西方经济学重点-中英文

Represents 描述描述 Define 定义定义 Demonstrate 论证论证 Topic 1A Opportunity cost 机会成本机会成本 The highest valued alternative that we give up to get something the opportunity cost of the activity chosen 我們为了得到一些東西而放弃的 Explicitxplicit costcost 显性成本 is a cost that involves actually laying out money 花钱 Implicitmplicit costcost 隐性成本 does not require an outlay of money it is measured by the value in dollar terms of the benefits that are forgone 非实质性 Marginal Benefit 边际收益边际收益 指如果再多销售一单位的产品将会得到的收益 或目前最后卖出的一单位的产品所得到的 收益 边际收益在实现利润最大化中是一个非常重要的经济量 一般认为当边际收益等于边际成本时企业达到利润最 大化 Marginal Cost 边际成本 is the change in the total cost that arises when the quantity produced has an increment by unit 指的是每一单位新增生产的产品 或者购买的产品 带来的总成本的增量 MC MR an incentive to do less of that activity 少刺激消费活动 MB MC an incentive to do more of that activity 多刺激消费活动 Production Possibilities Frontier PPF 生产可能性边界生产可能性边界 is a graph representing production tradeoffs of an economy given fixed resources 假设 概念 图 移动 用来表示经济社会在既定资源和技术条件下所能生产的各种商品最大 数量的组合 反映了资源稀缺性与选择性的经济学特征 Topic 2A Law of demand 需求法则需求法则 Other things remaining the same the higher the price of a good service the smaller is the quantity demanded 假设其他因素不变 当一物品价格增加 其需求量会下降 Law of supply 供给法则供给法则 Other things remaining the same the higher the price of a good service the greater is the quantity supplied 假设其他因素不变 当一件物品的相对价格上升时 其供给量会上升 Equilibrium 平衡 It means nono shortageshortage oror surplussurplus inin thethe market market 市场中没有短缺或过剩市场中没有短缺或过剩 平衡点 Factors that bring changes in demand 使需求变化的因素 Income Climate 水土 气候 Age of the people Technology Price of substitutes 替代品 Advertising Prices of related goods Expected future prices Expected future income Preferences 偏好 Population Factors that bring changes in supply 使供给变化的因素 Climate 水土 气候 Technology Expectations of producers 生产者期望 Expected future prices The number of suppliers Prices of the factors of production Shifts in demand curve and shifts in supply curve 需求曲线的变动和供给曲线的变动 Substitutes and Complements 替代品和互补品 Diminishing Marginal Returns 边际效用递减规律 is the decrease in the marginal incremental output of a production process as the amount of a single factor of production is incrementally increased while the amounts of all other factors of production stay constant 指在投入生产要素后 每单位生产要素所能提供的产量增加发生递减的现象 消费者剩余消费者剩余 Consumer Surplus 是指购买者的支付意愿减去购买者的实际支付量 Topic 2B Price Elasticity of Demand 需求价格弹性需求价格弹性 measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded to a change in price 衡量需求的数量随商品的价格的变动而变动的情况 Price Elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性供给价格弹性 measures the responsiveness of the quantity supplied to a change in price 指供给量相对价格变化作出的反应程度 Elastic Unit elastic Inelastic Perfectly elastic Perfectly inelastic 根据弹性系数 图形判断 根据弹性系数 图形判断 弹性 弹性 单位弹性 单位弹性 非弹性 完全具有弹性 完全无弹性 根据弹性系数 图形判断 非弹性 完全具有弹性 完全无弹性 根据弹性系数 图形判断 需求价格弹性系数需求价格弹性系数 需求量变动的百分比 价格变动的百分比 设 Q 表示一种商品的需求量 P 表示该商品的价 格 DQ 表示需求量变动值 DP 表示价格变动的数值 Ed 表示价格弹性系数 则 Ed Q Q P P 弹性与价格 收益的关系 一般降价促销的商品都是需求弹性大于 1 的 如手机 服装 奢侈品 生活必备品一般是弹性小于 1 的 如食盐 生活必需品的 需求的价格弹性较小 非必需品的需求的价格弹性较大 恩格尔定律恩格尔定律 Engel s law is an observation in economics stating that as income rises the proportion of income spent on food falls even if actual expenditure on food rise 一个家庭收入越少 家庭收入中 或总支出中 用来购买 食物的支出所占的比例就越大 Topic 3 Characteristics of each market structures 每个市场结构特征 Perfect competition 完全竞争 demand curve 需求曲线 Short run Decision 短期决策短期决策是指企业为有效地组织现在的生产经营活动 合理利润经济资源 以期在不远的将来取 得最佳的经济效益而进行的决策 Long run Decision 长期决策 Perfect competitive market 完全自由竞争市场完全自由竞争市场 买卖众多 Many buyers and sellers 产品同质 All firm selling identical products 进出自由 No barriers to new firms entering the market Sellers and buyers are well informed about prices Perfect information 信息完全信息完全 Monopoly 垄断垄断 One supplier Produces a good or service for which there are no close substitutes High barriers to entry Firm is a price maker Monopolistic Competition 垄断竞争垄断竞争 Features of both competition and monopoly A large number of firms Each firm produces a differentiated product Product Differentiation Firms compete on product quality price marketing and branding Monopolistic competitive firms