中考英语 阅读理解实战演练之概述

用心 爱心 专心1 中考阅读理解 中考阅读理解 概述 阅读理解 是指阅读所给的文字材料 掌握它的主要内容并理解其含义 实际上 阅读理解 是通过认识语言形式与结构而获取文字信息的过程 阅读是英语学习的重要组成部分 阅读理解能力的高低直接影响着听 说 写等各方 面能力的形成和发展 因此 各省 市都把阅读理解题作为中考英语必考的最重要的题型 之一 并且越来越重视对阅读理解能力的考查 阅读量逐渐增多 知识面逐步拓宽 难度 系数逐年加大 1 阅读理解 的具体要求 九年义务教育全日制初级中学英语教学大纲 对 读 的要求如下 能预习课文 初步理解课文大意 学会查词典 能借助词典阅读难度相当于课文的材料 并理解其大 意 能独立阅读所学语言知识范围内的材料 生词率不超过 3 三年制和四年制的阅读 速度分别是每分钟 40 50 和 50 60 个单词 理解正确率达到 70 阅读能力强的标志不仅指阅读速度快 而且还要求理解率高 具体体现在如下几个方 面 掌握所读材料的大意 以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节 既能理解具体的 事实 也能理解抽象的概念 既能理解字面意思 也能理解深层含义 包括作者的态度 意图及倾向等 既能理解某一句话 某一段落的意义 也能理解全篇的逻辑关系 并能 据此进行推理和判断 既能根据材料所提供的信息解决问题 也能结合必备的常识 包括 生活常识和相关的其他学科知识等 去理解和处理题目设置的疑难问题 由于考试过程中不允许考生查字典 因此 要想解答好阅读理解题必须做到以下两点 掌握相当的词汇量 词汇不过关 处处是难关 平常要多背诵一些基础词汇 词组 习 惯短语等 教材中出现的重要句型也必须牢记 这样就能为顺利阅读提供强有力的保障 同时在记忆词汇时 要注意单词的词性及一词多义现象 这样对阅读中碰到的生词的推断 会有一定的帮助 加强 听 说 读 写 译 五项基本技能的训练 创造良好的语境 通过多听 多说 多读 多写 多译 逐步培养语感 提高综合运用语言知识的能力 为 阅读能力的提高奠定坚实的基础 2 阅读理解 的题型特点 阅读理解 是集语法 词汇 逻辑推理 背景知识于一体 测试语言综合能力的题 目 它主要用来考查学生综合运用英语语言知识的能力 不仅考查阅读速度 而且重点考 查理解能力 阅读理解题分为阅读材料 短文 和理解运用两部分 其命题形式主要有四种 选择 正确答案 判断正误 完成句子 回答问题 为了便于阅卷 中考采用的命题形式 以前两种为主 实际上 阅读理解题无论以哪种形式出现 都是一个问题的不同形式的反 映 出发点都是针对短文具体内容理解程度的 即正确答案必须符合原文意思 符合语法 规范 语句通顺 符合逻辑合情合理 3 阅读理解 的考查内容 作为一种综合性很强的试题类型 阅读理解 的考查内容有如下几个方面 用心 爱心 专心2 考查短文的主旨和大意 包括对文章大意 主题的理解 对作者意图或文章中人物 观点的理解 以及能从短文内容中推断出结论和作者的弦外之音等 考查短文的细节和事实 包括事实识别 有关数字方面的计算或识图 排列顺序等 考查短文中词语的意思或句子的含义 这些词句一般不只是体现其表层意义 而往 往具有深层涵义 要求考生能利用阅读材料中的信息 结合上下文来判断其特定意义 或 者根据句子的语法关系分析 挖掘其涵义 这就要求考生具备必要的语言知识 相关学科 的常识及一定的分析和推断能力 考查拟选题目的能力 这是对考生概括能力的检测 难度稍大 因为短文标题的拟 定不但取决于阅读材料的内容 而且还受标题特点的影响 一般地 英语短文标题的特点 有 省略冠词 be 动词或作定语用的人称代词 且多以短语或简单句出现 选择标题的一 般原则是 一是要切题 即能概括出全文的主旨 二是要简洁 即文字要简单明了 4 阅读理解 的题型设置 阅读理解是通过语篇对学生综合运用语言能力进行考查的题型 研究近几年的中考阅 读理解试题 我们发现 阅读理解题的难度并不是很大 主要以确认短文的事实和细节为 主 但是随着新课程标准的实施 对学生高层阅读能力方面的要求已有所增加 比如 在 高考英语中常用的逻辑推理 词句理解和归纳全文主旨大意等难度较大的题目也逐渐纳入 中考英语考查之列 从考查形式上来看 阅读理解 的题型主要分为两大类 客观试题和主观试题 客观试题 客观试题一般包括选择题和正误判断题 题目的设计方式是 在短文 图文或图表材 料后给出若干个不完整的句子 或者根据短文材料内容提出若干个问题 要求考生在正确 理解材料的基础上 判断句子的正误或者从所给的四个备选项中选出一个正确答案 考虑 到阅卷上的方便 中考阅读理解题大多以这种方式来命制的 例如 I A four year old girl is lying in the arms of a doctor She has just lost her mother Her pink clothes are full of blood and her eyes look at something only she can see Every day we see pictures like this on our televisions We see Iraqi 伊拉 克的 children begging for food and water from American and British soldiers as they move through towns and cities towards the capital Baghdad 巴格达 We see these children following parents carrying bags of almost the same size as their small bodies as they escape from their homes in Baghdad They show just some of the young lives that have been turned upside down by ongoing war and the terrible price paid by Iraqi children Dad why are the Americans fighting against us Are we going to be killed asks the son f Abu Singar an Iraqi engineer Abu finds it hard to explain this war to his eight year old son 用心 爱心 专心3 He tries to make him feel safe by saying The bombs 炸弹 are far away from us The Americans are fighting the soldiers We re going to be all right Even though Abu knows it isn t always true little else can be done In Baghdad parents give their children sleeping pills to try and let them escape from the sound of bombs And all the schools are closed Now things are worse and the ongoing war makes it impossible to count the number who are hungry sick hurt or even dead 根据短文内容 选择正确答案 1 What happens to the children in Iraq because of the war A The children will get better than before B The children beg for food and water from American and British soldiers C The children in Iraq go away from their homes in Baghdad D The children live a most terrible life 2 What does