托福阅读长难句分析

托福资料库人人主页 托福资料库人人主页 为帮助同学们更好的备考托福考试 选择了一些经典的托福阅读长难句 希 望同学们进行分析和总结后 能够提高阅读能力 1 Wearing masks and costumes they often impersonated other people animals or supernatural beings and mined the desired effect succession hunt or battle the coming rain the revival of the Sun as an actor might 戴着面具身着盛装的人们 经常扮演各种其他人物 动物或超自然生灵 并且作为一个扮演者所能做的 就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜 降雨 的来临 阳光的重现的结果 2 But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth 但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题 就是为什么在一个特殊的 靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙 3 A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound from a liquid singing tone to a ship percussive brilliance 十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步 包括踏板的传入 金属结构的完善和钢 丝的最完美的质量 最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调 从最精致的和弦到 一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果 的乐 器 4 Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as silent the film has never been in the full sense of the word silent 虽然我们习惯谈到 1972 年以前的电影是无声的 但用一句完全感性的话 来说电影从来就不是没有声音的 5 For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces 多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中 通常拥有 这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量 的个人音乐素材库 6 Rather they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric consisting of smooth compact yarn from long wool fibers dyed dark blue green or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material either natural or a shade of yellow 更进一步 他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作 包含光 滑 紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色 绿色 或褐色底层含有粗 糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料 7 For good measure during the spring and summer drought heat hail grasshoppers and other frustrations might await the weary growers 在春季和夏季 要精确量度干旱 热量 冰雹 蝗虫和其他损失可能是一 件疲劳的事情 8 What we today call America folk art was indeed art of by and for ordinary everyday folks who with increasing prosperity and leisure created a market for art of all kinds and especially for portraits 我们今天所谓的美国民间艺术 实际上是普通老百姓的艺术 被普通老百 姓创造的艺术和为普通老百姓和日常提到的 民间人士 的艺术 是一个他 们在社会日渐繁荣和休闲情况下创建的一个包含各种各样尤其是肖像画 种类的艺术的市场 9 The people had no agriculture but over thousands of years had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon halibut and other varieties of fish gathering abalone mussels clams and other shellfish from the rocky coastline hunting land and sea mammals and collecting wild plant foods 法利赛人 就没有农业 但在数千年的技术和设备 已研制开发环境 以他们 的经济河里捕鱼和沿海水域江浙鲑鱼 大比目鱼和其它品种的鱼 采集鲍鱼 蚌类 蛤蚌 和其他贝类从岩石的海岸线 主要从事狩猎的土地和海洋哺乳动 物一样 和收集野生植物的食物 10 The musicians within the orchestra s ranks enrich their community immeasurably by ensuring that new generations of musicians or simply music lovers are given the kind of superior instruction that only an actively engaged practicing musician can impart 有管弦乐家的级别音乐家们可以无限制地有利于他们的团体 靠通过确保 给新一代的音乐家们或简易的音乐爱好者们一种高级的指导 这种指导只 能由一个活的已加入的具有实践经验的音乐家能传授 11 Since Canadian metropolitan areas have only one quarter the number of kilometers of superhighways per capita as United States metropolitan areas and at least as much resistance to constructing more suburbanization of peoples and functions is less extensive north of the border than south 因为加拿大地大都市区域每城市高速公路公里总数量只有美国的四分之 一 而且至少根据 相当的居民数量去建设更多的高速公路 比较南部边界 的而言 人群和设施的都市化在北部边界区延伸度较少 12 They made available kinds of popular music heard previously only limited geographical