通用初三总复习---专项

初三英语总复习 名词 1 名词的概念 名词是指表示人 事物 地点或抽象 概念的名称的词 2 名词的分类 专有名词 China Mike English the Great Wall 普通名词 可数名词 有单 复数之分 在可 数名词单数之前要用 a an table life tomato 不可数名词 无复数形式 food duty news knowledge 3 可数名词复数的构成 一般情况是在名词后加 s 以 s x sh ch 结尾的加 es 以辅音字母 y 结尾的 要变 y 为 i 再加 es 如 city family 以元音字母 Aa Ee Ii Oo Uu y 结尾 的 加 s 如 boy 以 f fe 结尾的变 f fe 为 v 再加 es 如 half self shelf leaf knife wife life 以 o 结尾的 只有 tomato potato 和 hero 是加 es 其余的都加 s 如 photo radio kilo zero zoo 特殊情况 man woman policeman Englishman Frenchman 但 child foot tooth 单 复同形 Chinese Japanese sheep 形式上是单数 实际上表复数概念 people police 如 The people police are working hard 有两种形式的 fish 作 鱼 时 可数 其复数是 fish 或 fishes 作 鱼肉 时 不可数 复合名词的复数形式 man player men players woman doctor women doctors apple tree apple trees 4 不可数名词 无复数形式 不能与 a an 或数词 连用 必须用 a cup of a piece of a pair of some much so much too much little a little a lot of lots of 等 表数量 如 much work a little money two bags of rice 注 一条裤子 A pair of trousers is The trousers are 一双袜子 鞋子 A pair of socks shoes is My new shoes are 一副眼镜 A pair of glasses is 数杯橘子汁 glasses of oranges 数张纸 pieces of paper 如果这些短语中需要用形容词 形容词应该放在冠词 后 a full bottle of milk ten big pieces of paper 如果 of 短语后的名词为可数名词时 必须用复数 a bag of books a basket of apples a box of pens 5 名词的所有格 单数名词的所有格 加 s the student s book 以 s 结尾的单词 加 James book 复数名词的所有格 以 s 结尾的 加 the students books a few years time twenty minutes walk 不以 s 结尾的 加 s children s dolls men s shoes 以 and 连接的 共同拥有 共同一个 s Lily and Lucy s father is 分别拥有 每个名词后加 s Li Lei s and Jim s fathers 无生命名词的所有格 表时间 距离 重量 世界 国家 城镇等的加 s 或 s an hour s walk ten minutes talk China s capital in today s newspaper world s population 用 of 短语 语序 与汉语不一致 a picture of my family the classroom of our school teachers of Class 1 双重所有格 a friend of my brother s a new photo of mine an old friend of Kate s some flowers of hers the name of her cat 表 在 办公室 在 店 家 的名词所有格后 面的名词常省去 at the doctor s in Uncle Wang s in the teachers 第二章 代词 二 代词 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 复数 单 复一样 单数 复数 人称 主格 I we you he she it they 代词 宾格 me us you him her it them 物主 形容词性物主代词 my our your his her its their 代词 名词性物主代词 mine ours yours his hers its theirs 反身 myself ourselves yourself himself themselves 代词 yourselves herself itself 注 1 主格作主语 放在句首 如果主语是几个并列代 词时 You 最前 I 最后 你在前 我在后 如 You he and I are 但在表抱歉的句子中 I 放在前 如 Sorry I and Li Lei broke the glasses 2 宾格作宾语 放在动词 介词后 放在动 副短语的之 间 如 These are your things Please put them away 3 形容词性物主代词后必须加名词 4 名词性物主代词后不能加名词 但相当于形容词性物主 代词 名词 如 my book mine his book his her book hers 5 反身代词于动词 介词后作宾语 如 She teaches herself English She learns English by herself 在句末加强语 气 亲自 如 You ll see it yourself 在主语后作同位语 如 He himself did it 在固定短语中 如 enjoy oneself have a good time play happily be alone all by oneself teach oneself sth learn sth all by oneself leave sb by oneself help oneself to sth 指示代词 近指 this 复 these 远指 that 复 those 6 注 1 打电话时用 this 代替自己 that 代替对方 如 Hello This is Is that speaking 2 that those 可以用来代替前面提到过的人或物 如 This story is more interesting than that one 疑问代词 连接代词 关系代词 指人 who 主语 whom 宾语 whose 谁的 指物 what who s 谁是 指人 物 which 注 1 The bag on the desk is Lucy s Whose is the bag on the desk Lucy s bag is on the desk Whose bag is on the desk 2 What 也可对人的职业 身份提问 What do you do What are you What does she do What is she 3 对某人的身高胖瘦提问用 What He is thin and tall What is he like 不定代词 some 用于肯定句和表请求 征求意见的疑 问句 如 Could you give me some Would you like some Why don t you give him some any 用于否定句 疑问句 条件句 如 If you have any question to ask you will call me something somebody someone anything anybody anyo ne 用法类似 one the other 一个 另一个 两者中一 个 另一个 one the others 一个 其余的 多数中的一个 余下的全 部 