the word ongoing mean in Chinese A 正在进行的 B 非正义的 C 未授权的 D 影响恶劣的 3 The father doesn t tell the true thing to his child because A he wants to make his child not feel dangerous B he and his child are afraid to lose each other in the war C he doesn t want his child to believe American soldiers D he will lose his country and his home 4 The war in Iraq tells us that A the Iraqi people in the war are much hungrier and worse B we should help the Iraqi people build their country again C nothing can be done except fighting D both A and B 5 What would be the best title 标题 for the report A Iraqi children during the War B Sickness Death in Iraq C America and England Fight against Iraq D A Girl in the War in Iraq 选自 2003 年重庆市中考试题 Keys 1 D 2 A 3 A 4 D 5 A II Here is a page from a magazine named Future Read the following information about things that may happen in ten years And then do the exercise below A 用心 爱心 专心4 Cars will run on solar power 太阳能 or electricity and will be much cleaner They will be much safer For example if you are too close to another car or if you are driving dangerously your car will slow down by itself B Because there won t be any spare land new cities will have to be built in the sea Some cities on water will have two levels 层 People will live on the upper level the lower level will be used for traffic shops and factories C Biotechnology 生物技术 will make food better and healthier Plants that are not affected 影响 by insects or illnesses will be developed The taste of fruit and vegetables will be better and food will be kept longer D New technology will be used to make TVs that are only 5cm thick They will have pictures that are as clear as photos Electrical appliances 家用电器 will be quieter and will be controlled by computer They will also use 50 less power E Many new ways to cure 治愈 illnesses will be successful using products of genetic engineering 基因产品 Cures will be found for the flu and the common cold However some new illnesses will appear 判断下列句子是否符合短文内容 符合的用 T 表示 不符合的用 F 表示 1 Cars using solar power or electricity will cause fewer accidents and less pollution 2 People will be able to live in the new cities in the sea 3 Biotechnology will help divide food into two groups better food and healthier food 4 Electrical appliances will save 50 of power because they are controlled by computers 5 Genetic engineering can help doctors to cure illnesses 6 The information above is about the history of the development of modern science 选自 2003 年上海市中考试题 Keys 1 T 2 T 3 F 4 F 5 T 6 F 主观试题 在中考英语试卷中 主观试题出现得虽然不是很普遍 但它反映了英语新课程标准的 精神 与客观试题相比 主观试题更能检测出学生的真实英语水平 不少省市开始对这种 题型有所涉及 且有逐渐增加之势 主观试题通常包括以下几种命题方式 用心 爱心 专心5 a 填空题 所谓 填空题 就是在短文或图文材料后 给出若干个句子或一段经过改写的短文 或对话 并且在句子 短文或对话中留有若干空格 要求在每个空格中填入一个或几个单 词 使句子 短文或对话所表达的意思与原来所给材料内容保持一致 例如 I Most people have jobs They go to work nearly every day Some people are lucky Either they have very interesting jobs or they make a lot of money Most people are not so lucky Either their jobs are not very interesting or they don t make much money The most interesting jobs are often the most difficult People take a long time to learn how to do them Doctors study for at least six years after finishing school Some young people have interesting and high pay jobs Many young players do their work successfully Football and tennis stars are usually under 35 Years old Older people usually cannot play these sports very well They cannot move fast enough Golf however is a good sport for older people Many golf players are quite old but they can play it successfully Most people work until they are 60 or 65 years old Then they retire 退休 and have a lot