areas or by specific ethnic and social groups especially the blues gospel songs and jazz of African Americans and the traditional music of the southern Appalachian Mountains and other rural areas of the southern and western United States 他们制造了相当多种类的流行音乐 这些音乐以前只限于在地理区域或特 殊的种族和社会群体能被听到 尤其是蓝调音乐 福音歌曲和非洲美国人 的爵士乐和阿巴拉奇亚山脉南部和其他美国南部和西部的乡村区域传统 音乐 13 The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed volume and regularity of shipments and communications making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods 在第三个十九世纪中期铁路和电报系统的发展导致了在速度 音量和普通 的船运和通讯上的明显的进步 使生产和分发货物方面的一个基础的转变 有可能发生 14 Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans originally trained as stonemasons carpenters or cabinetmakers attacked the medium from which they were to make their images and one understands more fully the development of sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century 由于未受学校教育的艺术家们的胆却 他们通常被训练成石匠 木匠或家 具师 抨击了在媒体中他们以前造就的自我形象和一个理解 这个理解 就是雕塑的发展在十八世纪晚期的美国更加完全的发生了 15 Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body which would involved the expenditure of water and energy desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant s gazelles 16 Solitary roosters shelter in dense vegetation or enter a cavity horned larks dig holes in the ground and ptarmigan burrow into snow banks but the effect of sheltering is magnified by several birds huddling together in the roots as wrens swifts brown creepers bluebirds and anis do 孤独的雄鸡躲避在茂盛的植被下或进入洞穴躲藏 如角状的百灵在地面挖 洞躲藏和松鸡 在雪岸 挖洞躲藏 但是象 鹪鹩 雨燕 褐色的爬行动物 蓝知更鸟和 anis 所做的一样 由于多只鸟一起拥挤在根茎下 所以躲避的 效果被扩大 除了尽量去保持身体深处的低体温 这将包括支出水和能量 沙漠哺乳动 物们允许他们的温度上升到一个通常是发烧的温度并且温度高达 46 摄氏 度 这已被在格兰特瞪羚羊测得 17 Each SMSA would contain at least a one central city with 50000 inhabitants or more or b two cities having shared boundaries and constituting for general economic and social purposes a single community with a combined population of at least 50000 the smaller of which must have a population of at least 15000 每个大城市及其郊区至少能容纳 a 一个 5000 居民人口的中心城市或 b 为了一个普通的经济和社会目的共享边界和律法的两个城市 一个单个的 融合的社区人口至少 50000 更小一点的社区必须有至少 15000 人口 23 Rather they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric consisting of smooth compact yarn from long wool fibers dyed dark blue green or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material either natural or a shade of yellow 更进一步 他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作 包含光 滑 紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色 绿色 或褐色底层含有粗 糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料 24 For good measure during the spring and summer drought heat hail grasshoppers and other frustrations might await the weary growers 在春季和夏季 要精确量度干旱 热量 冰雹 蝗虫和其他损失可能是一 件疲劳的事情 25 What we today call America folk art was indeed art of by and for ordinary everyday folks who with increasing prosperity and leisure created a market for art of all kinds and especially for portraits 我们今天所谓的美国民间艺术 实际上是普通老百姓的艺术 被普通老百 姓创造的艺术和为普通老百姓和日常提到的 民间人士 的艺术 是一个他 们在社会日渐繁荣和休闲情况下创建的一个包含各种各样尤其是肖像画 种类的艺术的市场 26 The people had no agriculture but over thousands of years had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon halibut and other varieties of fish gathering abalone mussels clams and other shellfish from the rocky coastline hunting land and sea mammals and collecting wild plant foods 他们没有农业 但是经过几千年 已经发展了探索自身环境的技术和设备 他们是基于大量出现鲑鱼 大比目鱼和其他多种鱼类的自身流域和水岸捕 鱼的经济 采集鲍鱼 蚌类 蛤蚌 和其他贝壳动物的经济 基于捕猎地域 和海洋哺乳动物的经济 以及基于收集野生植物的食物的经济 27 The musicians within the orchestra