虚拟语气的用法及经典练习题(附答案)

1 虚拟语气虚拟语气 概念概念 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想 而不表示客观存在的事实 所说的是一个条 件 不一定是事实 或与事实相反 虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示 英语中的 语气分为陈述语气 祈使语气 虚拟语气三类 应应用用条条件件 在表示虚假的 与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气 表示主观愿望或某 种强烈情感时 也用虚拟语气 即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观 想法 而不是根据客观实际 就用虚拟语气 在在非非真真实实条条件件状状语语从从句句中中的的用用法法 真真实实条条件件状状语语从从句句与与非非真真实实条条件件状状语语从从句句 条件句可分为两类 一类为真实条件句 一类为非真实条件句 非真实条件句表示 的是假设或实际可能性不大的情况 故采用虚拟语气 例 If he doesn t hurry up he will miss the bus 如果他不快点 他 将错过巴士 真实 If he is free he will ask me to tell stories 如 果他是空闲的 他会要求我讲故事 真实 If I were you I would go at once 如果我是你 我马上就会去 非真实 虚拟语气 If there were no air people would die 如果没有空气 人就会死亡 非真实 虚拟语气 用用法法及及动动词词形形式式 从从句句主主句句 与与现现在在事事实实相相反反 I If f 主主语语 d di id d b be e 动动词词 w we er re e 主主语语 s sh ho ou ul ld d w wo ou ul ld d c co ou ul ld d m mi ig gh ht t d do o 2 与与过过去去事事实实相相反反 I If f 主主语语 h ha ad d d do on ne e 主主语语 s sh ho ou ul ld d w wo ou ul ld d c co ou ul ld d m mi ig gh ht t h ha av ve e d do on ne e 与与将将来来事事实实相相反反 1 1 I If f 主主语语 d di id d 2 2 I If f 主主语语 w we er re e t to o 3 3 I If f 主主语语 s sh ho ou ul ld d 主主语语 s sh ho ou ul ld d w wo ou ul ld d c co ou ul ld d m mi ig gh ht t d do o 例例句句 1 表表示示与与现现在在事事实实相相反反的的情情况况 例 1 If I were you I would take an umbrella 如果我是你 我会带把伞 事实 我不可能是你 2 If I knew his telephone number I would tell you 如果我知道他的电话 号码 我就会告诉你 事实 不知道 3 If there were no air or water there would be no living things on the earth 如果没有水和空气 地球上 就不会有生物 事实 地球上既有空气也有水 4 If I had any money with me I could lend you some 如果我带钱了 我就会借给你些 事实 没带钱 5 If he studied harder he might pass the exam 如果他再努力些 就 能通过考试了 事实 没有努力 2 2 表表示示与与过过去去事事实实相相反反的的情情况况 例 1 If I had gotten there earlier I should could have met her 如果我早到 那儿 我就会见到她 事实 去晚了 2 If he had taken my advice he would not have made such a mistake 如果他听我的劝告的话 就不会犯这样 的错误了 事实 没有听我的话 3 表表示示对对将将来来情情况况的的主主观观推推测测 与与将将来来事事实实相相反反 例例 1 If he should come here tomorrow I should would talk to him 如果他哪天来这儿的话 我就跟他谈谈 事实 来的可能性很小 2 If there were a heavy snow next Sunday we would not go skating 如果下周日下大雪 我们就不能去滑 冰了 事实 不知能否下雪 3 If she were to be there next Monday I would tell her about the matter 如果她下周一来这儿的话 我就会告诉她这 件事的始末 4 4 有有时时 虚虚拟拟条条件件句句 中中 结结果果主主句句和和条条件件从从句句的的谓谓语语动动作作若若不不是是同同时时发发生生时时 虚虚 拟拟语语气气的的形形式式应应作作相相应应的的调调整整 从从句句的的动动作作与与过过去去事事实实相相反反 而而主主句句的的动动作作与与现现在在或或现现在在正正在在发发生生的的事事实实不不符符 如 If I had worked hard at school I would be an engineer too 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话 我现在也会成为一个工程师了 If they had informed us we would not come here now 如果他们通知过我们的话 我们现 3 在就不会来这里了 从从句句的的动动作作与与现现在在事事实实相相反反 而而主主句句的的动动作作与与过过去去事事实实不不符符 如 If he were free today we would have sent him to Beijing 如果他今天有空的 话 我们会已经派他去北京了 If he knew her he would have greeted her 要是他认识她的话 他肯定会去问候她了 5 5 当当虚虚拟拟条条件件句句的的谓谓语语动动词词含含有有 w we er re e s sh ho ou ul ld d h ha ad d 时时 i if f 可可以以省省略略 这这时时条条 件件从从句句要要用用 倒倒装装语语序序 即即将将 w we er re e s sh ho ou ul ld d h ha ad d 等等词词置置于于句句首首 这这种种多多用用于于书书面面 语语 如 Should he agree to go there we would send him there 要是他答应去的话 我们就派他去 Were she here she would agree with us 如果她在这儿的话 她会同意我们的 Had he learnt