英语句型结构

英语中的五种基本句型结构 一 句型 1 Subject 主语 Verb 谓语 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词 所谓不及物动词 就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾 语 常见的动词如 work sing swim fish jump arrive come die disappear cry happen 等 如 1 The accident happened yesterday afternoon 事故是昨天下午发生的 2 Spring is coming 二 句型 2 Subject 主语 Link V 系动词 Predicate 表语 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点 身份等 其系动词一般可分为下列两类 1 表示状态 这样的词有 be look seem smell taste sound keep 等 如 1 This kind of food tastes delicious 这种食物吃起来很可口 2 He looked worried just now 刚才他看上去有些焦急 2 表示变化 这类系动词有 become turn get grow go 等 如 1 Spring comes It is getting warmer and warmer 春天到了 天气变得越来越暖和 2 The tree has grown much taller than before 这棵树比以前长得高多了 三 句型 3 Subject 主语 Verb 谓语 Object 宾语 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词 所谓及物动词 就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语 其 宾语通常由名词 代词 动词不定式 动名词或从句等来充当 例 1 He took his bag and left 名词 他拿着书包离开了 2 Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties 代词 当我遇到困难时 李雷总能给我帮助 3 She plans to travel in the coming May Day 不定式 她打算在即将到来的 五一 外出旅 游 4 I don t know what I should do next 从句 我不知道下一步该干什么 注意 英语中的许多动词既是及物动词 又是不及物动词 四 句型 4 Subject 主语 Verb 谓语 Indirect object 间接宾语 Direct object 直接宾 语 这种句型中 直接宾语为主要宾语 表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的 在句中不可或缺 常常由表示 物 的名词来充当 间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语 去掉之后 对整个句子 的影响不大 多由指 人 的名词或代词承担 引导这类双宾语的常见动词有 buy pass lend give tell teach show bring send 等 如 1 Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present 她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日 礼物 2 The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事 上述句子还可以表达为 1 Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present 2 The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March 五 句型 5 Subject 主语 Verb 动词 Object 宾语 Complement 补语 这种句型中的 宾语 补语 统称为 复合宾语 宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充 说明宾语的特点 身份等 或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等 担任补语的常常是名词 形 容词 副词 介词短语 分词 动词不定式等 如 1 You should keep the room clean and tidy 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁 形容词 2 We made him our monitor 名词 我们选他当班长 3 His father told him not to play in the street 不定式 他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩 英语句型结构 一 简单句 英语基本句型 1 主系表结构 本结构是由主语 系动词 表语组成 主要 用以说明主语的特征 类属 状态 身份等 系动词有 1 表示特征和存在状态的 be seem feel appear look smell taste sound 2 表示状态延续的 remain stay keep continue stand 3 表示状态变化的 become get turn go run fall come grow eg Our English teacher is thirty years old The cake tastes delicious The potatoes went bad in the fields Deep water stays still He was at work She is in good health It is beyond my ability I was at a loss You are under arrest 英语基本句型 2 主谓结构 本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成 常 用来表示主语的动作 如 The sun rises Tom has already left 主语可有修饰语 定语 谓语可有修饰语 状语 如 1 The red sun rises in the east 2 They had to travel by air or boat 3 She sat there alone 4 He came back when we were eating 5 Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake 英语基本句型 3 主谓宾结构 本结构是由主语 及物的谓语动词 宾语构成 宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂 如 1 Tom made a hole in the wall 2 I don t know if he can come tomorrow 3 They haven t decided where to go next 4 She stopped teaching English two years ago 英语基本句型 4 双宾语结 构 此结构由 主语 及物谓语动词 间接宾语 人 直接宾语 事物 组成 如 He brings me cookies every day 2 但若要先说出直接宾语 事物 后说间接宾语 人 则要借助于介词 to 或 for 如 He brings cookies to me every day She made a beautiful dress for me 用 to 侧重指动作的方向 表示朝着 向着 对着某人 用 for 侧重指动作的受益者 表示为了某人 替某人 常 跟双宾语的动词有 需借助 to 的 bring give lend hand offer pass pay promise return send show teach tell write ask 等 需借助 for 的 buy call cook choose draw find get make order sing save spare 等 英语基本句型 5 复合宾语结构 此结构由 主 语 及物的谓语动词 宾语 宾语补足语 构成 宾语补足语用来补充和说明宾语的性质和特 点 若无宾语补足语 则句意不够完整 可以用做宾补的有 名词 形容词 副词 介词 短语 动词不定式 分词等 如 The sun keeps us warm I heard him singing They made Tom monitor He used to do his homework with his radio on My mother asked me to clean my room The teacher made all students finish their homework on time 用 it 做 形式宾语 而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面 以使句子结构平衡 是英语常用的句 型结构方式 即 主语 谓语 it 宾补 真正宾语 如 I found it very pleasant to be with your family 也可以说 I found it was pleasant to be with your family 它们的区别在于第一个 是简单句第二个是复合句 意思都是一样的 英语基本句型 6 There be 句型 此 句型是由 there be 主语 状语 构成 用以表达存在关系可以称 有 它其 实是全倒装的一种情况 主语位于谓语动词 be 之后 there 仅为引导词 并无实际语意 此句型有时不用 be 动词 而用 live stand come go lie remain exist arrive 等 但一般不 用 have 如 There stands a hill in the middle of the park Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致 有时态和 情态变化 如 现在有 there is are 过去有 there was were 将来有 there will be there is are going to be 现在已经有 there has have been 可能有 there might be 肯定有 there must be there must have been 过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems seem seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen happens happened to be 3 Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea The weatherman says there ll be a strong wind in the afternoon There used to be a cinema here before the war 二 并列句 结构 1 由分号连接 eg Some people cry others laugh Let s start early we have a long way to go 2 由并列连词及词组连接 