被动语态 (3)

初中被动语态语法讲解初中被动语态语法讲解 一一 语语 态态 分分 类类 英语动词有两种语态 主动语态和被动语态 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者 如 They will build a new bridge over the river 主动 A new bridge will be built over the river 被动 汉语中常用 被 给 由 受 等词用来表示被动 而英语用 助动词 be 及物动词的过去分词构成 二二 被动语态的时态 人称和数的变化被动语态的时态 人称和数的变化 主要体现在 be 的变化上 其形式与系动词 be 的变化形式完全一样 以 give 为例 列表如下 一般现在时 am is are done 一般过去时 was were done 一般将来时 shall will be done 一般过去将来时 should would be done 现在进行时 am is are being done 过去进行时 was were being done 现在完成时 have has been done 过去完成时 had been done 将来完成时 shall will have been done 过去将来完成时 should would have been done 注 被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时 注 被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时 三三 常见的八种时态中的被动语态常见的八种时态中的被动语态 1 一般现在时 1 People grow rice in the south of the country Rice is grown in the south of the country 2 The school doesn t allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher 2 一般过去时 1 They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month 2 The students didn t forget his lessons easily His lessons were not easily forgotten 3 一般将来时 1 They will send cars abroad by sea Cars will be sent abroad by sea 2 They will give plenty of jobs to school leavers Plenty of jobs will be given to school leavers 4 过去将来时 1 The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year 2 The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible 5 现在进行时 1 The radio is broadcasting English lessons English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio 2 We are painting the rooms The rooms are being painted 6 过去进行时 1 The workers were mending the road The road was being mended 2 This time last year we were planting trees here Trees were being planted here this time last year 7 现在完成时 1 Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off I have been told the sports meeting might be put off 2 He has brought his book here His book has been brought here 8 过去完成时 1 When I got to the theatre I found they had already sold out the tickets When I got to the theatre I found the tickets had already been sold out 2 The whole country was very sad at the news of his death People had considered him to be a great leader HeHe hadhad beenbeen consideredconsidered toto bebe a a greatgreat leaderleader 四 四 含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的被动语态是由含有情态动词的被动语态是由 情态动词情态动词 be be 及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词 构成 构成 1 You must hand in your compositions after class Your compositions must be handed in after class 2 He can write a great many letters with the computer A great many letters can be written with the computer by him 五五 被被 动动 语语 态态 的的 使使 用用 1 1 当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时 常用被动语态 这时往往不用当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时 常用被动语态 这时往往不用 byby 短语 短语 Mr White the cup was broken after class 2 2 突出或强调动作的承受者 如果需要说出动作的执行者 用突出或强调动作的承受者 如果需要说出动作的执行者 用 byby 短语 短语 These records were made by John Denver The cup was broken by Paul 3 3 当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者 也不是动作的承受者时 这时常用当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者 也不是动作的承受者时 这时常用 inin 名词作状语 而代替名词作状语 而代替 byby 短语 短语 These cars were made in China 六六 主动语态变被动语态的方法主动语态变被动语态的方法 1 My aunt invited me to her dinner party 主语 谓语 宾语 I was invited by my aunt to her dinner party 主语 谓语 宾语 2 The school set up a special class to help poor readers A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school 1 1 把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语 把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语 2 2 把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的 bebe 过去分词 时态要与原句保持一致 过去分词 时态要与原句保持一致 3 3 把主动语态的主语变为介词把主动语态的主语变为介词 byby 的宾语 放在被动语态里谓语动词之后 的宾语 放在被动语态里谓语动词之后 byby 短语可短语可 以省略 如果原句主语是地点名词 在被动语态中用以省略 如果原句主语是地点名词 在被动语态中用 inin 地点名词作状语 地点名词作状语 七七 语态转换时所注意的问题语态转换时所注意的问题 1 1 把主动语态变为被动语态时 其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致 其谓语把主动语态变为被动语态时 其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致 其谓语 动词的数要与新主语保持一致 动词的数要与新主语保持一致 We have bought a new computer A new computer has been bought 正确 A new computer have been bought 错误 2 2 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时 可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语 另一个不含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时 可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语 另一个不 动 一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多 动 一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday I was given a present on my birthday 如果把直接宾语如果把直接宾语 指物指物 改为主语 则在间接宾语改为主语 则在间接宾语 指人指人 前加适当的介词 如上句前加适当的介词 如上句 还可以说 还可以说 