about computers we would have hired him to work here 如果他懂一些电脑知识的 话 我们已经聘用他来这里工作了 6 6 非非真真实实条条件件句句中中的的条条件件从从句句有有时时不不表表达达出出来来 只只暗暗含含在在副副词词 介介词词短短语语 上上下下 文文或或其其他他方方式式表表示示出出来来 这这种种句句子子叫叫做做 含含蓄蓄条条件件句句 在在多多数数情情况况下下 条条件件会会暗暗含含 在在短短语语中中 如如 w wi it th ho ou ut t b bu ut t f fo or r 等等 如 But for his help we would be working now 要不是他的帮助 我 们还会在工作呢 Without your instruction I would not have made such great progress 要是没有你的指导 我不会取得如此大的进步 We didn t know his telephone number otherwise we would have telephoned him 我们不知道他的电话号码 否则我们就会给他打电话 7 有有时时 虚虚拟拟条条件件句句中中 主主 从从句句可可以以省省略略其其中中的的一一个个 来来表表示示说说话话人人的的一一种种强强 烈烈的的感感情情 省省略略从从句句 He would have finished it 他本该完成了 You could have passed this exam 你应该能通过这次考试了 省省略略主主句句 If I were at home now 要是我现在在家里该多好啊 If only I had got it 要是我得到它了该多好啊 虚虚拟拟语语气气的的其其他他用用法法 用用在在 w wi is sh h 后后的的宾宾语语从从句句 a 表示与现现在在事实相反的愿望 谓语动词用过过去去式式 eg I wish I h ha ad d your brains 我希望我有你那样的头脑 事实 我根本比 不上你 b 表示与过过去去事实相反的愿望 谓语动词 h ha ad d d do on ne e eg I wish I h ha ad d k kn no ow wn n the truth of the matter 我希望我原来知道这件事 的真相 事实 原来不知道 c 表示将将来来难以实现的愿望 谓语动词 s sh ho ou ul ld d w wo ou ul ld d 动动词词原原形形 eg I wish I s sh ho ou ul ld d h ha av ve e a chance again 我希望我还能有一次这样的机会 事实 很难再有这样的机会了 注注 i if f o on nl ly y 和和 a as s i if f a as s t th ho ou ug gh h 也也有有相相同同用用法法 用用在在目目的的状状语语从从句句中中 1 1 在在 f fo or r f fe ea ar r t th ha at t i in n c ca as se e l le es st t 引引导导的的从从句句中中 若若用用虚虚拟拟语语气气时时 从从句句谓谓 4 语语为为 s sh ho ou ul ld d 动动词词原原形形 并并且且 s sh ho ou ul ld d 不不能能省省略略 eg She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in 她又把门检查了一遍 以防盗贼的进入 He started out earlier lest he should be late 他很早就出发了以防迟到 2 在在 s so o t th ha at t i in n o or rd de er r t th ha at t 所所引引导导的的目目的的状状语语从从句句中中 从从句句中中的的谓谓语语为为 c ca an n m ma ay y c co ou ul ld d m mi ig gh ht t w wi il ll l w wo ou ul ld d s sh ho ou ul ld d 动动词词原原形形 eg He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer 他走近 说话的人以便能听得更清楚 He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词 其其他他用用法法 1 1 一一想想要要 d de es si ir re e 二二宁宁愿愿 p pr re ef fe er r 三三命命令令 o or rd de er r c co om mm ma an nd d 四四建建议议 a ad dv vi ic ce e S Su ug gg ge es st t p pr ro op po os se e 五五要要求求 d de em ma an nd d r re eq qu ui ir re e r re eq qu ue es st t d de es si ir re e i in ns si is st t 中中 无无论论主主句句谓谓语语动动词词为为何何种种时时态态 从从句句的的谓谓语语动动词词都都用用 s sh ho ou ul ld d 动动词词原原形形 或或 只只用用 动动词词原原形形 如 He s su ug gg ge es st te ed d that we s sh ho ou ul ld d t ta ak ke ethe teacher s advice He i in ns si is st te ed d that we s sh ho ou ul ld d t ta ak ke ethe teacher s advice He d de em ma an nd d that we s sh ho ou ul ld d t ta ak ke ethe teacher s advice He o or rd de er re ed d that we s sh ho ou ul ld d t ta ak ke ethe teacher s advice i in ns si is st t 如如果果翻翻译译成成坚坚持持某某种种动动作作才才用用虚虚拟拟语语气气 翻翻译译成成坚坚持持某某种种观观点点就就不不用用虚虚拟拟 语语气气 如 He insist he is a student 他坚持说他是个学生 这个语句表 示的是事实 因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气 s su ug gg ge es st t 意意为为 建建议议 才才用用虚虚拟拟语语气气 意意为为 暗暗示示 则则不不用用虚虚拟拟语语气气 如 His face suggests that he looks worried 他的表情暗含着他很担心 这个句子本身是事实 因此它就没有用到虚拟语气 2 2 表表情情绪绪 观观点点的的形形容容词词或或名名词词也也要要用用虚虚拟拟语语气气 如如 n ne ec ce es ss sa ar ry y i im mp po or rt ta an nt t i im mp po os