some the others 一些 其余的 一些 余下的全部 some others 一些 另一些 一些 余下的中的一部分 another 另一个 又一个 一个一个地连接 后 名单或 few 数字 名复如 another cake another two cakes two more cakes 注 1 the other 和 other 后可加名词 2 the others 和 others 后不加名词 3 the other the others 表特定范围内除去一部分后余下 的全部 4 other others 表除去一部分后的另一些 但不是余下的 全部 each 强调个体 名单 谓动 单 两个或两个以上 的每一个 each of 名复 谓动 单 如 Each woman has a book Each of the women has a book every adj 强调整体 名单 谓动 单 三个或三个以上的每 一个 Every boy likes 但 Every of everyone 指人 everyone of every one 指人 指物 every one of us 注 1 Each of us has a room We have a room each 2 each other 两者互相 于动词后 如 help each other understand each other each other 的所有 格 each other s 如 They filled each other s stockings with presents 3 当 each 放在主语后时 谓动 复 如 We each have a book on the desk 4 one each 每人一个 both 两者都 否 neither 两者都不 名单 Neither sentence is right all 三者以上全都 否 none 三 者以上全都不 both of 谓动 复 Both of the answers are right neither of 谓动 单 Neither of the answers is wrong Both A and B 谓动 复 A 和 B 都 Both you and I are teachers Neither A nor B 就近一致 A 和 B 都不 Neither you nor I am a student Neither of the twins is a university student In the past none of the buses were was air conditioned 注 1 either 两个人或物中的任何一个 如 There are some flowers on either side of the river There are some flowers on both sides of the river 2 either 表 也 时 于否定句 如 He doesn t like it She doesn t like it either 3 Either A or B 就近一致 或者 A 或者 B 不是 A 就是 B Either they or Lily knows the good news 4 倒装句中 She likes apples and so does he If you won t go neither nor will I one 代指单数的人或物 The apple is bigger than that one ones 代指复数的人或物 The apples are bigger than those ones 注 it 与 one it 代指 前面提到过的单数的东西 复数用 them 如 I can t find my pen Have you seen it anywhere 指同一样东西 one 代指前面提到过的那一类的单数的东西 复数用 ones 如 I ve lost my pen I want to buy a new one 同类 不同物 It is a robot 指物 It is raining now but it ll be fine soon 指自然现象 What time is it now It s eight o clock 指时间 It isn t far from hereto the hospital 指距离 It s important for us to fight pollution 作形式主语 a lot of lots of plenty of 名复或不可数名词 many 名复或 much 不可数名词 用于肯定句 用于否 疑句 如 She picked a lot of oranges She didn t pick many oranges too much 与 too many some any no every 可与 one body thing 构成合成不定 代词 1 这些词作主语时看作三单 Nobody is here Everyone in our class likes 2 放在形容词前 something important nothing delicious something nice 指 人 somebody someone 指物 something anybody anyone anything everybody everyone everything nobody no one nothing 注 Is everyone here today Yes we are few little a few a little 第三章 数词和冠词 三 数词和冠词 1 数词 基数词 表数目 1 12 单独记 13 19 加 teen 整十 加 ty 几十几之间加 hundred 后加 and 序 数词 表顺序 基 th 序 注 1 基数词变序数词口诀 基变序 有规律 词尾加上 th 一 二 三 特殊记 词尾字母 t 和 d first second third 八 减 t 九去 e f 来把 ve 替 eighth ninth fifth twelfth 单词 ty 作结尾 要把 y 来变 ie twenty twentieth 若是遇到几十几 只变末位就可以 thirty first 2 分数表达法 基 序 分子大于 1 时分母 s 1 5 one fifth 2 5 two fifths 两种表达法 1 2 a half 或 one second 1 4 a quarter 或 one fourth 3 4 three quarters 或 three fourths 3 对东西的数量提问用 How many 名复 如 There is only a bird in the tree How many birds are there in the t ree 4 对不可数名词的量提问用 How much 不可数名词 如 There is a little milk in the bottle How much milk is there 5 对人口的数量提问用 What The population of China is 120 000 000 What is the population of China 6 对星期和节日提问用 What day 如 Yesterday was Women s Day Friday What day was yesterday 7 对日期提问用 What is was the date Last Sunday was March 3rd What was the date last Sunday 8 hundred thousand million billion 在表示具体数时 不用复 数 如 three million 在表概数时用复数 of 短语 如 thousands of many thousands of 9 第 6 课 Lesson Six the sixth lesson 405 房间 Room 405 10 A 加 B 是多少 What is four and plus seven It s eleven 11 序数词的前面一般必须加 the 但以下情况不用 表 又一 时 如 There are three flowers but she