MPA专业英语考试说明与复习资料(修改版-请勿外传)-2017年冬.docx

MPA专业英语考试说明与复习资料（2017-2018第一学期）（仅供参考，请勿外传）第一部分：关于考试（1） 考试时间与地点2018年1月13日 18:00-20:00 济南大学西校区 4教413（二）题型、分值与说明：Part1:Translate the following professional expressions into Chinese ( 20) 这部分有15个专业术语或词组Part 2:Translate the following professional expressions into English（20）这部分有15个中文专业术语，切记多练习，不要漏字母Part 3: Reading comprehension. ( 20)这部分为2段课外阅读理解，10道选择题，为国家英语考试四级水平。Part 4:Translate the following sentences into Chinese(20)这部分内容有5段英文，其中4段为教材中的段落，1段为课外。直译或意译均可，一定要翻译出核心要义与关键术语，尽量做到信、雅、达。Part 5: Directions. For this part，you are allowed to write an essay based on the subject ( ). You should write at least 100 words but no more than l50 words. (20)这部分会从以下4个主题中出1个主题，请各位提前练习英文和背诵万能句型。Good Government ；The Responsibility of the GovernmentGovernance of Corruption；How to control traffic jams第二部分：复习资料第二章With decades of hard work, socialism with Chinese characteristics has crossed the threshold into a new era. This is a new historic juncture in Chinas development.This new era will be an era of building on past successes to further advance our cause, and of continuing in a new historical context to strive for the success of socialism with Chinese characteristics.It will be an era of securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and of moving on to all-out efforts to build a great modern socialist country.经过长期努力，中国特色社会主义进入了新时代，这是我国发展新的历史方位。这个新时代，是承前启后、继往开来、在新的历史条件下继续夺取中国特色社会主义伟大胜利的时代，是决胜全面建成小康社会、进而全面建设社会主义现代化强国的时代。 It makes clear that the principal contradiction facing Chinese society in the new era is that between unbalanced and inadequate development and the peoples ever-growing needs for a better life. We must therefore continue commitment to our people-centered philosophy of development, and work to promote well-rounded human development and common prosperity for everyone.It makes clear that the overall plan for building socialism with Chinese characteristics is the five-sphere integrated plan, and the overall strategy is the four-pronged comprehensive strategy. It highlights the importance of fostering stronger confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics.It makes clear that the overall goal of deepening reform in every field is to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and modernize Chinas system and capacity for governance. 明确新时代我国社会主要矛盾是人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾，必须坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，不断促进人的全面发展、全体人民共同富裕。明确中国特色社会主义事业总体布局是“五位一体”、战略布局是“四个全面”，强调坚定道路自信、理论自信、制度自信、文化自信。明确全面深化改革总目标是完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。It makes clear that the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China; the greatest strength of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China; the Party is the highest force for political leadership. The Thought sets forth the general requirements for Party building in the new era and underlines the importance of political work in Party building. 明确中国特色社会主义最本质的特征是中国共产党领导，中国特色社会主义制度的最大优势是中国共产党领导，党是最高政治领导力量，提出新时代党的建设总要求，突出政治建设在党的建设中的重要地位。第三章公共行为 public activity 市场化 marketize 私有部门 private sector 调控 regulate 公共管理Public Administration(management)自由市场模式 model of the free market 公共政策public policy 市场机制market mechanism 市场失灵market failure 法律法规law and order 国防national defence 医疗卫生hospitals and health care 社会福利服务welfare services 公共交通public transport 私人物品 private goods 公共物品 public goods 非排他性 non-excludable 政府供应/政府援助 government provision/assistance武装部队armed force 健康保险health insurance风险评估assess the risk 政府参与 government involvement外部性 externality 市场交易 market transaction 溢出效应spill-over effect政府管制（调控）government regulation 自然垄断 natural monopoly 私有化 privatization 信息不完美 imperfect information信息不对称 asymmetric information 道德危机 moral hazard 制定法律基础 establishing a foundation of law 保护弱势群体protecting the vulnerable 集体冲突的决议与调整the resolution and adjustment of group conflicts自由放任经济时代 the time of laissez-faire economics基本制度 basic institution 财产权 property right 合同的执行 the enforcement of contract 追求正义 in pursuance of justice政府监管government monitor 控制工资 control over wages贫困 poverty 失业 unemployment 预算 budget 货币政策 monetary policyAlthough the sale of goods and services is the basis of a capitalist society, there are some circumstances where markets may not provide all the goods and services that are desired, or may do so in ways which adversely affect the society as a whole.The market mechanism alone cannot perform all economic functions; public policy is needed to guide, correct, and supplement it in certain respects.尽管资本主义社会以产品和服务销售为基础，但在某一些情况下，市场不能提供人们所需要的所有产品与服务，或者说即便市场能提供所有的产品与服务，也必然会给社会带来消极影响。市场机制本身不可能发挥所有的经济功能，在某些方面，公共政策需要引导、修正和补充市场经济。Market failure is one way in which government action can be justified. Some of the goods or services which markets may not provide optimally include:education, law and order, environmental values, national defence, roads and bridges, hospitals and health care, welfare services, public transport and the like.政府行为往往在市场失灵的地方体现其合理性与价值。市场不能最优地提供的产品与服务有：教育、法律法规、环境价值、国防、道路桥梁、医院和医疗保健、福利服务、公共交通等。