ss si ib bl le e n na at tu ur ra al l s st tr ra an ng ge e s su ur rp pr ri is si in ng g f fu un nn ny y r ri i g gh ht t w wr ro on ng g b be et tt te er r a a p pi it ty y 等等 句句型型 I It t i is s t th ha at t 主主语语从从句句 从从句句的的谓谓语语动动词词都都要要用用 s sh ho ou ul ld d 原原型型 或或只只用用 动动词词原原型型 3 在在 e ev ve en n i if f e ev ve en n t th ho ou ug gh h 所所引引导导的的让让步步状状语语从从句句中中 可可用用虚虚拟拟语语气气 主主句句 从从句句 的的结结构构与与 i if f 所所引引导导的的条条件件从从句句结结构构相相同同 如 Even if he were here himself he should not know what to do 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办 事实 他没 来 Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here 即 使华佗在世也救不了他 事实 华佗不在世 4 在在 w wh ha at te ev ve er r w wh hi ic ch he ev ve er r w wh he en ne ev ve er r w wh ho oe ev ve er r w wh he er re ev ve er r h ho ow we ev ve er r n no o m ma at tt te er r w wh h w wo or rd d 等等引引导导的的让让步步状状语语从从句句中中 从从句句虚虚拟拟语语气气结结构构为为 指现在或将来 m ma ay y 动动词词原原形形 如 We will finish it on time no matter what may happen 不管发生什么事 我们都要按时完成 We will find him wherever he may be 无论他在哪里 我们都要找到他 I will wait for him no matter how late he may come 不管他来的多么晚 我都会等他 指过去 m ma ay y 完完成成式式 如 You mustn t be proud whatever great progress you may have made 不管你取得了多么大的进步 你也不能骄傲 5 We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made 不管他犯 过什么错误 我们必须尊敬他 5 5 一一般般 w wo ou ul ld d r ra at th he er r h ha ad d r ra at th he er r w wo ou ul ld d s so oo on ne er r 等等之之后后的的宾宾语语从从句句常常表表示示与与客客观观 事事实实不不相相符符的的一一种种愿愿望望 故故使使用用虚虚拟拟语语气气 其其虚虚拟拟语语气气的的结结构构为为 过去 had 过去分词 现在 过去时 be 用 were 将来 过去时 be 用 were 如 I d rather you h ha ad d s se ee en n the film yesterday 我倒想你昨昨天天看过 了这场电影 I d rather you w we er re e h he er re e now 我倒想你现现在在在这儿 We d rather you w we en nt t h he er re e tomorrow 我们倒想你 明明天天去那儿 6 虚虚拟拟语语气气还还可可用用在在定定语语从从句句中中 表表示示 早早该该做做某某事事了了 时时 定定语语从从句句中中的的谓谓语语 动动词词须须用用虚虚拟拟语语气气 其其虚虚拟拟语语气气的的结结构构为为 I It t i is s h hi ig gh h a ab bo ou ut t t ti im me e t th ha at t 主主 语语 动动词词的的过过去去式式 s sh ho ou ul ld d 动动词词原原形形 即即从从句句用用虚虚拟拟过过去去式式 如 It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school 我该去学校接我的 女儿了 It is high time you should go to work 你早该上班了 7 简简单单句句中中的的虚虚拟拟语语气气 1 说话时 为了表示客气 谦虚 委婉而有礼貌 言语常使用虚拟语气 其虚拟 语气的结构形式常为 w wo ou ul ld d c co ou ul ld d m mi ig gh ht t s sh ho ou ul ld d 动动词词原原形形 如 Would you mind my shutting the door 我把门关起来你介意吗 You should always learn this lesson by heart 你要把这个教训牢记于心 I should agree with you 我应该同意你的观点 2 表示 祝愿 时 常用 m ma ay y 主主语语 动动词词原原形形 如 May you have a good journey 祝你一路顺风 May your youth last for ever 祝 你青春永驻 3 3 表示强烈的 愿望 祝愿 时 常用动动词词原原形形 如 Long live the Communist Party of China 中国共产党万岁 God bless us 上 帝保佑 4 4 习习惯惯表表达达中中常常用用的的虚虚拟拟语语气气 提提出出请请求求或或邀邀请请 如 Would you like to have a talk with us this evening 今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗 Could I use your bike now 我可以用一下你的单车吗 陈陈述述自自己己的的观观点点或或看看法法 如 I should glad to meet you 见到你我会很高兴 I would try my best to help you 我会尽力帮助你 提提出出劝劝告告或或建建议议 如 You d better ask your father first 你最好先问一问你的父亲 You should make a full investigation of it first 你应该先全面调查一番 提提出出问问题题 如 Do you think he could get here on time 你认为他能按时来吗 Do you expect he would tell us the truth 你期望他会告诉我们真相吗 表表 示示对对过过去去情情况况的的责责备备时时 常常用用虚虚拟拟语语气气 