wants a fourth one 序数词前有形容词性物主代词时 如 This is my fifteenth birthday 序数词作表语时 如 Who was first in the high jump He is always the first one to come to the school I am the second one to get up in my family 特别记忆 one first two second three third four fourteen forty five fifteen fifty fifth nine nineteen ninety ninth twelve twelfth twenty twentieth 冠词 Article 2 冠词 a an the 冠词放在名词前 an invention a useful invention 不定冠词 Indefinite Article a an 表泛指 用于不限定的可 数名词单数前 a 用于辅音前 an 用于元音前 There is a u and an s in the word bus He is an eight year old boy an eighteen year old an eighty year old an eleven year old a one year old boy He is an honest student a an 用在一些习惯用语中 e g have a good time in a hurry have a break for a while a pai r of have a look with a smile take an active part in 定冠词 Definite Article the 表特指 用于特定的单 复数 名词前 the earth 定冠词 the 的用法 1 第二次提到 I have a cat and a dog The cat is white and the dog is brown 2 特 指某人或物 The shirt on the table is his 3 说话双方都知道的人或物 Where is the coat It s behind the chair 4 用在形容词最高级前面 the healthiest student 5 用在序数词前面 Our classroom is on the third floor 6 宇宙中独一无二的东西 The sun is far bigger than the earth 7 江河 海洋 山脉前 The sea is blue The Yangtze River is one of the longest rivers in the w orld 8 方位前 Pudong is in the east of Shanghai 9 乐器前面 I practice the piano every day 10 用在某些形容词前表某一类人 Wu should help the blind 11 由普通名词构成的专有名词前 the Changjiang River 12 用在姓的复数形式前表某一家人 The Greens are watching football match 固定短语中 on the other side of at the bus stop the number of in the morning the day after tomorrow listen to the radio at the moment go to the beach by the way 不用冠词的情况 1 专有名词和不可数名词前不用 America Australia porridge 2 名词前已有 this that my our your his her its some any whose no each ev ery 等词时不用 This is our first lesson Every boy has a workbook 3 星期 月份 季节 节日前不用 on Sunday morning in spring Teachers Day Children s Day Women s Day Mid Autumn Day 4 称呼 学科 三餐 球类运动前不用 after supper play volleyball Mr Wang 琴类前要用 the play the piano 5 某些固定短语中不用 at home by bus in bed on time at times 第四章 形容词和副词 四 形容词和副词 形容词 修饰名词 放在名词前 an important thing 修饰不定代词 放在不定代词后 something interesting to read 于系动词后 作表语 be beautiful look happy feel lonely become angry 副词 修饰 动词 形容词 其他副词或句子 Maybe he knows the good news 1 形容词 副词比较等级的构 成 单音节 双音节词 1 一般情况 er est quick quicker quickest healthy 2 以结 尾的 r st nice nicer nicest fine finer finest 3 以辅音字母 y 的 变 y 为 i er est healthy healthier healthiest 4 双写 再 er est 的 big red fat thin hot wet sad 多音节词和部分双音节词 在单词前 more most slowly more slowly most slowly quickly more quickly most quickly tired more tired most tired often oftener more often oftenest most often expensive more expensive most expensive 不规则变化 good well better best little less least bad badly ill worse worst many much more most far farther farthest old older oldest 年龄 大小 further furthest elder eldest 家庭成员的长幼 2 比较级句型 两者相比 用 than 表达 A 比 B A 比较级 than B A 比 B 得多 A much 比较级 than B much 比较级 得多 如 The cake is bigger than that one The cake is more delicious than that one I get up earlier than my father every day These problems are much easier than those ones These problems is much more important than those ones 注 1 比较级前可加 much a little even still a bit a lot any far 等 如 She is even slower than before She felt much worse 2 比较级 and 比较级 越来越 如 Days get longer and longer in summer Our city is becoming more and more beautiful 3 the 比较级 the 比较级 越 越 如 The busier he is the happier he feels The more he reads the book the better he understand it 4 the 比较级 of the two 两者中 较 的 如 He is the taller of the two boys He is taller than the other one 5 one of the 最高级 可数名词的复数形式 e g Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in