国际经济学 (克鲁格曼) 教材答案

精品文档 1欢迎下载 ChapterChapter 3 3 1 1 HomeHome hashas 12001200 unitsunits ofof laborlabor available available ItIt cancan produceproduce twotwo goods goods applesapples andand bananas bananas TheThe unitunit laborlabor requirementrequirement inin appleapple productionproduction isis 3 3 whilewhile inin bananabanana productionproduction itit isis 2 2 a a GraphGraph outout thethe productionproduction possibilitiespossibilities frontier frontier b b WhatWhat isis thethe opportunityopportunity costcost ofof applesapples inin termsterms ofof bananas bananas 5 1 Lb La a a c c InIn thethe absenceabsence ofof trade trade whatwhat wouldwould thethe priceprice ofof applesapples inin termsterms ofof bananasbananas be be In the absence of trade since labor is the only factor of production and supply decisions are determined by the attempts of individuals to maximize their earnings in a competitive economy only when will both goods be produced So LbLaba aa PP 1 5 PP ba 2 2 HomeHome isis asas describeddescribed inin problemproblem 1 1 ThereThere isis nownow alsoalso anotheranother country country Foreign Foreign withwith a a laborlabor forceforce ofof 800 800 ForeignForeign s s unitunit laborlabor requirementrequirement inin appleapple productionproduction isis 5 5 whilewhile inin bananabanana productionproduction itit isis 1 1 a a GraphGraph ForeignForeign s s productionproduction possibilitiespossibilities frontier frontier b b ConstructConstruct thethe worldworld relativerelative supplysupply curve curve Home s PPF 0 200 400 600 800 200400600800 Qapple Qbanana Foreign s PPF 0 200 400 600 800 1000 80160 240 320 400 Q apple Q banana 精品文档 2欢迎下载 3 3 NowNow supposesuppose worldworld relativerelative demanddemand takestakes thethe followingfollowing form form DemandDemand forfor apples demandapples demand forfor bananasbananas priceprice ofof bananas pricebananas price ofof apples apples a a GraphGraph thethe relativerelative demanddemand curvecurve alongalong withwith thethe relativerelative supplysupply curve curve abba PP DD When the market achieves its equilibrium we have 1 b a D D b a b b a a P P QQ QQ RD is a hyperbola x y 1 b b WhatWhat isis thethe equilibriumequilibrium relativerelative priceprice ofof apples apples The equilibrium relative price of apples is determined by the intersection of the RD and RS curves RD y x 1 RS 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 y y y x x x 精品文档 3欢迎下载 25 0 yx 2 bPaP ee c c DescribeDescribe thethe patternpattern ofof trade trade ba b e a e baPPPPPP In this two country world Home will specialize in the apple production export apples and import bananas Foreign will specialize in the banana production export bananas and import apples d d ShowShow thatthat bothboth HomeHome andand ForeignForeign gaingain fromfrom trade trade International trade allows Home and Foreign to consume anywhere within the colored lines which lie outside the countries production possibility frontiers And the indirect method specializing in producing only one production then trade with other country is a more efficient method than direct production In the absence of trade Home could gain three bananas by foregoing two apples and Foreign could gain by one foregoing five bananas Trade allows each country to trade two bananas for one apple Home could then gain four bananas by foregoing two apples while Foreign could gain one apple by foregoing only two bananas So both Home and Foreign gain from trade 4 4 SupposeSuppose thatthat insteadinstead ofof 12001200 workers workers HomeHome hadhad 2400 2400 FindFind thethe equilibriumequilibrium relativerelative price price WhatWhat cancan youyou saysay aboutabout thethe efficiencyefficiency ofof worldworld productionproduction andand thethe divisiondivision ofof thethe gainsgains fromfrom tradetrade betweenbetween HomeHome andand ForeignForeign inin thisthis case case RD y x 1 RS 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 1 1 0 y y y x x x 5 1 3 2 yx 5 1 bPaP ee 精品文档 4欢迎下载 In this case Foreign will specialize in the banana production export bananas and import apples But Home will produce bananas and apples at the same time And the opportunity cost of bananas in terms of apples for Home remains the same So Home neither gains nor loses but Foreign gains from trade 5 5 SupposeSuppose thatthat HomeHome hashas 24002400 workers workers butbut theythey areare onlyonly halfhalf asas productionproduction inin bothboth industriesindustries asas wewe havehave beenbeen assuming assuming