of free time Some people never retire though These people usually have very interesting jobs Writers artists scientists and actors 演 员 usually work until they die Their work is their life 根据短文内容 完成下列句子 每空一词 1 Some people have interesting or high pay jobs most people don t have such good luck 2 Some jobs a long time to learn because they are 3 Young players can very fast so many of them play these like football and tennis very 4 Golf is a good sport for people 5 Most people keep until the age of 60 or 65 but writers artists scientists and actors can work all their 选自 2003 年吉林省中考试题 Keys 1 lucky while but 2 take difficult hard 3 move run sports games well successfully 4 old older 5 working lives II School education is very important and useful The students both learn knowledge and get an education Yet no one can learn everything from school The scientists such as Edison Newton Galileo and Einstein didn t learn everything from school They learned a lot of knowledge outside school or in 用心 爱心 专心6 practice by themselves A teacher even he knows a lot can t teach his students everything The teacher s job is to show his students how to learn how to read and how to think A good teacher with rich experience in teaching can teach his students the methods ways of study Through these methods the students are able to learn and get a lot of things by themselves Usually it is very easy for the students to remember some knowledge but it is very difficult to use it for problems If a teacher really shows the students the ability of how to use knowledge it means the teacher has learned lots of knowledge by himself or herself The success in learning shows he or she knows how to study A 根据短文内容选择最佳答案 1 From this passage we know A the students are taught everything at school B a teacher can t teach the students everything C school is really not important and useful D Edison learned lots of knowledge at school 2 A teacher s job is A to help the students with their lessons B to teach the students everything C to show the students how to study by themselves D to tell them the way to study 3 Choose the right order of this passage a How important are the study methods for students b What does the teacher s experience of success in study mean c Where should the students study d What is the job of a teacher A c a b d B b c a d C c b d a D c d a b 4 Which of the following is right A If we know how to learn we can get a lot of knowledge B We can learn everything from our teachers C The writer tells us that practice is more important for the students than learning D It is the only job for the students to learn knowledge 5 Which of the following is the best title 标题 A A real job for teachers B Study in and outside school C Practice the only way of learning 用心 爱心 专心7 D How to learn knowledge B 根据短文大意及空格提示的第一个字母 把单词拼写完整 使句子正确 Most things can not be e 6 without f 7 but reading can While we are sitting a 8 in our houses we can t 9 around the whole world and we can u 10 lots of things We can talk with the persons hundreds of years ago Though we may be not i 11 we can become the friends of g 12 men Only books can give us these p 13 If you can not enjoy them you are a p 14 person If you enjoy them most you will be the h 15 person in the world 选自 2002 年四川 省中考试题 Keys 1 5 BCDAA 6 enjoyed 7 friends 8 alone 9 travel 10 understand 11 important 12 great 13 pleasures 14 poor 15 happiest b 问答题 所谓 问答题 就是在短文 图文或图表材料后给出若干个问题 要求考生根据所 给材料信息写出正确的答语 答句可以使用完整的句子 也可以使用能体现问题答案的省 略句 例如 Nearly every parent says that we never grow up In fact we are maybe 16 or 17 years old In their eyes we are always little