武汉大学博士学位英语期末考试复习资料.pdf

2019 武汉大学博士学位英语考试重点复习 一 段落分析 第一课的第三段 第一课的第三段 Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale Besides its many uses in commerce office work and manufacturing it will also improve health care provide new ways to shop enable professional and social encounters across the globe and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives It will help us pursue old and new pleasures and it will encourage new art forms which may be criticized but will move art forward as new tools have always done It will also improve education and training first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited Human organizations from tiny companies to entire national governments will benefit too because so much of the work they do is information work Topic Effect Influence Perspective Human and organizations Aspect Human from physical to psychological Organization from individual to social Keywords Skill s By example Method s By classification Question Logic Relationship What and How 第一课的第十二段 第一课的第十二段 The wise eye will also see that the Information Marketplace is much influential than its parts the interfaces middleware and pipes that make up the three story building on which we stand Once they are integrated they present a much greater power the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support These powers are far greater than the ability to send an e mail message or to have five hundred TV channels Topic Power Perspective Physiology safety and Belongingness Aspect From material to spiritual Keywords Skill s By example Method s Hierarchical structure Question Logic Relationship What and How 第八课的第一段 第八课的第一段 Countless cultures around the world have disappeared along with their mythologies In Mesoamerica dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru Celtic cairns in Wales Khmer statues in Cambodia and magnificent ziggurat like structures in central Africa Topic culture Perspective world Aspect From material aspects Keywords Culture mythologies Mayan temples Incan monuments Celtic cairns Khmer statues Ziggurat like structures Skill s By example Method s In spatial order Question Logic Relationship What and How 第八课的第二段第八课的第二段 Easter Island celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1 600 years ago the island s first settlers explorers from Polynesia found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests dozens of wild bird species and no predators They multiplied and prospered distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system Rival clans erected ever larger statues on platforms emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth 第八课的第四段 第八课的第四段 It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately An islander might easily have missed the long term trend thinking This year we cleared those woods over there but trees are starting to grow back again over here Furthermore any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class Chiefs priests and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges Topic civilization Perspective Easter Islanders Aspect From idea to behavior Keywords Change Long term trend warning status quo Skill s By quotation and statement Method s By classification Question Logic Relationship What and Why 第八课的第六段 第八课的第六段 Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests fossil fuels arable land and fisheries In only 40 years Ethiopia s forest cover shrank from 30 to 1 During the same time period the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests Powerful decision making groups ignore those who sound an alarm their political economic and religious agendas fail to address the problem of disappearing natural resources Topic decimation Perspective humanity Aspect From idea to behavior or vice verse from material to spiritual aspects Keywords Decimation of the rain forests fossil fuels arable land and fisheries Skill s By statistics and statement Method s Cause and effect Question Logic Relationship What How Why 第八课的第八段 第八课的第八段 If we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction and find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing future The old myths have collapsed but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum For transformation to occur human beings must actively shape the future an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls The Global Brain then this is an individual as well a collective venture Topic Myths Perspective Mythmaking Aspect Myths Keywords Myth changing oldmyths collapsing newmyths emerging future shaping mythmaking venture enterprise Skill s By statement Method s Problem and solution Question Logic Relationship What Why How 第八课的第十二段 第八课的第十二段 But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views it cast a malignant shadow The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress but it left overcrowded highways air pollution and deforestation in its wake Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals The discovery of powerful insecticides first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish birds and animals Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems life threatening contamination and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once pristine lands Although Western housing clothing and religion were brought to aboriginal people and the rate of infectious disease went down the rate of alcoholism drug addiction suicide and spouse and child abuse went up Topic Shadow Perspective Science and society Aspect From technology to society Keywords Shadow automobile fertilizers insecticides nuclear power plants waste products alcoholism drug addiction suicide spouse and child abuse Skill s By example Method s By classification macro hierarchical structure from least to most micro antithesis from positive to negative Question Logic Relationship What and How 第八课的第二十五段 第八课的第二十五段 The third principle is to identify real life situations in which antagonists can find common ground With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange postmodernists urge that groups press beyond dialogue For example athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups Business executives and scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and cooperative research undertakings Topic Principle Perspective Situations Aspect Press beyond dialogue nonverbal communication Keywords Real life situation common ground press beyond dialogue Skill s By example Method s By antithesis homogeneity 同质 and heterogeneity 异质 Question Logic Relationship What and How 二 文章结构分析 第八课第八课 1 4 段段 Countless cultures around the world have disappeared along with their mythologies In Mesoamerica dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru Celtic cairns in Wales Khmer statues in Cambodia and magnificent ziggurat like structures in central Africa Easter Island celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1 600 years ago the island s first settlers explorers from Polynesia found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests dozens of wild bird species and no predators They multiplied and prospered distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system Rival clans erected ever larger statues on platforms emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth Eventually as the island s population grew to 20 000 people the forests were cut more rapidly than they regenerated Trees were transformed into fuel canoes and houses as well as rollers and ropes to transport the gigantic stone heads In time the absence of wood for sea going canoes reduced the fish catches while erosion and deforestation diminished crop yields The growing populace consumed the local bird and animal populations When the island could no longer feed its human population the political and religious oligarchy that had directed and distributed the local resources began to languish Many archaeologists believe the ruling class was overthrown by warriors In the ensuing disorder clan fought clan fought clan toppling and desecrating each other s statues When the Europeans arrived on Easter Sunday 1772 the once fertile island was barren and desolate Its remaining inhabitants only a fraction of the numbers a few generations earlier were heirs to a once greater society that had degenerated into violence starvation and cannibalism It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately An islander might easily have missed the long term trend thinking This year we cleared those woods over there but trees are starting to grow back again over here Furthermore any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class Chiefs priests and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges PARA Perspective point of view Key Word s Document Structure Function 1 World Disappearance of vanished civilization Mayan temples Incan monuments Celtic cairns Khmer statues Ziggurat like structures What phenomena situation 2 Easter islanders Pristine paradise of once flourishing civilization subtropical forests wild bird species no predators sophisticated economy complex political system How example 3 Easter islanders Barren and desolate island violence starvation cannibalism How example 4 Easter islanders Long term trend islander s thinking Warning status quo ruling class Why 附 武 汉 大 学 博士研究生英语试题 样卷 说明 1 所有答案均写在答题纸上 2 用汉语正楷写清自己的姓名 学号 所在院系及任课教师 3 考试时间为 100 分钟 Part I DocumenPart I Documental Analysis 20 tal Analysis 20 Attention Analyze the following paragraph according to the requirements of perspective method and skill and questions But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views it cast a malignant shadow The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress but it left overcrowded highways air pollution and deforestation in its wake Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals The discovery of powerful insecticides first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish birds and animals Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems life threatening contamination and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once pristine lands Although Western housing clothing and religion were brought to aboriginal people and the rate of infectious disease went down the rate of alcoholism drug addiction suicide and spouse and child abuse went up Part II Article Analysis 15 Part II Article Analysis 15 Attention Fill the chart according to the requirements based on your understanding of the following article 1 We live in times that are harsh but exciting where everyone agrees that we are moving to a new level of civilization Principles values ways of life will no longer be the same but as yet we are not really ready for these changes we are faced with inventing the future and also bringing it into operation progressively we make experiments and we frequently make mistakes but we are beginning to know what we want when we talk of justice freedom and democracy The scientific and technological community is directly involved in the questions that arise Following those of our generation the demands of your generation will continue until these aims have been at least partially achieved 2 The closeness of scientific problems to political problems is such that scientific workers are not far from it protected from socio economic vicissitudes So much so that they sometimes express the same needs as all other workers and join them in this context but they also call for specific measures Like everyone else we need freedom but we especially need freedom of expression for our scientific and technological ideas we need this even if it is only to put them forward for criticism We don t ask for any particular privilege but we would like the efforts made to be evaluated at their actual worth in the interests of society 3 If our federation is so active in working for a statement of the rights and responsibilities of scientific workers it is because we wish to resolve this problem in a way appropriate to most countries 4 So you will certainly play an important part in society even if this is not always readily recognized by society because scientific and technological knowledge and expertise are the context in which future economic social and political changes will take place Whatever you do you cannot ignore them and whatever is said society will not be able to ignore you You will also have a decisive part to play and perhaps an even more difficult one in the scientific and technological community itself The whole extension of this community and its interaction with society as a whole leads scientific workers to get involved in all political debates crises and decisions You will have to note the essential demands of science as such it is not simply a matter of protecting society from unacceptable consequences one must also protect scientific activity from political and financial meddling 5 It is vital to safeguard the basic honesty of science the honesty that is basic to its method Whenever in the history of science this honesty has been set aside the consequences have been serious I am not speaking merely of the suicide or disgrace of an individual but of the social and economic damage arising from such lapses There are worse possibilities at a time when problems are increasingly complex with ever widening political implications we need science to be technically dependable and socially credible In a world of turbulence science s saving grace is not simply material but lies in its rationality Part III Writing 25 Part III Writing 25 Attention Write an essay on the following topic with substantial evidence and good reasoning e g in a linear way in more than 300 words How to Write English Well as a PhD Candidate On My Class Experience Part I Documental Analysis 20 Part I Documental Analysis 20 Topic Perspective s Method s Skill s Questions Part II Part II Article Analysis 15 Article Analysis 15 C H A R T F I L L I N G PARA PERSPECTIVE point of view KEY WORD S document STRUCTURE function 1 2 3 4 5 3p 12p 1p 4p 6p 12p topic Influence power culture change decimation shadow perspective People organization Life physiology Work safety Pleasure love world Easter Islander people government Easter islanders Science society skill example example example Quotation statement Statistics statement example methods Classification material spiritual 个人到社会 Hierarchical structure material spiritual Space time space material Classification progression idea behavior Cause effect Classification Hierarchical structure questions What