ConstructConstruct thethe worldworld relativerelative supplysupply curvecurve andand determinedetermine thethe equilibriumequilibrium relativerelative price price HowHow dodo thethe gainsgains fromfrom tradetrade comparecompare withwith thosethose inin thethe casecase describeddescribed inin problemproblem 4 4 In this case the labor is doubled while the productivity of labor is halved so the effective labor remains the same So the answer is similar to that in 3 And both Home and Foreign can gain from trade But Foreign gains lesser compare with that in the case 4 6 6 KoreanKorean workersworkers earnearn onlyonly 2 50 2 50 anan hour hour ifif wewe allowallow KoreaKorea toto exportexport asas muchmuch asas itit likeslikes toto thethe UnitedUnited States States ourour workersworkers willwill bebe forcedforced downdown toto thethe samesame level level YouYou cancan t t importimport a a 5 5 shirtshirt withoutwithout importingimporting thethe 2 50 2 50 wagewage thatthat goesgoes withwith it it Discuss Discuss In fact relative wage rate is determined by comparative productivity and 精品文档 5欢迎下载 the relative demand for goods Korea s low wage reflects the fact that Korea is less productive than the United States in most industries Actually trade with a less productive low wage country can raise the welfare and standard of living of countries with high productivity such as United States So this pauper labor argument is wrong 7 7 JapaneseJapanese laborlabor productivityproductivity isis roughlyroughly thethe samesame asas thatthat ofof thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates inin thethe manufacturingmanufacturing sectorsector higher higher inin somesome industries industries lowerlower inin others others whilewhile thethe UnitedUnited States States isis stillstill considerablyconsiderably moremore productiveproductive inin thethe serviceservice sector sector ButBut mostmost servicesservices areare non traded non traded SomeSome analystsanalysts havehave arguedargued thatthat thisthis posesposes a a problemproblem forfor thethe UnitedUnited States States becausebecause ourour comparativecomparative advantageadvantage lieslies inin thingsthings wewe cannotcannot sellsell onon worldworld markets markets WhatWhat isis wrongwrong withwith thisthis argument argument The competitive advantage of any industry depends on both the relative productivities of the industries and the relative wages across industries So there are four aspects should be taken into account before we reach conclusion both the industries and service sectors of Japan and U S not just the two service sectors So this statement does not bade on the reasonable logic 8 8 AnyoneAnyone whowho hashas visitedvisited JapanJapan knowsknows itit isis anan incrediblyincredibly expensiveexpensive place place althoughalthough JapaneseJapanese workersworkers earnearn aboutabout thethe samesame asas theirtheir U S U S counterparts counterparts thethe purchasingpurchasing powerpower ofof theirtheir incomesincomes isis aboutabout one thirdone third less less ExtendExtend youryour discussingdiscussing fromfrom questionquestion 7 7 toto explainexplain thisthis observation observation Hint Hint ThinkThink aboutabout wageswages andand thethe impliedimplied pricesprices ofof non tradenon trade goods goods The relative higher purchasing power of U S is sustained and maintained by its considerably higher productivity in services Because most of those services are non traded Japanese could not benefit from those lower service costs And U S does not have to face a lower international price of services So the purchasing power of Japanese is just one third of their U S counterparts 9 9 HowHow doesdoes thethe factfact thatthat manymany goodsgoods areare non tradednon traded affectaffect thethe extentextent ofof possiblepossible gainsgains fromfrom trade trade Actually the gains from trade depended on the proportion of non traded goods The gains will increase as the proportion of non traded goods decrease 1010 WeWe havehave focusedfocused onon thethe casecase ofof tradetrade involvinginvolving onlyonly twotwo countries countries SupposeSuppose thatthat therethere areare manymany countriescountries capablecapable ofof producingproducing twotwo goods goods andand thatthat eacheach countrycountry hashas onlyonly oneone factorfactor ofof production production labor labor WhatWhat couldcould wewe saysay aboutabout thethe patternpattern ofof productionproduction andand inin thisthis case case Hint Hint TryTry constructingconstructing