第四章电子政务（电子化政府）Electronic Government 发展中国家developing country 政府决策political decision-making 公共政策public policy 国际组织international organization 现代的/高效的/透明的/参与的/顾客至上的政府 modern/efficient/transparent/participatory/customer-oriented government善治good governance 公民社会civil society纳税人taxpayer 公共基金public funds管理成效administrative efficiency 个人individuals 国家改革state reform公共服务质量the qulity of public services 民主参与democratic participation公共事务common affairs 改革部门管理public sector management 责任accountability 法律制度rule of law 透明度transparency 政治体制改革reforms of political institutions议会parliament 选举体制electoral regime 市场竞争market competition司法/行政/财政改革judicial administrative fiscal reform 下放职权decentralization提高生产率raise labor productivity 公共采购public procurement 公共基金public fund 公民权利civil right 公民义务civil duty（或civil obligation）个人自由personal liberty（或individual freedom） 政府能力government competence政治程序 Political Processes 开放openness 政治交往political communication 电子民主（网络民主）e-democracy 代表式民主representative democracy弱势群体disadvantaged population In the context of rapidly changing roles for public and private actors in the development process, e-government is seen as an instrument to simultaneously increase the efficiency of public administration, improve public service delivery, and strengthen the openness and transparency of political processes.在发展过程中，在快速转变公共和私人角色的环境下，电子政务被视为既可以提高公共行政的效率，改进公共服务质量，又可以增加行政进程的开放和透明。One of the most important arguments in favour of e-government reform is that it raises the internal or production efficiency of public institutions, thus saving taxpayers money. There are, in theory, two basic ways to achieve this. One is, to raise labour productivity and cut employment by means of the automation of administrative procedures and the simplification of processes. The other one is, to lower the costs of public procurement by means of better information on prices, promotion of market competition and more transparent and market-friendly purchasing procedures. 推行电子政务改革最重要的一点就是它可以提高公共体制的内部效率或公共产品的效率，节省纳税人的钱。从理论上讲，基本途径有两个。一是通过行政程序自动化和过程简单化，来提高劳动生产率和节省编制；二是通过更加了解市场价格，促进市场竞争，以及通过更加透明、市场化的采购程序来降低公共采购的费用。第五章人事资源管理human resource management(HRM) 改善服务improve service规模组织成本回应质量实效服务预算采购事宜调控sizeorganizationcostresponsivenessqulitytimelinessservicebudgetprocurement practices regulatory activity高效率，低成本work better and cost less 公开听证会public hearings呆板效率低下反应迟钝 inflexible inefficient unresponsive政治任命political appointment 国家立法机关state legislature 法院court 公众监督public scrutiny 监管机构oversight agency 媒体the media 预算人事审计budget personnel auditing共识、妥协、开放consensuscompromiseopenness游说团体lobby group 工会labor union 文官制度（公务员制度）civil service merit system腐败corruption 减少冲突reduce conflict 增加合作increase cooperation功绩制（绩效制）merit system 官僚政治 bureaucracy择优录用merit hiring 政府权限government jurisdictionsAcross the nation, all levels of government are being called on to improve service and responsiveness. These calls for reform, often called re-engineering or reinventing government, address virtually every aspect of public sector and operations, including size, organization, cost, responsiveness, quality, timeliness, service, budgeting and procurement practices, and regulatory activities.These seems to be almost unanimous agreement that public sector HRM systems are not working-that personnel is inflexible, inefficient, and unresponsive.人们要求政府的各个部门改善服务、提高反应能力。这些改革的呼声，也称为“政府重构”或“政府重建”，几乎涵盖公共部门结构和执行的各个方面，包括规模、组织、成本、质量、时效、服务、预算和惯例，以及调控措施。人们似乎一致认同公共部门的人力资源管理体系运作不良人事僵滞、效率低下、反应迟钝。At every level of government, personnel/HRM systems are being criticized as inflexible, unresponsive, slow, rule-bound, and user-unfriendly. Civil service systems are criticized for not meeting the needs of their customers-both the customers within the organization that personnel exists to support and the citizens government exists to serve.人们批评政府各个部门的人事和人力资源体系呆板、反应迟钝、拖拉、教条、冷淡。批评公民服务体系不能满足客户的需求-包括人事机构内部的服务对象和公共部门服务的对象第六章政治行政两分法politics-administration dichotomy政治中立political neutrality 政治倾向political partiality 政治偏好political preference 政治同情political sympathies中立能力neutral competence 公务员public servant 任命appoint 提拔promot政党分赃制spoils system 官僚体系bureaucratic systemFor more than half a century now, the so-called politics-administration dichotomy dak:tmi has been one of the most disreputable dsrpjtbl notions in the field of public administration. It is widely regarded both unfeasible and undesirable to keep politics and administration apart; their relationship is presently depicted as complementary rather than dichotomous.半个世纪以前，所谓的政治-行政两分法在公共行政领域是最受争议的概念之一。人们普遍认为政治与行政分开既不可行，也不符合需求；目前二者的关系往往被定义为“互补”而不是两分对立。Political neutrality is a doctrine or convention requiring that public servants do not engage in activities which impair or appear to impair their ability to carry out their official duties in a politically impartial manner.政治中立是信条，或者惯例，要求公职人员不能参与消弱或可能消弱其行政能力的活动，而是以政治公平的态度行使职责。第七章犯罪指数 indicator of corruption 人均收入水平per capita income儿童死亡率child mortality 识字水平（读写能力）literacy 经济政策economic policy 权力制衡balance of powers 政府干预government intervention 市场失灵market failure信息不对称Information Asymmetry 政府内部交易transactions within the government私人供给private provision 监管失灵monitoring failure政治责任political accountability政治家偏好 politicians preference经济竞争机制economic competition mechanism 职权滥用 abuse of authority新闻与表达自由freedom of press and expression相互牵制与制衡机制checks-and-balances mechanisms 政治竞争political competition中央政府central government立法行政司法权力legislativeexecutivejudiciary