ones and always do wrong things For example when I need to stay at home alone they always worry about me and my life without them Most parents always think that they have offered the best things they can to make their children live in a comfortable world They buy their children pretty clothes cool shoes strange but expensive school things and always a thousand Yuan cost bike They think that they have done everything they can to their dear little children In return they only want their little boy to give them good results in the examinations But why their little babies still can t understand them Why Does it mean that they still want more material 物质的 things No As a matter of fact what they want is a true family What does a true family mean I think it means a place where we can hide ourselves from the outside cold world From here we can get warmth we can get consolation 安慰 and we can get happiness And one important thing is that we should be stronger and more confident 自信的 in the outside world because we know that we have a family So I think that parents should save their money and sit down to talk with their child to let them know that they have a true family so the child and his parents could understand each other more and more Then no boy will be regarded as a little boy 阅读短文 回答问题 1 What are always like in our parents eyes 用心 爱心 专心8 2 What do parents expect of us when they give us so much 3 Do children want a true family What does a true family mean 4 How can parents no longer regard us as little children 选自 2003 年扬州市中考试题 Keys 1 In their eyes we are always little ones children and always do wrong things 2 They only want us to give them good results in the examinations exam 或 Good results in the examinations exam 3 Yes I think it means a place where we can hide ourselves from the outside cold world 或 Yes It is a place from where we can get warmth we can get consolation and we can get happiness 4 They can talk with us and we can understand each other more and more c 其他 随着中学英语考试的不断发展 阅读理解传统的命题方式不断地暴露出它的局限性 为了迎合素质教育的要求 在近几年的中考英语试题中 出现了一些既考查知识又考查能 力 而且形式新颖的 阅读理解 试题类型 例如 I Most people in Britain live in small family groups More than a quarter of houses in Britain have only got one person in them Some of these are old people but some are people of twenty to thirty who choose to live alone 35 of houses have two people in them and another 17 have three people 15 have four people in them and the other homes have five or more 1 According to the passage which of the diagrams is right 节选自浙江丽水市 2002 年中考试题 Keys 1 A 分析 本篇阅读材料采用了文字叙述与数字图形相结合的方式 形式新颖 别具一格 尤其值得称道的是 该小题将文字阅读与数学坐标进行有效结合 很好地体现了不同学科 间知识的相互渗透 符合当今素质教育的发展和要求 是非常值得借鉴的 也是未来命题 的趋势之一 III 阅读下面的短文 把 A E 五个句子填入文中空缺处 50 54 使短文内容完 整正确 然后完成第 55 题 Plants are important living things Life could not go on if there were no plants 用心 爱心 专心9 50 But animals and men can t make food from them 51 Men live on plants and animals too So animals and men need plants to live 52 If you look carefully at the plants around you you will find there are many kinds of plants 53 Most plants are green Some plants have many small leaves others have only a few large leaves 54 They are different in shapes 形状 and colors Except having different shapes and colors leaves are also different in other ways Some leaves have short stalks 叶柄 while others have long ones some others have no stalks at all A That is why we find there are so many plants around us B There are many kinds of leaves C Animals get their food by eating plants and other animals D This is because plants can make food from air water and sunlight E Some plants are large while others