英语国家概况,课件(二)chapter1 (2).docx

Chapter 1 People and LanguageII. People of Great BritainAncestors The Anglo-Saxons: are the ancestors of the majority of the population in Britain, a Germanic people from Europe who went to England between the 5th and 7th centuries.Other immigrants: are mainly Indians, Greeks, Australians, and New Zealanders as well as Africans and Asians.The Origin of a Nation1. Early Settlers (before 55B.C.) Iberians 伊比利亚人 The Celts 凯尔特人2. Romans (55B.C.-410) 罗马人3. Anglo-Saxons (446-1016 & 1042-1066)4. Danes (1016-1042) 丹麦人5. Norman Conquest (1066) 诺曼征服III. The English Language3.1 The Origin of English English language belongs to Germanic group (日耳曼语族)of Indo-European family of languages。（印欧语系）Indo-European family is a broad family include most of the European languages spoken today, such as Germanic group (日耳曼语族), Roman group (罗曼语族), Celtic group (凯尔特语族), Baltic group (波罗的语族), Greek (希腊语), etc. 3.2 The Development of EnglishMiddle EnglishModern EnglishStandard English 1. Old English period 古英语时期Time: from the 5th C. to 1066 (from 5th C to the Norman Conquest)Speakers: the Angles, Saxons and JutesForm: a mutually intelligible language, similar to modern Frisian (弗里西语) - the language of northeastern region of the Netherlands.Composition: 1.old Norse (挪威语) spoken by the Vikings (北欧海盗/维 京人) 2.the German and Dutch languages. 3.Latin and Greek words by the introduction of Christianity. 4. Some Danish words.Angles, Saxons and Jutes drove the original Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of England into Scotland,wales and Ireland.So some people in the three areas speak Gaelic which come from Celtic languages. 2 Middle English periodTime: 1066 (the Norman Conquest 诺曼征服)- the 14th century (the Black Death 黑死病)Speakers: French noblesForm: FrenchComposition: 1. Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary. 2. Animals have different names from their meat.Norman Words关于皇权的词汇：sovereign, throne, crown, royal, state, country, parliament, prince, duke, palace, castle关于骑士精神和文雅举：honour, glory, courteous，noble, pity, fine, cruel关于宗教教会：religion, service, angel, saint, sacrifice, miracle, preach, pray军事词汇：war, peace, battle, armour, office, lieutenant（海军上尉，陆军中尉），colonel（陆军上校），sergeant（中士），soldier, navy, admiral（海军上将）, captain（海军上校，陆军上尉），enemy, danger, prison, march, company, guard等。法律用语：law, justice, judge, jury, court, cause, crime, traitor, damage, heritage, property, injury等。Norman words: palace, castle. relations, ancestors, descendants. English words: home,house, father, mother, sister, brother, son,daughter。 3The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin. 3 Modern English period现代英语时期Time: from the late 15th century - the present timeForm: 1. The printing press was introduced to England in 1476 by William Caxton. 2. The dialect of London became the standard. 3. Spelling and grammar became fixed. 4. English continued to assimilate foreign words, especially from Latin and Greek, throughout the Renaissance (文艺复兴).Symbol: the works of William Shakespeare and the King James Bible (英王詹姆斯钦定版圣经)Composition: 1. New words for things and ideas that had not previously existed were introduced by the Industrial Revolution and the rise of technology. This proliferation of neologisms (新语) continues today. 2. Besides Latin and Greek, nearly every language on Earth has made a contribution to the development of English, such as Japanese, Finnish, French.Standard EnglishStandard English -Queens English or BBC English.Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is widely used in media and taught at schools. It is preferred by the educated, middle-class people. It has developed and has been promoted as