thethe worldworld relativerelative supplysupply curve curve 精品文档 6欢迎下载 Any countries to the left of the intersection of the relative demand and relative supply curves export the good in which they have a comparative advantage relative to any country to the right of the intersection If the intersection occurs in a horizontal portion then the country with that price ratio produces both goods ChapterChapter 4 4 1 1 InIn thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates wherewhere landland isis cheap cheap thethe ratioratio ofof landland toto laborlabor usedused inin cattlecattle risingrising isis higherhigher thanthan thatthat ofof landland usedused inin wheatwheat growing growing ButBut inin moremore crowdedcrowded countries countries wherewhere landland isis expensiveexpensive andand laborlabor isis cheap cheap itit isis commoncommon toto raiseraise cowscows byby usingusing lessless landland andand moremore laborlabor thanthan AmericansAmericans useuse toto growgrow wheat wheat CanCan wewe stillstill saysay thatthat raisingraising cattlecattle isis landland intensiveintensive comparedcompared withwith farmingfarming wheat wheat WhyWhy oror whywhy not not The definition of cattle growing as land intensive depends on the ratio of land to labor used in production not on the ratio of land or labor to output The ratio of land to labor in cattle exceeds the ratio in wheat in the United States implying cattle is land intensive in the United States Cattle is land intensive in other countries too if the ratio of land to labor in cattle production exceeds the ratio in wheat production in that country The comparison between another country and the United States is less relevant for answering the question 2 2 SupposeSuppose thatthat atat currentcurrent factorfactor pricesprices clothcloth isis producedproduced usingusing 2020 hourshours ofof laborlabor forfor eacheach acreacre ofof land land andand foodfood isis producedproduced usingusing onlyonly 5 5 hourshours ofof laborlabor perper acreacre ofof land land a a SupposeSuppose thatthat thethe economyeconomy s s totaltotal resourcesresources areare 600600 hourshours ofof laborlabor andand 6060 acresacres ofof land land UsingUsing a a diagramdiagram determinedetermine thethe allocationallocation ofof resources resources 5TF LF TFLF QF TF QF LF aTF aLF 20TC LC TCLC QC TC QC LC aTC aLC We can solve this algebraically since L LC LF 600 and T TC TF 60 The solution is LC 400 TC 20 LF 200 and TF 40 精品文档 7欢迎下载 Labor Land Cloth Food LC LF TC TF b b NowNow supposesuppose thatthat thethe laborlabor supplysupply increaseincrease firstfirst toto 800 800 thenthen 1000 1000 thenthen 12001200 hours hours UsingUsing a a diagramdiagram likelike Figure4 6 Figure4 6 tracetrace outout thethe changingchanging allocationallocation ofof resources resources tion specializa complete 0 LF 0 TF 1200 LC 60 TC 1200L 66 67LF 13 33 TF 933 33 LC 46 67 TC 1000L 133 33LF 26 67 TF 666 67 LC 33 33 TC 800L Labor Land Cloth Food 0l8000l10000l1200 c c WhatWhat wouldwould happenhappen ifif thethe laborlabor supplysupply werewere toto increaseincrease eveneven further further At constant factor prices some labor would be unused so factor prices would have to change or there would be unemployment 3 3 TheThe worldworld s s poorestpoorest countriescountries cannotcannot findfind anythinganything toto export export ThereThere isis nono 精品文档 8欢迎下载 resourceresource thatthat isis abundantabundant certainlycertainly notnot capitalcapital oror land land andand inin smallsmall poorpoor nationsnations notnot eveneven laborlabor isis abundant abundant Discuss Discuss The gains from trade depend on comparative rather than absolute advantage As to poor countries what matters is not the absolute abundance of factors but their relative abundance Poor countries have an abundance of labor relative to capital when compared to more developed countries 4 4 TheThe U S U S laborlabor movementmovement whichwhich mostlymostly representsrepresents blue collarblue collar workersworkers ratherrather thanthan professionalsprofessionals andand highlyhighly educatededucated workersworkers hashas traditionallytraditionally favoredfavored limitslimits onon importsimports formform less affluentless affluent countries countries IsIs thisthis a a shortsightedshortsighted policypolicy ofof a a rationalrational oneone inin viewview ofof thethe interestsinterests ofof unionunion members members HowHow doesdoes thethe answeranswer dependdepend onon thethe modelmodel ofof trade trade In the