s ranks enrich their community immeasurably by ensuring that new generations of musicians or simply music lovers are given the kind of superior instruction that only an actively engaged practicing musician can impart 有管弦乐家的级别音乐家们可以无限制地有利于他们的团体 靠通过确保 给新一代的音乐家们或简易的音乐爱好者们一种高级的指导 这种指导只 能由一个活的已加入的具有实践经验的音乐家能传授 28 Since Canadian metropolitan areas have only one quarter the number of kilometers of superhighways per capita as United States metropolitan areas and at least as much resistance to constructing more suburbanization of peoples and functions is less extensive north of the border than south 因为加拿大地大都市区域每城市高速公路公里总数量只有美国的四分之 一 而且至少根据相当的居民数量去建设更多的高速公路 比较南部边界 的而言 人群和设施的都市化在北部边界区延伸度较少 29 They made available kinds of popular music heard previously only limited geographical areas or by specific ethnic and social groups especially the blues gospel songs and jazz of African Americans and the traditional music of the southern Appalachian Mountains and other rural areas of the southern and western United States 他们制造了相当多种类的流行音乐 这些音乐以前只限于在地理区域或特 殊的种族和社会群体能被听到 尤其是蓝调音乐 福音歌曲和非洲美国人 的爵士乐和阿巴拉奇亚山脉南部和其他美国南部和西部的乡村区域传统 音乐 30 The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed volume and regularity of shipments and communications making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods 在第三个十九世纪中期铁路和电报系统的发展导致了在速度 音量和普通 的船运和通讯上的明显的进步 使生产和分发货物方面的一个基础的转变 有可能发生 31 Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans originally trained as stonemasons carpenters or cabinetmakers attacked the medium from which they were to make their images and one understands more fully the development of sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century 由于未受学校教育的艺术家们的胆却 他们通常被训练成石匠 木匠或家 具师 抨击了在媒体中他们以前造就的自我形象和一个理解 这个理解 就是雕塑的发展在十八世纪晚期的美国更加完全的发生了 32 Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body which would involved the expenditure of water and energy desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant s gazelles 除了尽量去保持身体深处的低体温 这将包括支出水和能量 沙漠哺乳动 物们允许他们的温度上升到一个通常来说是发烧的温度并且温度高达 46 摄氏度 这已被在格兰特瞪羚羊测得 33 Solitary roosters shelter in dense vegetation or enter a cavity horned larks dig holes in the ground and ptarmigan burrow into snow banks but the effect of sheltering is magnified by several birds huddling together in the roots as wrens swifts brown creepers bluebirds and anis do 孤独的雄鸡躲避在茂盛的植被下或进入洞穴躲藏 如角状的百灵在地面挖 洞躲藏和松鸡在雪岸挖洞躲藏 但是大象 鹪鹩 雨燕 褐色的爬行动物 蓝知更鸟和 anis 所做的一样 由于多只鸟一起拥挤在根茎下 所以躲避的 效果被扩大 34 Each SMSA would contain at least a one central city with 50000inhabitants or more or b two cities having shared boundaries and constituting for general economic and social purposes a single community with a combined population of at least 50000 the smaller of which must have a population of at least 15000 每个大城市及其郊区至少能容纳 a 一个 5000 居民人口的中心城市或 b 为了一个普通的经济和社会目的共享边界和律法的两个城市 一个单个的 融合的社区人口至少 50000 更小一点的社区必须有至少 15000 人口 35 The growing custom of regularly assembling from afar the representatives of all kinds of groups not only for political conventions but also for commercial professional learned and vocational ones in turn supported the multiplying hotels 增长中的风俗 通常集合了所有种类的群体从远方来的代表 不仅为政治 惯例还是为贸易上 专业上 已学习的和职业的惯例 轮流支持了增长 中的宾馆 36 Two species of these finches named for the way the upper and lower parts of their bills cross rather than meet in the middle reside in the evergreen forests of North American and feed on the seeds held within the cones of coniferous trees 以他们上部和较低部分的嘴的交叉命名 而不是中间部分相遇的部分命 名 这两种雀类居住在北美四季常青的森林里并且以包含在 