are small 55 Which is the best title 题目 for this passage 略 节选自河北省 2002 年中考试题 Keys 50 54 D C A E B 分析 从表面上来看 这道阅读理解题只是将五个备选句子填入短文中的空缺处 然 而 考生只有在透彻理解短文的基础上 弄清上下文之间的关系 才能做出正确的选择 其命题实质上就是在语篇中考查学生上下文衔接的能力 IV 阅读下面的短文 根据所给语境 按要求完成下面的题目 Fresh 淡的 water is very important to people animals and plants 82 If there is no water we all could not live Many places in the world need more fresh water 83 Every country is trying to find ways to turn salt water into fresh water In some places 84 the sun is not hot enough or it doesn t shine every day In such places 85 heating 加热 ways sea water used can other be of These ways cost more money but they work faster than the sun By boiling 煮沸 sea water with high heat a lot of fresh water can be made quickly 86 但加热不是用海水制淡水的唯一方法 Other ways are tried One way is freezing 冷冻 The fresh part of salt water freezes first To get fresh water the bits of ice are taken out 87 哪种方法最佳 The one that gives the most water for the least money It may be a different way for each place A 将 82 处的复合句改写成简单句 82 B 将 83 84 两处的英文翻译成汉语 83 84 C 将 85 处斜体部分的单词组成一个句子 85 用心 爱心 专心10 D 将 86 87 两处的汉语译成英文 86 87 节选自湖北鄂州市 2002 年中考试题 Keys 82 We all couldn t live without water 83 各个国家都在设法寻找用海 水制淡水的方法 各个国家都在设法寻找将海水转化为淡水的方法 84 太阳光热不很 充足 或者不是每天都有阳光 85 Other ways of heating seawater can be used 86 But heating isn t the only way to get fresh water from salt water or to turn salt water into fresh water 87 Which way is the best 分析 看上去这是一道阅读理解题 其实它是一篇集阅读 词法 句法 翻译于一体 的综合性题目 是对考生读 写 译综合水平的检测 此题充分体现了语言的综合性 应 用性等特点 具有很强的创新性和导向性 从考查内容上来看 阅读理解 题目的设疑方式主要有以下几种 a 查找事实 细节型 这类题目主要包括事实识别 有关计算 识图 排列顺序等 一般地 这类题目可以 直接从短文中找到可用的信息 这些问题一般都涉及到文章的 5W 即 who 人物 when 时间 where 地点 what 事件 why 原因 how 方式 等 题目设计大多直截 了当 只要通读全文 注意文中所述的重要事实或细节 就可以做出正确解答 以图表材 料命制的题目更是如此 例如 03 年山东省烟台市中考 阅读理解 短文 D 中有下面这样一段话 He She should have an interest in making pizza More importantly he she should have work experience in a restaurant 针对这段文字 文后设有这样一道题 The ad 广告 tells us that A the assistant must be a man B the assistant must have once worked in a restaurant C Pucci Pizza has branches all over China D Pucci Pizza is not in Taichung 分析 本小题选项 B 的意思是 要招聘的这个人必须曾在饭馆工作过 即要具有 一定 的从事餐饮业的经验 这与原文中叙述的事实 More importantly he she should have work experience in a restaurant 相比较 形式上虽不大一样 但其内涵却完全 相同 如果考生准确地理解了短文中的这句话 问题即可迎刃而解 又如 03 年广东省中考 阅读理解 短文 C 篇中有这样一句话 In the past there were forests all around Lake Ponkapog so the rainwater was clean 短文后的题目是 In the past Lake Ponkapog was surrounded by A fish B rain C birds D forests 用心 爱心 专心11 分析 题目所要问的是 Lake Ponkapog 四周过去被什么东西所环绕 而阅读材 料中已用 There be 句型表达出了这层意思 句式不同 却有异曲同工之妙 b 理解词句或句子含义型 结合具体的语境 正确理解单词 词组或句子在阅读材料中的确切含义 是阅读理解 能力的一个重要方面 有些词句 虽然未曾学过 但可通过上下文语境推测其含义 有些 词虽然不是生词 但在具体的语言环境中已被赋予了特定的 新的含义 例如 03 年广东省中考 阅读理解 短文 C 中有这样一道题涉及猜测词义 Now there are many houses around the lake People often use chemicals in their gardens They use other chemicals inside their houses for cleaning or killing insects 昆虫 There are also many businessmen Businessmen use chemicals in their machines or shops 短文后的第 66 小题是 Chemicals in the story means A 化学家 B 污染品 C 药品 D 化学制品 分析 单从 People often use chemicals in their gardens 这句话是不大容 易猜测出该词的意思的 然而这个词在这个段落中接连出现了三次 第一次是说人们常在 花园里使用它 第二次人们在清理房间或杀死昆虫时在屋子里使用它 第三次是说商人们 还将其用于机器或在车间中使用 由此 A 项和 B 项明显是错误的 C 项具有较大的迷惑性 不过根据 Businessmen use chemicals in their machines or shops 可知它是不恰当 的 c 逻辑推理型 这类题目的答案在原文中是不能直接找到的 必须抓住文中相关信息 顺藤摸瓜 进 行有理有据的分析 归纳和推理 才能找出答案 有时需要透彻理解作者的双关语和弦外 之音等 a 根据常识推断 很多短文所设计的题目往往与其它方面的常识相关联 有时需结合或根据已有的常识 做出判断 比如解答科学小品文的题目可能要用到物理或化学方面的知识 解答跟自然科 学有关的题目可能要用到地理 生物方面的知识等 靠这些知识的帮助 往往能快速做出 解答 至少可以更加准确地理解短文 例如 One day we invited some friends to dinner When it was about six o clock my wife