其其虚虚拟拟语语气气的的结结构构为为 情情态态动动词词 h ha av ve e 过过去去分分词词 如 You should have got here earlier 你应该早就到这 里了 You should have returned it to him 你应该把它还给他了 省省略略的的虚虚拟拟条条件件句句型型 省省略略连连词词 i if f 有时可将条件从句的连词 if 省略 但此时应用 倒装句型 即将从句中的 were should had 等提到句首 Were I Tom I would refuse 如果我是汤姆 我会 6 拒绝 I will go should it be necessary 假若有必要 我会去的 Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived in time 若不是 天气坏 我们就准时到达了 注 若条件从句为否定句 否定词not 应置于主语之后 而不能与 were should had 等缩略成 Weren t Shouldn t Hadn t 而置于句首 有时省略 if 后提前的 had 不是助动词 Had I time I would come 假若 我有时间 我会来的 If I had time 省省略略条条件件句句的的主主语语和和其其后后的的动动词词 b be e 若主从句主语一致 且谓语部分包含有动词be 通常可将主语和动词 be 省略 If repaired earlier the tractor would not have broken down 要是早点 儿修一下 拖拉机就不会抛锚了 If it had been repaired earlier 省省略略 i it t b be e If necessary I would send more farm hands to help you 如果需要的 话我会派更多的民工去帮你 If it was necessary I would 省省略略整整个个条条件件从从句句 这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文 即省略条件从句后 所剩下的主句的意思 在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的 I might see her personally It would be better 我可以亲自去看她 这样好一些 If I saw her personally it would be better 在在含含蓄蓄条条件件句句中中的的用用法法 1 条件暗含在短语中 如 We didn t know his telephone number otherwise we would have telephoned him 我们不知道他的电话号码 否则我 们就会给他打电话 暗含条件是 otherwise Without your help we wouldn t have achieved so much 没有你的帮助 我们不可能取得这么大的成 绩 暗含条件是介词短语 without your help But for your help I would not have succeeded in the experiment 如果没有你的帮助 我的实验 就不会成功 暗含条件是 but for your help It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately 不立即润滑轴承就会引 起很大的故障 暗含条件是 not to lubricate the bearing immediately 2 条件暗含在上下文中 如 I would not have done it that way 我 是不会那么做的 可能暗含 if I were you I was busy that day Otherwise I would have come to help you 我那天很忙 否则我会来帮你的 可能暗含 if I hadn t been so busy You might come to join us in the discussion 你可以参加我们的讨论 可能暗含 if you wanted to I would have bought the DVD player 我是会买下那台影碟机的 可能暗含 if I had the money But for the storm we should have arrived earlier 要不是碰到暴雨 我们还会早些到 可能暗含 if it had not been for the storm 7 虚拟语气练习题虚拟语气练习题 1 I enjoyed the movie very much I wish I the book from which it was made A have read B had read C should have read D are reading 2 You are late If you a few minutes earlier you him A come would meet B had come would have met C come will meet D had come would meet 3 The two students talked as if they friends for years A should be B would be C have been D had been 4 It is important that I with Mr Williams immediately A speak B spoke C will speak D to speak 5 He looked as if he ill for a long time A was B were C has been D had been 6 If the doctor had come earlier the poor child would not A have laid there for two hours B have been lied there for two hours C have lied there for two hours D have lain there for two hours 7 I wish that I with you last night A went B could go C have gone D could have gone 8 Let s say you could go there again how feel A will you B should you C would you D do you 9 I can t stand him He always talks as though he 8 everything A knew B knows C has known D had known 10 the fog we should have reached our school A Because of B In spite of C In case of D