锥状的松果 树球内的种子为食 37 The beginning of a major change was foreshadowed in the later1860 s when the Union Pacific Railroad at last began to build westward from the Central Plains city of Omaha to meet the Central Pacific Railroad advancing eastward from California through the formidable barrier of the Sierra Nevada 主要变化的开端在 18 世纪 60 年代晚期被预示了 当时在太平洋铁路联合 体最后开始建设从奥马哈的城市中心平原到连接太平洋铁路中心向西的 铁路 它推进了从加利福尼亚穿过内华达山脉的重重险阻向东的铁路 38 The argument that humans even in prehistoric had some number sense at least to the extent of recognizing the concept of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group seems fair for studies have shown that some animal possess such a sense 关于人类即使是史前人类都具有一些数字的感觉的争论 当或多或少一些 对象被从一个小团体内加入或拿走的概念 最后导致这个概念的认可 这 看起来是公平的 因为研究表明一些动物拥也有这样的感觉 39 A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans animals vegetation or materials adversely 一个有用的定义关于空气污染是被人类直接加入或间接加入到大气中 那 些空气质量反面地影响人类 动物 植被或原材料的空气的混合体 40 The tight arrangement enabled the Mandan to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food these highly capable farmers stored from one year to next 紧凑的安排使曼丹人能更容易地 从那些寻找获得那些高产的农民们年复 一年地存储的一些食物的其他族人的袭击中 保护他们自己 41 No other set of colonists took so seriously one expression of the period Leisure is time for doing something useful in the countryside farmers therefore relieved the burden of the daily routine with such double purpose relaxations as hunting fishing and trapping 没有其他的殖民者在那个时期如 此严肃的持有一个的申明 休闲对做事有利 乡下农民们理所当然的收到 如此双重任务 日常事务的重担和狩猎 捕鱼和诱捕的闲暇 42 Life on Earth has continually been in flux as slow physical and chemical changes have occurred on Earth but life needs time to adapt time for migration and genetic adaptation within existing species and time for the proliferation of new genetic material and new species that may be able to survive in environments 地球上的生命不断地演化 就象存在于地球中的缓慢地物理的和化学的变 化 但是生物需要时间去适应 这就是现存物种的迁移和基因改变的时间 和以便能在环境中生存的新基因材料和新物种的繁殖的时间 43 Some fossil bones have all the interstitial spaces filled with foreign minerals including the marrow cavity if there is one while others have taken up but little from their surroundings 一些石化的骨头的所有裂缝的空隙 包括骨髓空腔 都充满了外来的矿石 如果这儿还有一个空腔当其他的空腔都已被占据 填充物很少是来源于他 们的环境 44 By 1776 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe up to this time had been introduced into the American colonies through books and paints European visitors and immigrants and traveling colonists who brought back copies and a few originals of old master paintings and acquaintance with European art institutions 杰出的绘画艺术 在西欧发展 直到现在通过书 绘画 欧洲访问者和移 民被介绍给美洲殖民者和游移不定的殖民者 他们买回旧的大师的绘画和 欧洲艺术机构熟识的复制品 很少有原件 45 The terminology by which artists were described at the time suggests their status limner was usually applied to the anonymous portrait painter up to the 1760 s painter characterized anyone who could paint a flat surface 艺 术家们当时描述的术语表明了他们的状态 如 画匠 一词通常应用在匿名 的肖像画家 直到十七世纪 60 年代 油漆匠 刻画了那些能在平的表面刷 漆的人 46 A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston William Byrd of Virginia and the Aliens and Hamilton of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries especially aspiring artists and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement 一些艺术收藏家 如波士顿的 James Bowdoin III 弗吉尼亚的 William Byrd 和凤凰城的 Aliens and Hamilton 家族 介绍欧洲的艺术给那些有特权去参 观他们画廊 尤其是那些有抱负的艺术家们的画廊的殖民者 并且建立了 基于他们各自团体的艺术价值的观点和基于投入了他们资金的艺术机构 的需求 47 The achievements of the colonial artists particularly those of Copley West and Peale lent credence to the boast that the new nation wa