and but or so however still therefore yet while otherwise for both and not only but also as well as or else either or neither nor not but 等 eg I d like to but I have lots of homework to do I ve got a cold so I m going to bed Both my father and mother are teachers It s very good yet I don t like it 三 复合句 构成 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成 主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构 但主句是全局的主体 从句只是全句中的一个成分 不 能独立存在 从句通常是用引导词来引导的 引导词起连接主句和从句的作用 分类 名词性从句 主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句和同位语从句 形容词性从句 定语从句 副词性从句 状语从句 1 主语从句 Subject Clause 一个句子在复合句中充当一个 主语 那么这个句子就是主语从句 1 常规主语从句 句子在复合句中充当主语 That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown Who will be our monitor hasn t been decided yet Whom we must study for is a question of great importance What caused the accident remains unknown Whatever you did is right Whose watch was lost is unknown What we need is time 小结 1 引导主语从句连词有 that whether who what whatever 等 2 连词位于句首不能省略 3 主语从句大多数情况下视为三人称单数 注意 为了 防止句子头重脚轻 通常把形式主语 it 放在主语位置 真正主语搁置于句末 It is certain that he will win the match It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry 4 It is strange that he should do that It is said that he has gone to shanghai He is said to have gone to shanghai It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese It is suggested that the work should be done with great care It seems that he has seen the film He seems to have seen the film It happened that the two cheats were there The two cheats happened to be there 小结 1 以 that 引出的主语从句 常以形式主语 it 引导 It is 形容词 名词 某些动词 ed that 从句 2 在有些 that 从句中要用虚拟语气 should do should have done 2 表语从句 定义 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语 The problem is puzzling 主语 连系动词 形容词作表语 The problem is when we can get a pay rise 主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语 表语从句 连接表语从句的连接词有 that what who when where which why whether how He has become a teacher He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago She has remained there for an hour She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour His suggestion is good His suggestion is that we should stay calm The question is confusing The question is when he can arrive at the hotel Who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow Why he cried yesterday How I can persuade her to join us in the party 注意 1 表语从句一定要用陈述语序 False The question is when can he arrive at the hotel Right The question is when he can arrive at the hotel 2 不用 if 而用 whether 连接表语从句 as if 例外 False The question is if the enemy is marching towards us Right The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us Right It looked as if he had understood this question 3 像宾语从句 在有表语从句的复合句中 主句时态和从句时态 可以不一致 Right The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow Right The question is why he cried yesterday 4 that 在表语从句中不能省掉 3 宾语从句 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句 构成 带有宾语从句的复合句就 是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起 连接词有 that 可省略 what who when where why which if whether how He suggested that we should clean the corridor every day 宾语 He told me that he would leave Dalian airport at 8pm 间接宾语 直接宾语 He told me where he was going to travel that summer 间接宾语 直 接宾语 He told that he would go to the college the next year I don t know if there will be a bus any more Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam Do you know who has won Red Alert game I don t know whom you should depend on The book will show you what the best CEOs know Have you determined whichever you should buy a Motorola or Nokia cell phone He didn t tell me when we should meet again Could you please tell me how you read the new book None of us knows where these can be bought 注意 1 用形式宾语 it 代替的宾语从 句 动词 find feel consider make believe 等后面有宾语补足语的时候 则需要用 it 做形式 宾语而将 that 宾语从句后置 I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day I feel it a pity that I haven t been to the get together I have made it a rule that I keep diaries We all find it important that we should make a quick decision about this mater 有些动词 带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加 it 这类动词主要有 hate take owe have see to I hate it when they with their mouths full of food He will have it that our plan is really practical We take it that you will agree with us 2 介词的宾语从句 We are talking about whether we admit students into our club The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space 有时候 except but besides 三个介词后可见到 that 引导的宾语从句 I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company 3 形容词的宾语 从句 常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有 sure certain glad please happy sorry afraid satisfied surprised I am sure I will pass the exam I am sorry that I have troubled you so long 3 Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea The weatherman says there ll be a strong wind in the afternoon There used to be a cinema here before the war 二 并列句 结构 1 由分号连接 eg Some people cry others laugh Let s start early we have a long way to go 2 由并列连词及词组连接 and but or so however still therefore yet while otherwise for both and not only but also as well as or else either or neither nor not but 等 eg I d like to but