But for 11 If you had told me in advance I him at the airport A would meet B would had met C would have met D would have meet 12 Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again I certainly wish he me how A teaches B will teach C has taught D would teach 13 I would have told him the answer had it been possible but I so busy then A had been B were C was D would be 14 He s working hard for fear that he A should fall behind B fell behind C may fall behind D would fallen behind 15 If it another ten minutes the game would have been called off A had rained B would have rained C have seen D rained 16 He suggested that they use a trick instead of fighting A should B would C do D had 17 My father did not go to New York the doctor suggested that he there A not went B won t go C not go D not to go 18 I would have gone to the meeting if I time A had had B have had C had D would have had 9 19 Would you rather I buying a new bike A decided against B will decide against C have decided D shall decide against 20 You look so tired tonight It is time you A go to sleep B went to sleep C go to bed D went to bed 21 Why didn t you buy a new car I would have bought one if I enough money A had B have had C would have D had had 22 If she could sew A she make a dress B she would have made a shirt C she will make a shirt D she would had made a coat 23 today he would get there by Friday A Would he leave B Was he leaving C Were he to leave D If he leaves 24 His doctor suggested that he a short trip abroad A will take B would take C take D took 25 The Bakers arrived last night If they d only let us know earlier at the station A we d meet them B we ll meet them C we d have met them D we ve met them 26 If I you I more attention to English idioms and phrases A was shall pay B am will pay C would be would pay D were would pay 27 We might have failed if you us a helping hand A have not given B would not give C had not given D did not give 28 The law requires that everyone his car checked at least once a year A has B had C have D will have 10 29 It is strange that he so A would say B would speak C should say D will speak 30 Had I known her name A or does she know mine B and where does she live C she would be beautiful D I would have invited her to lunch 31 He has just arrived but he talks as if he all about that A know B knows C known D knew 32 If I the money I would have bought a much bigger car A possessed B owned C had D had had 33 He was very busy yesterday otherwise he to the meeting A would come B came C would have come D will come 34 The librarian insists that John no more books from the library before he returns all the books he has borrowed A will take B took C take D takes 35 I left very early last night but I wish I so early A didn t leave B hadn t left C haven t left D couldn t leave 36 I do not have a job I would find one but I no time A had B didn t have C had had D have 37 I wish that you such a bad headache because I m sure that you would have enjoyed the concert A hadn t B didn t have had C hadn t had D hadn t have 38 He insisted that we all in his office at one o clock A be B to be C