A present was given to me yesterday 注意 注意 1 1 一般在下列动词后 常在间接宾语前用介词一般在下列动词后 常在间接宾语前用介词 toto 如 如 bring bring give give hand hand lend lend offer offer pass pass pay pay promise promise sell sell show show take take teach teach telltell 等 等 1 The book was showed to the class 2 My bike was lent to her 2 2 一般在下列动词后 间接宾语前用介词一般在下列动词后 间接宾语前用介词 for for 如 如 build build buy buy cook cook cut cut choose choose do do fetch fetch find find fix fix get get keep keep make make order order paint paint play play singsing 等 等 1 A new skirt was made for me 2 The meat was cooked for us 3 Some country music was played for us 3 3 由动词由动词 介词或副词构成的短语动词 要把它们作为整体看 即把它们看成一个介词或副词构成的短语动词 要把它们作为整体看 即把它们看成一个 及物动词 介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉 这类动词有 及物动词 介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉 这类动词有 不及物动词不及物动词 介词 如介词 如 agreeagree to to askask for for laughlaugh at at operatedoperated on on listenlisten to to looklook after after thinkthink of of talktalk aboutabout 等 等 The patient is being operated on The problem is solved It needn t be talked about 及物动词及物动词 副词 如 副词 如 bringbring about about carrycarry out out findfind out out givegive up up handhand in in makemake out out passpass on on pointpoint out out putput away away putput off off thinkthink over over turnturn down down workwork out out turnturn outout 等 等 His request was turned down The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather 4 4 带复合宾语带复合宾语 宾语宾语 宾补宾补 的动词改为被动语态时 一般把主动结构中的宾语改为的动词改为被动语态时 一般把主动结构中的宾语改为 主语 而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面 如 主语 而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面 如 1 We always keep the classroom clean The classroom is always kept clean 2 She told us to follow her instructions We were told to follow her instructions 注意 在注意 在 see see watch watch hear hear notice notice listenlisten to to looklook at at make make feelfeel 等动词后等动词后 作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 toto 但改成被动语态后都带 但改成被动语态后都带 toto 这时不定式为主语补 这时不定式为主语补 足语 也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略足语 也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略 toto 的问题 的问题 We often hear him play the guitar He is often heard to play the guitar 5 5 当主动句的主语是当主动句的主语是 nobody nobody nono oneone 等含有否定意义的不定代词时 被动句中将其等含有否定意义的不定代词时 被动句中将其 变为变为 anybody anybody 作作 byby 的宾语 并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态 如 的宾语 并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态 如 Nobody can answer this question 误 The question can be answered by nobody 正 The question can not be answered by anybody 6 6 当否定句中的宾语是当否定句中的宾语是 anything anything anybody anybody anyoneanyone 等不定代词时 在被动句中应等不定代词时 在被动句中应 将其分别变为将其分别变为 nothing nothing nobody nobody nono oneone 作主语 并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态 如 作主语 并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态 如 They haven t done anything to make the river clean 误 Anything hasn t been done to make the river clean 正 Nothing has been done to make the river clean 7 7 以以 whowho 为主语开头的疑问句 变被动时 用为主语开头的疑问句 变被动时 用 byby whomwhom 放在句首 放在句首 Who wrote the story 误 Who was the story written 正 By whom was the story written 8 8 有些动词既是及物又是不及物 当它们和有些动词既是及物又是不及物 当它们和 well well badly badly easilyeasily 等副词连用时 等副词连用时 表示主语内在品质或性能 是不及物动词 用主动表示被动 这时不用被动语态 常见的表示主语内在品质或性能 是不及物动词 用主动表示被动 这时不用被动语态 常见的 有 有 write write read read clean clean sell sell wash wash cookcook 等 如 等 如 1 The cloth washes easily 这布很好洗 2 The new product sells well 这新产品很畅销 对比 The books sell well 主动句 The books were sold out 被动句 The meat didn t cook well 主动句 The meat was cooked for a long time 被动句 9 9 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句 第一 感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义 如 第一 感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义 如 feelfeel look look seem seem taste taste sound sound remainremain 等 等 1 Do you like the material Yes it feels very soft 误 It is felt very soft 2 The food tastes delicious 误 The food is tasted delicious 3 The pop music sounds beautiful 误 The pop music is sounded beautiful 第二 谓语是及物动词第二 谓语是及物动词 leave leave enter enter reach reach suit suit have have benefit benefit lack lack ownown 等 等 如 如 He entered the room and got his book 误 The room was entered and his book was got She had her hand burned 误 Her hand was had burned 第三 一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态 如 第三 一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态 如 taketake place place breakbreak out out belongbelong to to loselose heart heart consistconsist of of addadd upup toto 等 如 等 如 The fire broke out in the capital building 误 T