英语阅读理解——主旨大意-大集合

1 2011 届英语阅读理解专练 主旨大意题 A 设题方式 考查文章的中心思想 The main idea key point of this passage is that The passage is mainly about From the passage we can learn conclude that Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage 考查文章标题的选择 The best title headline for this passage is Which of the following is the best title What would be the best title for the text The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is 考查作者的写作态度和意图 What is the author s main purpose in this passage The writer s purpose in writing this story is In the passage the author wants to tell The writer s attitude toward is B 干扰项特点 以偏概全 干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容 也就是文章的局部信息 断章取义 干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容 或者以次要的事实 或细节冒充全文的主要观点 主题扩大 干扰项所归纳 概括的范围过大 超过文章实际所讨论的内容 张冠李戴 命题者有意地把属于 A 的特征放在 B 的身上 构成一个干扰项 考生不注意的情况下 会造成错选答案 无中生有或似是而非 有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了 但认真分析之后你会发现 这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系 C 解题指导 1 分清主次 抓住主干 找出主题句 主题句是归纳表达文章中心思想的句子 它的出现有四种情况 1 主题句在开头 主题句出现在段落或文章的开头部分 起着开宗明义 点明主题的作用 它可以使读 者一开始就明白文章所讲的内容主旨 而支撑句则使用一些具体的人 物 数字或具体的步骤来阐述或论 证主题 常伴有 for example i e that is first second finally once another time for one thing 等词 2 主题句在结尾 用归纳法写的文章 其结构是表述细节的句子放在前面 概述性的句子放在后面 并 以此而结尾 所以结尾的句子起着总结归纳 画龙点睛的作用 多伴有 so therefore thus in short as a result that is why 等词 3 考生可以快速浏览每段首尾两句来确定每段的主题句 从而确定文章的主题句 2 考例分析 1 Every day we experience one of the wonders of the world around us without even realizing it It is not the amazing complexity of television Nor the impressive technology of transport The universal wonder we share and experience is our ability to make noises with our mouths and so transmit ideas and thoughts to each other s minds This ability comes so naturally that we tend to forget what a miracle 奇迹 it is 75 This passage is mainly about 2010 江西卷 E 节选自文章第一段 A the development of body language B the special role humans play in nature C the power to convey information to others D the difference between humans and animals in language use 考例分析 2 My few minutes with Mr Galbreath changed my life Now I try to treat everyone with respect no matter who I think they are and no matter another human being with kindness and sincerity 59 What is the message mainly expressed in the story 2010 年重庆卷 A 篇 节选自文章最后一 段 A We should learn to be generous B It is honorable to help those in need C People in high positions are not like what we expect D We should avoid judging people by their appearances 考例分析 3 We often don t remember things as well when we re trying to manage several details at the same time Without mental focus we may not pay enough attention to new information coming in so it never makes it into our memory stores That is one of the main reasons we forget people s names even sometimes right after they have introduced themselves Multitasking can also affect our relationships If someone checks their e mail while on the phone with a friend they may come off as absent minded or disinterested It can also cause that person to miss or overlook key information being passed on to them 52 What is the main idea of the passage 2010 年浙江卷 C 篇 节选自文章最后一段 A Multitasking has become a way of life B Multitasking often leads to efficiency decline C Multitasking exercises need to be improved D Multitasking enables people to remember things better 4 值得注意的是 有些文章和段落无明显的主题句 只是暗示性地体现主题 这就要求考生在阅读过程 中 根据文章中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括和总结文章的大意 2 理清层次关系 选出最佳标题 标题是文章中心思想的精练表达 多为一个名词词组 短小明了 函盖性强 做这类题目时 要在阅读全 文的基础上 把握好层次关系 注意选项的归纳范围要恰如其分 干扰项往往是局部信息 是某一小节或文 章里的某一句 所以我们在解题时要反复推敲 把概括范围过窄或过宽的选项过滤掉 考例分析 4 When you re lying on the white sands of the Mexican Riviera the stresses 压 力 of the world seem a million miles away Hey stop This is no vacation you have to finish something 3 49 What would be the best title for the text 2010 年全国卷 II B 篇 节选自文章第一段 A Adventures in Travel Writing B Working as a Food Critic C Travel Guides on the Market D Vacationing for a Living 考例分析 5 Too much TV watching can harm children s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children 67 What would be the best title for this text 2010 年辽宁卷 C 篇 节选自文章第一段 A Computers or Television B Effects of Television on Children C Studies on TV and College Education D Television and Children s Learning Habits 考例分析 6 To err is human To blame the other guy is even more human Common sense is not all that common Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse These three popular misquotes 戏谑的引语 are meant to be jokes and yet they tell us a lot about human nature To err or to make mistakes is indeed a part of being human but it seems that most people don t want to accept the responsibility for the problem Perhaps it is the natural thing to do The original quote about human nature went like this To err is human to forgive divine 神圣的 This saying mirrors an ideal people should be forgiving of others mistakes Instead we tend to do the opposite find someone else to pass the blame on to However taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a making of great maturity 55 What would be the best title for his passage 2010 年天津卷 D 篇 节选自文章第一部分 A A Mirror of Human Nature B To Blame or to Forgive C A Mark of Maturity D Truth or Excuse 3 抓住关键词 判断作者意图 作者在描述事实或传递信息时 不管他的意图是什么 其观点和态度都不可避免地在文章中反映出来 常见的涉及到作者态度的词有褒义类词 approving positive optimistic 等 贬义类词 critical pessimistic doubtful questioning 和中性类词 indifferent serious objective concerned neutral 这就要求考生在阅读时应特别注意文章的措辞 尤其注意那些表达感情色彩的形容词如 improving encouraging disappointing fail ignore 等 以及作者对人物语言 行为和思想的描写 从中领悟作者的写作意图和态度 考例分析 7 The world of make believe is not necessarily bad But when the world of fantasy becomes the only outlet 出路 for our sense of wonder then we are really missing something We are missing a connection with the living world Other wonderful worlds exist all around us But even more interesting is that if we look closely enough we can see that these worlds in a broad sense are really part of our own 2010 年重庆卷 E 篇 节选自文章第 一段 75 What is the main purpose of the passage A To show us the hidden beauty in our world 4 B To warn us not to get lost in the fantasy world C To argue against the misuse of the sense of wonder D To discuss the influence of the world of make believe 4 小结 总之 主旨大意类题虽然综合性强 对考生的能力要求较高 但只要我们掌握了一定的解题 技巧 在读懂读透文章的基础上 仔细对比四个备选项之间的内涵与外延之间的差异 定能准确地找出正 确答案 在高考阅读理解中 主题概括类试题的考查占有十分重要的位置 掌握所读材料的主旨和大意也是 英语课程标准 和 考试说明 对考生的基本要求之一 只有通过阅读掌握了文章的主题 才能正确理 解文章 进而根据文章的事实细节推测作者的态度和观点 主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力 根据多年的备考及高考实践 这类题 目考察的范围是 基本论点 文章标题 主题或段落大意等 它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运 用概括 判断 归纳 推理等逻辑思维方法 对文章进行高度概括或总结 属于高层次题 选择 主题 旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨 通常用词 短语或句子来概括 常见 的提问方式有 1 What is the main general idea of this text 2 What is mainly discussed in this passage 3 What is the text mainly about 4 This text mainly tells us 5 This passage mainly deals with 6 The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as 选择 标题 则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题 通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当 用词 简短 精练 常见的提问方式有 1 What would be the best title for the text 2 Which of the following is the best most suitable title for this text 3 The best most suitable title for this text would be 4 The topic of this passage is 不管是选择 主题 还是选择 标题 实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容 找出贯穿语篇的主 线 不管是何种体裁的文章 总是围绕一个主题来展开的 在试题设计上 3 个干扰项内容一般在文章里 或多或少都有涉及 但并非主要内容 需要注意甄别 下面具体分析此类题目的解题技巧 一 段落及文章整体的主题大意的理解 解这类试题应根据以下几个步骤 掌握此类题的解题技巧 1 寻找主题句 确定文章主题 在许多情况下 尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时 根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出 文章的主题 主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况 开头 中间 结尾 含在开头结尾同时出现 首尾 呼应的主题句 因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键 做主题概括类试题多采用浏览法 skimming 一般不需逐句阅读 只需选读文章的首段 尾段或每段的首句和尾句 重点搜索主题线索和 主题信息 主题句呈现的形式有 1 文首开门见山 提出主题 随之用细节来解释 支持或发展主题句所表达的主题思想 即演绎法写作 方式 如 Something in chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines say UK researchers Their study found that theobromine found in cocoa was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine which was considered the best cough medicine at present 5 The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment While coughing is not necessarily harmful 有害的 it can have a major effect on the quality of life and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem said Professor Peter Barnes Ten healthy volunteers 志愿者 were given theobromine codeine or placebo a pill that contains no medicine during the experiment Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received which pill The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin which is used in research to cause coughing and as a sign of how well the medicine is stopping coughs The team found that when the volunteers