the world 6 当要表达第几大 或第几长的概念的时候 用 the 序数词 形容词的最高级 构成 e g He thought the Century Park was the second largest in Shanghai 3 最高级句型 三者以上 用 of 短语或 in 短语表达 A 是 中最 的 A the 最高级 of in 短语 注 1 in 表场所或范围 如 in our class in their factory of 与名复 代词或表具体数量的词连用 如 of us of all of the three 2 形容词最高级 前必须加 the 而副词最高级前则可不加 如 Ann is the youngest in her family Tom does everything most carefully of the five 4 同级比较 用 as as 或 not as so as 句型 A 与 B 一样 A as 形 副原形 as A 与 B 不一样 A 不如 B A as 形 副原形 as 5 同义句转换 变成否定句 如 A 比 B 高 B 没有 A 高 A is taller than B B isn t taller than A 变成反义词 A 与 B 交换位置 如 A 比 B 高 B 比 A 矮 A is taller than B B is shorter than A 将 more 形 副原 形与 less 形 副原形互换 A 与 B 交换位置 如 A is more interesting than B B is less interesting than A 比较级与最高级的互换 A 是 中最 A 比其他任何一个都 如 Chinese is the most useful subject Chinese is more useful than any other subject than any other 名单 Chinese is more useful than the other subjects than the other 名复 Chinese is more useful than the others the others the other 名复 He jumps highest in our class He jumps higher than any other student in our class He jumps higher than the other stude nts in our class He jumps higher than the others in our class 注 1 Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China Shanghai is bigger than any city in the USA 2 Tom studies harder than any other student in his class The father works harder than any wo rker in the factory A 和 B 都 A 与 B 一样 如 A and B are both very important A is as important as B 6 形容词 副词的反义词 7 形容词 副词的互换 一般情况在词尾 ly 如 quick quickly slow slowly careful carefully 以 y 结尾的 变 y 为 i ly 如 happy happily easy easily 以 e 结尾的 polite politely safe safely 但 true truly possible possibly 11 特殊的 good well 形 副同形的 early fast straight hard 频度副词 always sometimes often usually never 等放在 be 动词 情态动词 助动词之 后 实义动词之前 程度副词 very so too quite rather 后 形 副原形 enough 用于名前形 副后 副词 home here there 之前不能加 the 如 the way to the hospital on one s way home get to the factory get there also too 与 either so 与 neither nor already yet 与 ever 五 介词 1 表时间的介词 A in 用于表示一段时间内或某年 月 星期 季节 e g in 2002 in January in a week in autumn in the past five fifty years in half an hour 固定短语 in the morning in the afternoon in the evening in the end B on 表某一天或某一天的某部分 e g on Women s Day on August 3rd on Monday morning on the fifth day on Christmas on a cold evening on the evening of September 22nd 固定短语 on time sth is are on the bed C at 表某一时刻 at seven o clock at that time at Christmas 固定短语 at first at last at night at noon at the end of at present at the weekend D for 表时间段 for two months for a moment for a long time E from to 从 到 from Tuesday to Saturday from morning to evening from nine to eleven F since 自从 以来 since three o clock since last Monday G during 在 期间 during those days during the summer holidays H before 在 之前 before breakfast before washing before twelve o clock I after 在 之后 after lunch after running the day after tomorrow after eight J between and 在 之间 between nine and eleven K past 表超过某时刻 半小时 前 half past five twenty three past ten L to 表时间到某时刻差多少 twelve to twelve thirteen to nine M until 直到 为止 until last Sunday until midnight 2 表示场所 地点 方向的介词 A 表示场所 地点 in 在 内 在大地方 in the gag in bed in Beijing in a town on 在 上 面上 线上 点上 on the earth on the left on the hill on a farm on one s way to school in 在 范围内 on 两地相邻 to 两地不相邻 Taiwan is the southeast of China and it s the east of Fujian Sichuan is the north of Yunnan at 在 小地方 at the bus stop at the foot of the hill at the school gate at the end of the road stand at the starting line at the side of the road 13 beside 在 旁边 beside the house near 在 附近 near the window near sb next to sb by 在 近旁 by the fire by the