Ricardo s model labor gains from trade through an increase in its purchasing power This result does not support labor union demands for limits on imports from less affluent countries In the Immobile Factors model labor may gain or lose from trade Purchasing power in terms of one good will rise but in terms of the other good it will decline The Heckscher Ohlin model directly discusses distribution by considering the effects of trade on the owners of factors of production In the context of this model unskilled U S labor loses from trade since this group represents the relatively scarce factors in this country The results from the Heckscher Ohlin model support labor union demands for import limits 5 5 ThereThere isis substantialsubstantial inequalityinequality ofof wagewage levelslevels betweenbetween regionsregions withinwithin thethe UnitedUnited States States ForFor example example wageswages ofof manufacturingmanufacturing workersworkers inin equivalentequivalent jobsjobs areare aboutabout 2020 percentpercent lowerlower inin thethe SoutheastSoutheast thanthan theythey areare inin thethe FarFar West West WhichWhich ofof thethe explanationsexplanations ofof failurefailure ofof factorfactor priceprice equalizationequalization mightmight accountaccount forfor this this HowHow isis thisthis casecase differentdifferent fromfrom thethe divergencedivergence ofof wageswages betweenbetween thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates andand MexicoMexico which which isis geographicallygeographically closercloser toto bothboth thethe U S U S SoutheastSoutheast andand thethe FarFar WestWest thanthan thethe SoutheastSoutheast andand FarFar WestWest areare toto eacheach other other When we employ factor price equalization we should pay attention to its conditions both countries regions produce both goods both countries have the same technology of production and the absence of barriers to trade Inequality of wage levels between regions within the United States may caused by some or all of these reasons Actually the barriers to trade always exist in the real world due to transportation costs And the trade between U S and Mexico by contrast is subject to legal limits together with cultural differences that inhibit the flow of technology this may explain why the difference in wage rates is so much larger 6 6 ExplainExplain whywhy thethe LeontiefLeontief paradoxparadox andand thethe moremore recentrecent Bowen Bowen Leamer Leamer andand SveikauskasSveikauskas resultsresults reportedreported inin thethe texttext contradictcontradict thethe factor proportionsfactor proportions theory theory The factor proportions theory states that countries export those goods 精品文档 9欢迎下载 whose production is intensive in factors with which they are abundantly endowed One would expect the United States which has a high capital labor ratio relative to the rest of the world to export capital intensive goods if the Heckscher Ohlin theory holds Leontief found that the United States exported labor intensive goods Bowen Leamer and Sveikauskas found that the correlation between factor endowment and trade patterns is weak for the world as a whole The data do not support the predictions of the theory that countries exports and imports reflect the relative endowments of factors 7 7 InIn thethe discussiondiscussion ofof empiricalempirical resultsresults onon thethe Heckscher OhlinHeckscher Ohlin model model wewe notednoted thatthat recentrecent workwork suggestssuggests thatthat thethe efficiencyefficiency ofof factorsfactors ofof productionproduction seemsseems toto differdiffer internationally internationally ExplainExplain howhow thisthis wouldwould affectaffect thethe conceptconcept ofof factorfactor priceprice equalization equalization If the efficiency of the factors of production differs internationally the lessons of the Heckscher Ohlin theory would be applied to effective factors which adjust for the differences in technology or worker skills or land quality for example The adjusted model has been found to be more successful than the unadjusted model at explaining the pattern of trade between countries Factor price equalization concepts would apply to the effective factors A worker with more skills or in a country with better technology could be considered to be equal to two workers in another country Thus the single person would be two effective units of labor Thus the one high skilled worker could earn twice what lower skilled workers do and the price of one effective unit of labor w