饰应为 time t 是主语 名词或代词 teachers they p 是 have 的宾语 前面有冠词 所以是名词 party s 前有 to 分析成分为目的状语 to do 即 to say 台阶五 熟能生巧阶段 要做到举重若轻 必须在前四步的基础上作长期系统 的训练 把上述知识演化为解题技能 The universe is everything out in space 1 knows how big the universe is When we talk 2 the universe we mean the earth the sun the moon and the stars Now let me tell you something about our earth The earth is a huge ball It turns round and round in space 3 surface is covered by water and land If you are in a space plane and look 4 at the earth from up in space you will see lots of clouds over the surface of the earth Through the clouds you will see the blue color of the oceans and seas Almost two thirds of the earth is covered with water We live on the outside 5 of the earth Around and above us is the air The earth takes twenty four hours to turn all the way round that is one day and one night When your country is facing the sun it is daytime for you But as the earth turns you away from the sun everything around you grows 6 Key 1 Nobody 2 about 3 Its 4 down 5 part 6 dark 四 中考考纲词汇按词性整理 说明 常考的用正常字体标出 比较难想到的用红色加粗标出 名词 A 字母开头的 ability accident activity actor actress addition address advantage advertisement aim 目的 all 全部 全体人员 ambition amount answer 回答 答复 答案 area attention B 字母开头的 balance base beginning being best 最好的人或物 bit block book bottom break 休息 breath broadcast business businessman C 字母开头的 call cancel capital case cause century chance charity chemical chemistry choice cigarette circle citizen class collection college colour company competition concert conclusion control cross culture custom customer D 字母开头的 daily dark detail diet difference difficulty disaster distance dream E 字母开头的 earth earthquake education effect end energy entrance environment example excuse exercise experience experiment F 字母开头的 fable fact favour female figure finger fisherrman forecast foreigner form France freedom French friend friendship fuel fun furniture future G 字母开头的 game gas geography goal grade graduate greenhouse guest H 字母开头的 habit health heart heat height history hobby holiday hope housework humour I 字母开头的 idea income industry information invention inventor invitation island J 字母开头的 jam journalist journey joy judge K 字母开头的 kind kindergarten knowledge L 字母开头的 language law lawyer length lie link list location lock luck M 字母开头的 machine magazine mail manner market match matter meal memory menu message method mind minute mistake moment most much N 字母开头的 neighbour network number O 字母开头的 offer opinion order organization owner P 字母开头的 pain paint 涂料 颜料 painting part partner passenger performance place planet pollution practice president problem process Q 字母开头的 question R 字母开头的 reason record relative resource responsibility rest restaurant result robbery rule run S 字母开头的 safe safety sauce saying secret secretary section sense service sex shame shape sightseeing situation size skill square story success support surface surprise survey system T 字母开头的 task temperature thought ticket traffic trouble try type U 字母开头的 use V 字母开头的 variaty W 字母开头的 way wisdom wish wonder worry writer 代词 A 字母开头的 all another any anybody anything B 字母开头的 both E 字母开头的 each either everybody everyone everything M 字母开头的 many N 字母开头的 neither nobody none nothing O 字母开头的 one other S 字母开头的 same some somebody someone something T 字母开头的 that these this those W 字母开头的 what who 形容词 A 字母开头的 able accurate active all ancient angry another any attractive automatic available awful B 字母开头的 bad beautiful best better boring both brave C 字母开头的 careful certain changeable cheap chemical close 近的 cold common complete confident convenient correct crazy crowded D 字母开头的 dangerous different difficult dull E 字母开头的 each easy educational either else enjoyable enough every everyday excited exciting F 字母开头的 fair favourite first fit following foreign forgetful freezing fresh G 字母开头的 general glad good great H 字母开头的 hardworking healthy helpful Historical horrible hungry I 字母开头的 important impossible independent interested interesting L 字母开头的 last late likely limited local low lucky M 字母开头的 modern more most much N 字母开头的 nearby necessary neither nervous next O 字母开头的 only open opposite ordinary other outdoor own P 字母开头的 pale perfect personal physical precious pretty private public R 字母开头的 real regular responsible retired S 字母开头的 safe same serious several simple some spare special square straight strange strong successful such sure T 字母开头的 teenage terrible thankful that these thin thirsty this those top traditional true U 字母开头的 unhealthy unusual useful usual upset V 字母开头的 various W 字母开头的 weak well which wooden wounded wrong Y 字母开头的 young 副词 A 字母开头的 abroad actually after again ago ahead all almost along already also always angrily anywhere as B 字母开头的 back before behind best both C 字母开头的 carefully certainly clearly close E 字母开头的 easily either enough especially even ever everywhere exactly F 字母开头的 far finally first forever G 字母开头的 gently H 字母开头的 happily hard hardly heavily here home how however I 字母开头的 immediately in inside instead J 字母开头的 just L 字母开头的 last late later luckily M 字母开头的 mainly maybe more most much N 字母开头的 nearly neither never next no not nowhere O 字母开头的 often once only over P 字母开头的 perhaps politely possibly probably properly Q 字母开头的 quickly quite R 字母开头的 rather really recently right S 字母开头的 safely second seldom seriously slowly so softly sometimes soon still suddenly T 字母开头的 then today together tomorrow too U 字母开头的 under up usually W 字母开头的 what when where why Y 字母开头的 yet 动词 A 字母开头的 accept achieve add afford allow answer apologize appear arrange attack attract B 字母开头的 beat bite book borrow born break C 字母开头的 cancel care cause celebrate change choose clear climb collect compare complain complete comfuse connect consist control copy correct create D 字母开头的 decide decorate describe dig disappear discover disturb drop E 字母开头的 e mail email enable encourage end enjoy enter equal escape examine expect explain express F 字母开头的 fail fit fix focus follow frighten G 字母开头的 gain get H 字母开头的 han