were given theobromine the capsaicin needed to produce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group When they were given codeine they need only slightly higher levels of capsaicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a nerve activity 神经活动 which causes coughing They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness 2008 全国卷 II D 篇 a Which of the following would be the best title for the text A Codeine A New Medicine B Chocolate May Cure Coughs C Cough Treatment A Hard Case B Theobromine Can Cause Coughs 2 文尾归纳要点 提出建议 以概括主题 即归纳法写作方式 如 A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate compared with that of a wild animal but it is actually surprisingly strong In deed its very softness and looseness is an advantage it makes a man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size because he can do so many different things with his limbs Man s games show how he can control his own body No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man none has such varied grace very few live as long as he none is so strong in itsnatural resistance to disease Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him 3 文中 通常前面只提出问题 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出 而后又作进 一步的解释 支持或发展 如 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark In fact the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out 4 首尾呼应 为突出主题 作者先提出主题 结尾时再次点出主题 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复 后面的表述往往有进一步引申或发展的意味 如 首段 Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career She said 尾段 The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes Shu said 5 无主题句 即主题句隐含在全文中 没有明确的主题句 必须根据文中所提供的事实细节进行全面考 虑 综合分析 然后找出共同的东西 归纳成一般概念 必须注意的是 既不能以偏概全 也不能在概括 时过于宽泛 要恰如其分 如 b Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors Harvard 6 Law School and later Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami Florida b What is the main idea of the passage A How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer B Bingham is a diligent student C Joshua Bingham received an excellent education D A good lawyer needs good education 除了以上主题句呈现的常见形式外还要注意标志词 文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示 后 如 on the whole as a result in short therefore thus I agree with the opinion that Given all these points above I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above I would prefer 2 抓住文章段落大意 概括中心思想 寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的 各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中 心思想 在这个过程中 考生不能只依据只言片语 或光看文章的某些段落 而应观察全文的结构安排 理解文章浓墨重笔写的 重心 考虑文章的组织材料及支持性细节是服务于什么的 分析故事的发展结 局都是围绕什么内容来表达的 最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来 如 There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power First the radioactive material must travel from its place of production to the power station Although the power stations themselves are strongly built the containers us for the transport of the materials are not Normally only two methods of transport are in use namely road or rail Unfortunately both of these may have an effect on the general public since they are sure to pass near or even through heavily populated areas Second there is the problem of waste All nuclear power stations produce wastes that in most cases will remain radioactive for thousands of years It is impossible to make these wastes nonradioactive and so they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have invented For example they may be buried under the ground or dropped into deserted mines or sunk in the sea However these methods do not solve the problem since an earthquake could easily break the containers Third there may occur the danger of a leak 泄漏 or an explosion at the power station As with the other two dangers this is not very likely so it does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear program However it can happen Separately these three types of dangers are not a great cause for worry Taken together though the probability of disaster is extremely high c What is the passage about A Uses of nuclear power B Dangers from nuclear power C Public anger at nuclear power D Accidents caused by nuclear power 3 抓住文章主线和关键词语 归纳文章中心 不是所有的段落都有主题句 有时主题句暗含在句中 阅读这样的文章 就需要自己根据文章的细节来分 析 概括出段落的主题 从而推导出文章的主旨 方法是 先弄清该段落主要讲了那几方面内容 这些内 容在逻辑上有什么联系 然后加以归纳 形成主题 如 The Queen s English is now sounding less upper class a scientific study of the Queen s Christmas broadcasts has found Researchers have