I have lots of homework to do I ve got a cold so I m going to bed Both my father and mother are teachers It s very good yet I don t like it 三 复合句 构成 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成 主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构 但主句是全局的主体 从句只是全句中的一个成分 不 能独立存在 从句通常是用引导词来引导的 引导词起连接主句和从句的作用 分类 名词性从句 主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句和同位语从句 形容词性从句 定语从句 副词性从句 状语从句 1 主语从句 Subject Clause 一个句子在复合句中充当一个 主语 那么这个句子就是主语从句 1 常规主语从句 句子在复合句中充当主语 That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown Who will be our monitor hasn t been decided yet Whom we must study for is a question of great importance What caused the accident remains unknown Whatever you did is right Whose watch was lost is unknown What we need is time 小结 1 引导主语从句连词有 that whether who what whatever 等 2 连词位于句首不能省略 3 主语从句大多数情况下视为三人称单数 注意 为了 防止句子头重脚轻 通常把形式主语 it 放在主语位置 真正主语搁置于句末 It is certain that he will win the match It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry 4 It is strange that he should do that It is said that he has gone to shanghai He is said to have gone to shanghai It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese It is suggested that the work should be done with great care It seems that he has seen the film He seems to have seen the film It happened that the two cheats were there The two cheats happened to be there 小结 1 以 that 引出的主语从句 常以形式主语 it 引导 It is 形容词 名词 某些动词 ed that 从句 2 在有些 that 从句中要用虚拟语气 should do should have done 2 表语从句 定义 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语 The problem is puzzling 主语 连系动词 形容词作表语 The problem is when we can get a pay rise 主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语 表语从句 连接表语从句的连接词有 that what who when where which why whether how He has become a teacher He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago She has remained there for an hour She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour His suggestion is good His suggestion is that we should stay calm The question is confusing The question is when he can arrive at the hotel Who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow Why he cried yesterday How I can persuade her to join us in the party 注意 1 表语从句一定要用陈述语序 False The question is when can he arrive at the hotel Right The question is when he can arrive at the hotel 2 不用 if 而用 whether 连接表语从句 as if 例外 False The question is if the enemy is marching towards us Right The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us Right It looked as if he had understood this question 3 像宾语从句 在有表语从句的复合句中 主句时态和从句时态 可以不一致 Right The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow Right The question is why he cried yesterday 4 that 在表语从句中不能省掉 5 3 宾语从句 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句 构成 带有宾语从句的复合句就 是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起 连接词有 that 可省略 what who when where why which if whether how He suggested that we should clean the corridor every day 宾语 He told me that he would leave Dalian airport at 8pm 间接宾语 直接宾语 He told me where he was going to travel that summer 间接宾语 直 接宾语 He told that he would go to the college the next year I don t know if there will be a bus any more Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam Do you know who has won Red Alert game I don t know whom you should depend on The book will show you what the best CEOs know Have you determined whichever you should buy a Motorola or Nokia cell phone He didn t tell me when we should meet again Could you please tell me how you read the new book None of us knows where these can be bought 注意 1 用形式宾语 it 代替的宾语从 句 动词 find feel consider make believe 等后面有宾语补足语的时候 则需要用 it 做形式 宾语而将 that 宾语从句后置 I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day I feel it a pity that I haven t been to the get together I have made it a rule that I keep diaries We all find it important that we should make a quick decision about this mater 有些动词 带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加 it 这类动词主要有 hate take owe have see to I hate it when they with their mouths full of food He will have it that our plan is really practical We take it that you will agree with us 2 介词的宾语从句 We are talking about whether we admit students into our club The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space 有时候 except but besides 三个介词后可见到 that 引导的宾语从句 I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company 3 形容词的宾语 从句 常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有 sure certain glad please happy sorry afraid satisfied surprised I am sure I will pass the exam I am sorry that I have troubled you so long 6 He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill 4 if whether 在宾语从句中的区别 whether 后可以加 or not 但是 if 不可以 在不定式前只能用 whether I can t decide whether to stay 避免歧异时 我们常用 whether 而不用 if 5 宾语从句的否定转移 动词是 think believe imagine suppose consider espect fancy guess 等 并且主句的主语是第一人称而且 为一般现在时 从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来 其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致 I don t think he will come to my party 而不能说成 I think he won t come to my party I don t believe that man is killed by Jim is he 如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词 其 反义疑问句