window behind 在 后面 behind the chair behind me under 在 下面 under the table outside 在 外部 反 inside outside the school gate inside the park into 指进入 go come into the room send up into the sky run into the forest up 向上 put up the map look up the starts down 向下 顺着 下去 do down the street in front of 在 前面 in front of me a big tree in front of my house in the front of 在 前部 the bus driver in the front of the bus the teachers in the front of the classroom on the tree 在树上 本身长在树上 的东西 in the tree 在树上 外来物飞 落到树上 on the wall 在墙上 贴在墙上 in the wall 在墙上 镶嵌在墙上 There are two doors in the wall of our classroom between 两者之间 通常构成 between and between Chengdu and Chongqing She sits between Jim and me among 三者以上的之间 We live among the air He built a house among the trees Lei Feng always lives among us on 在 上 两物体接触 Put your eraser on your desk over 在 的垂直上方 There is a bridge over the river above 在 上方 The plane was flying above the clouds around 环绕 在周围 通常表示静态 around the fire around the lake round 环绕 在周围 通常表示动态 around the earth round the house about 到处 在周围 about the town about the room B 表示方向 的介词 into 进入 He took off his coat and jumped into the water out of 从 出 来 Quietly she took her passport out of her pocket along down 沿着 Go along down Huaihai Road and turn left at the second crossing across 横过 横跨 平面物体 通常指 过街 河 桥 马路 动词 across cross go across the street river bridge road through 穿过 从物体内部穿过 通常指穿过森林 光 空气等透过窗 门洞 Go through the forest The light The cold air goes through the door The sunshine does through the window throughout 遍及 贯穿 throughout the country to 到达 地点 目的地 或方向 e g Japan lies to the east of China 14 towards 朝 方向 We were walking towards the village for 为 目 的 Do you know what you study English for from 从 起 How far is it from Sheshan to Xujiahui C 表示原因的介词 because of for e g Because of his illness my father had to stay in bed for a week Excuse me for being late 其他介词表示原因 at from with of e g They were very surprised at the news The patient died of cancer Are you satisfied with my answer 3 表方式和其他的介词 by 表方式 后直接 交通工具 by bus by plane by spaceship by satellite in on 冠词或代词 交通工具 on a the bus on the boat in his car in 以 形式 以 方式 用 语言 表示衣着 声调的特点 e g He can sing the new song in English She always talks in a quiet voice Light travels in straight lines The man in blue is our English teacher With 表伴随 在一起 拥有等 with his family with a box under his arm with these words a boy with the name of Bill with one s help 表手段或方法 The picture is drawn with a pen in pen I can finish the hard work easily with your help without 无 没有 with 的反义词 without one s help I couldn t finish my homework without your help I couldn t finish my homework if you didn t help me We can t live without air or water we can t live if there is no air or water about 与 on There is a story about the poor girl I have a new book on English study on 表方式 通过 When my father was young he always learned English on the radio The interesting plays are on Channel One like 如 跟 一样 What will the computer tomorrow be like Tom works like an English teacher Tom is not an English teacher as 作为 Tom works as an English teacher in our school Tom is an English teacher against 靠着 反对 Are you for or against the suggestion be made of be made from 4 固定词组 for ask sb for sth pay for sth wait for thank for look for leave for apologize to sb for sth with agree with go on with do with keep up with get on well with something wrong with cover with fill with have a word with about talk bout think about worry about walk about 15 after look after run after at arrive at shoot at knock at shout at laugh at work at smile at throw at from come from hear from borrow from be from in arr