studied each of her messages to the Commonwealth countries since 1952 to find out the change in her pronunciation from the noble Upper Received to the Standard Received Jonathan Harrington a professor at Germany s University of Munich wanted to discover whether accent 口音 changes recorded over the past half century would take place within one person As far as I know there just is nobody else for whom there is this sort of 7 broadcast records he said He said the noble way of pronouncing vowels 元音 had gradually lost ground as the noble upper class accent over the past years Her accent sounds slightly less noble than it did 50 years ago But these are very very small and slow changes that we don t notice from year to year We may be able to relate it to changes in the social classes he told The Daily Telegraph a British newspaper In 1952 she would have been heard saying thet men in the bleck het Now it would be that man in the black hat And hame rather than home In the 1950s she would have been lorst but by the 1970s lost The Queen s broadcast is a personal message to the Commonwealth countries Each Christmas the 10 minute broadcast is put on TV at 3 pm in Britain as many families are recovering from their traditional turkey lunch 传统火鸡午餐 The results were published 发表 in the Journal of Phonetics 2008 全国卷 II B 篇 d What is the text mainly about A The relationship between accents and social classes B The Queen s Christmas speeches on TV C The changes in a person s accent D The recent development of the English language 二 文章标题的选择或拟定 1 要在阅读原文的基础上 仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系 2 再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何 3 要注意题目是过大还是过小 4 要避免下列三种错误 概括不够 多表现为部分代整体 从而导致范围太小 过度概括 多表 现为人为扩大范围 以事实 细节替代抽象概括的大意 要恰当地选好标题 还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式 一般来说 标题的拟定方式是 以话题为核心 将 控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组 比如某一文章的中心句子为 Coffee is a universal drink that is served in different ways around the world 话题 Coffee 控制性概念 is a universal drink that is served in different ways around the world 标题 Coffee Around the World 例 2008 年高考英语山东卷 B 篇 Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert 警报 system using text messages delivered to cell phones Text messages have been popular in recent years particularly among young people The wireless industry s trade association CTIA estimates 估计 more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act a 2006 federal law that requires improvements to the nation s emergency alert system The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission FCC with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves andtheir 8 families before and during disasters and other emergencies FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said following approval of the plan Participation in the alert system by carriers telecommunications companies is voluntary but it has received support from the wireless industry The program would be optional for cell phone users They also may not be charged for receiving alerts There would be three different types of messages according to the rules The first would be a national alert from the president likely involving a natural disaster The second would involve approaching threats which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings The third would be for child abduction 绑架 emergencies or so called Amber Alerts The service could be in place by 2010 e Which of the following would be the best title for the text A Cell Phone Alerts Protecting Students B Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless Industry C Cell Phone Alerts of National Disasters D Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon a 答案 B 本文开篇就道明了主题 巧克力中的某种成分可以治疗咳嗽 下文始终围绕这个主题来 展开说明 b 分析 此文没有主题句 全篇共四句 只陈述了四个细节性的事实 因此就答案本身看个个都对 读者只能将所有的细节 details 综合起来进行逻辑推理 才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想 unstated main idea 由于文中主要涉及了 Joshua Bingham 接受教育的情况 即作者想告诉我们的是 Joshua Bingham 接受过良好的教育 所以答案是 C c 主题分析 第一段 There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power 为文章的主题句 接着从三个方面论述主题 First Second Third 段首第一 句分别为各段的主题句 层次分明 结构清晰 最后一段进一步归纳全文大意 Dangers from nuclear power 故答案为 B d 答案 C 文章第一段就提到自从 1952 年以来研究者就测试 The Queen s English 的口音变化 接下来文章第二段就说到这种测试的全面性和客观性 第三段和第四段举例说明这种口音变化的特点 由 以上不难分析出文章是针对一个人的口音在半世纪前后的变化及分析写的 所以 C 最恰当 e 答案 D 主旨大意题 第一段开门见山 提出将创建一个全国性的短信警报系统 最后一段重申 主题 对这种新系统的未来进行展望 因此最准确的标题是 D A 项错在 protecting students