seek to differentiate their products in any one or a combination Oligopoly 寡头寡头 High barriers to entry A small number of firms Firms are price makers Interdependency Temptation to cooperate collude to increase joint profit opportunity cost 机会成本 需考虑 sunk cost 沉没成本 不受决策影响的成本 表现为过去已经支付费用或根据过去的决策将来必须支付的费用 Fixed cost 固定成本 不随产量变化而变化 Variable cost 可变成本 随产量增加而增加 长期中 没有固定成本与可变成本之分 Shut down point 停止营业点 The firm is indifferent between producing and shutting down temporarily The output and price at which the firm just covers its TVC P AVC is at its minimum MC curve cuts AVC curve It incurs a loss equal to TFC Monopoly 垄断垄断 三级价格歧视 Price Discrimination 价格歧视价格歧视 一级价格歧视 为每单位产品制定不同的销售价格 二级价格歧视 垄断厂商根据不同的购买数量确立的价格 三级价格歧视 厂商对同一产品在不同的市场上对不同的消费群体收取弹性价格 Selling different units of a good or service for different prices Oligopoly 寡头寡头 The Kinked Demand Curve Model 弯折的需求曲线模型 Topic 4A GDP methods of measuring GDP Gross Domestic Product 衡量国内生产总值的方法 Nominal 名义名义 GDP is the production of goods and services valued at current prices是用生产物品和劳务的当年价格计算的 全部最终产品的市场价值 Real 实际实际 GDP is a macroeconomic measure of the value of economic output adjusted for price changes 是用从前 某一年作为基期的价格计算出来的当年全部最终产品的市场价值 Economic growth 经济增长经济增长 is the increase in the market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time Topic 4B Business cycle 经济周期经济周期 is the periodic but irregular up and down movement in production 概念 画图 解释 概念 画图 解释 Unemployment rate 失业率 is the percentage of the labour force that is unemployed Four types of unemployment 四种类型的失业四种类型的失业 Structural unemployment 结构性失业 Frictional unemployment 摩擦性失业 Cyclical unemployment 周期性失业 Seasonal unemployment 季节性失业 Full employment 充分就业 is that when everyone who wishes to work at the going wage rate for their type of labor is employed Natural rate of unemployment 自然失业率 Topic 5 Inflation 通胀通胀 is an upward movement in the average level of prices 指一般物价水平在某一时期内 连续性地以相 当的幅度上涨的状态 又称为物价上升 Difference between anticipated 预期 and unanticipated 非预期 inflation Anticipated Inflation is inflation that has been on average correctly forecast While unanticipated Inflation is Inflation that catches people by surprise CPI Consumer Price Index 消费物价指数 measures changes in the price level of a market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households 是反映与居民生活有关的产品及劳务价格统计出来的物价变动指标 以百分比变化为表达形式 Demand pull inflation 需求拉动通货膨胀需求拉动通货膨胀 is inflation that results from an initial increase in aggregate demand Cost push inflation 成本推动型的通货膨胀成本推动型的通货膨胀 is inflation that results from an initial increase in costs Wage price spiral 工资 价格螺旋是一种工资提高了 商品售价也节节升高的现象 Topic 6 Multiplier 乘数 and Multiplier effect 乘数效应 is a factor of proportionality that measures how much an endogenous variable changes in response to a change in some exogenous variable Topic 7A Theories of International trade 国际贸易理论 Theory of absolute advantage 绝对优势理论 A country has an absolute advantage over another in the production of a good if it can produce it with fewer resources lower costs than the other country Theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论 A country has a comparative advantage over another in the production of a good if it can produce it at a lower opportunity cost i e If it has to forgo less of other goods in order to produce it Balance of Payments BOP 国际收支平衡表 Current Account 经常项目经常项目 is one of the two components of its balance of payments Main items Goods Services Income Current transfers 经常项目转移支付 Capital Account 资本项目资本项目 is one of two primary components of the balance of payments Main items Capital transfers 固定资产所有权的转移 Government 国际贸易的重要性国际贸易的重要性 Increase exports lead to an increase GDP Increase in economic growth Increase in employment opportunities for locals Export oriented industries have the opportunity to enter new markets allowing them to grow in size encouraging specialisation of tasks economies of scale b problems of protection 保护问题保护问题 Traffic jam Fishing in open sea Examples of public goods are Roads street lighting parks public toilets and the services provided by police and national defense Free Riding Using public goods