高中英语语法大全

1 高中英语语法知识难点 精析 1 形容词和副词 I 要点 A 形容词 1 形容词的用法 形容词是用来修饰 描绘名词的 通常在句中作定语 表语或宾补 有时还可作状语 如 He is honest and hardworking I found the book interesting 某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时 谓语通常用复数形式 如 The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city The English like to be with their families 多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序 冠词 序数词 基数词 性质状态 描述性 形状大小 新旧老少 颜色 国籍 材料 名词 如 the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers 2 形容词比较等级的形式 1 规则形式 一般说来 单音节词及少数双音节词在后加 er est 来构成比较级和最高级 其他双音节词 及多音节词在前加 more most 如 great greater greatest busy busier busiest important more important the most important 2 不规则形式 good well better best bad ill worse worst many much more most little less least 3 形容词比较等级的用法 表示两者的比较 用形容词的比较级 than 如 He is cleverer than the other boys This one is more beautiful than that one 表示两者以上的比较 用 the 形容词最高级 名词 of in 如 He is the cleverest boy in his class 表示两者是同等程度 用 as 形容词原级 as 如 He is as tall as I I have as many books as you 越 越 例如 The more I learn the happier I am You can never be too careful 越小心越好 又如 You can never praise the teacher too highly 你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分 I have never spent a more worrying day 那一天是最令我担心的一天 I have never had a better dinner 这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭 My English is no better than yours 我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样 B 副词 1 副词的种类 1 时间副词 如 ago before already just now early late finally tomorrow 等 2 地点副词 如 here there near around in out up down back away outside 等 3 方式副词 如 carefully angrily badly calmly loudly quickly politely nervously 等 2 4 程度副词 如 almost nearly much greatly a bit a little hardly so very 等 2 副词比较等级的用法 其用法与形容词相似 只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词 如 Of all the boys he sings the most beautifully We must work harder 3 某些副词在用法上的区别 1 already yet still already 表示某事物已经发生 主要用于肯定句 yet 表示期待某事发生 主要用于否定句和 疑问句 still 表示某事还在进行 主要用于肯定句和疑问句 有时也可用于否定句 如 We ve already watched that film I haven t finished my homework yet He still works until late every night 2 too as well also either too as well 和 also 用于肯定句和疑问句 too 和 as well 多用于口语 一般放在句末 而 also 多用于书面语 一般放在句中与动词连用 either 用于否定句和否定的疑问句 往往放在句 末 如 He went there too He didn t go there either I like you as well I also went there 3 hard hardly hardly 意为 几乎 与 hard 在词义上完全不同 如 I work hard every day I can hardly remember that 4 late lately lately 意为 最近 近来 late 意为 晚 迟 如 He never comes late Have you been to the museum lately II 例题 例 1 Tom s father thinks he is already A high enough B tall enough C enough high C enough tall 解析 该题正确答案是 B 修饰人高用 tall 而建筑物的高用 high 并且 enough 修饰形容词 要放在形容词后面 因此该题选B 例 2 the worse I seem to be A When I take more medicine B The more medicine I take C Taking more of the medicine D More medicine taken 解析 该题正确答案为 B the 形容词比较级 the 形容词比较级 意为越 越 该句意为 吃的药越多 我的病越是加重 例 3 I haven t been to London yet I haven t been there A too B also C either D neither 解析 该题正确答案为 C A 和 B 都用于肯定句中 D neither 本身意为否定 两者都不 而 C either 则用于否定句中 意为 也 例 4 Mr Smith was moved at the news A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply 解析 该题正确答案为 B A deep 用于副词时 修饰具体的深 如dig deep 而 B deeply 则修饰表示感情色彩的词 如该题为deeply moved 另如 deeply regret 等 而 D quite 和 deeply 均为副词 不能互相修饰 二 介词 I 要点 1 介词和种类 1 简单介词 常用的有 at in on about across before beside for to without 等 3 2 复合介词 如 by means of along with because of in front of instead of 等 2 介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系 1 和动词的搭配 如 agree with ask for belong to break away from care about 等 2 和形容词的搭配 如 afraid of angry with different from good at 3 和名词的搭配 如 answer to key to reason for cause of visit to 等 3 介词短语可以有自己的修饰语 这种修饰语通常有right just badly all well directly completely 等少数几个副词 如 He came right after dinner He lives directly opposite the school 4 某些介词的意义与用法举例 1 at on in 表时间 表示时间点用 at 如 at four o clock at midnight 等 表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at 如 at that time at Christmas 等 指某天用 on 如 on Monday on the end of November 指某天的朝夕用 on 如 on Friday morning on the afternoon of September 1st 等 指长于或短于一天的时段用 in 如 in the afternoon in February in Summer in 1999 等 2 between among 表位置 between 仅用于二者之间 但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时 也用 between 如 I m sitting between Tom and Alice The village lies between three hills among 用于三者或三者以上之间 如 He is the best among the students 3 beside besides beside 意为 在 旁边 而 besides 意为 除 之外 如 He sat beside me What do you want besides this 4 in the tree on the tree in the tree 指动物或人在树上 而 on the tree 指果实 树叶长在树上 5 on the way in the way by the way in this way on the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道 by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这 样的方法 6 in the corner at the corner in the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外 7 in the morning on the morning in the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨 8 by bus on the bus by bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车 II 例题 例 1 Do you know any other foreign language English A except B but C beside D besides 解析 A B 两项 except 等于 but 意为 除了 C beside 意为 在 旁边 不符合题意 而 D besides 意为 除了 之外 还有 所以该题正确答案为 D 该题意为 除了英语外 你还知道别的语言吗 例 2 He suddenly returned a rainy night A on B at C in D during 解析 我们均知道 at night 这一短语 但如果 night 前有修饰词 表具体的夜晚 则要用 介词 on 来修饰 故该题正确答案为 A 例 3 I m looking forward your letter 4 A to B in C at D on 解析 该题正确答案为 A look forward to 为固定搭配 意为 期望 盼望 3 连词 I 要点 1 连词的种类 1 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词 短语或分句 如and for or both and either or neither nor 等 2 从属连词用来引导从句 如 that if whether when after as soon as 等 除了从属连词 引导状语从句 外 还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类 它们是连接代词和 连接副词 引导名词性从句 关系代词和关系副词 引导定语从句 2 常用连词举例 1 and 和 并且 They drank and sang all night 2 both and 和 既 也 Both my parents and I went there 3 but 但是 而 I m sad but he is happy 4 either or 或 或 要么 要么 Either you re wrong or I am 5 for 因为 I asked him to stay for I had something to tell him 6 however 然而 可是 At first he didn t want to go there Later however he decided to go 7 neither nor 既不 也不 Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you 8 not only but also 不但 而且 He not only sings well but also dances well 9 or 或者 否则 Hurry up or you ll be late Are you a worker or a doctor 10 so 因此 所以 It s getting late so I must go 11 although 虽然 Although it was late they went on working 12 as soon as 一 就 I ll tell him as soon as I see him 13 because 因为 He didn t go to school because he was ill 14 unless 除非 如果不 I won t go unless it is fine tomorrow 15 until 直到 He didn t leave until eleven 瞬间动词用于 not until 结构 He stayed there until eleven 16 while 当 时候 而 表示对比 While I stayed there I met a friend of mine while 后不可用瞬间动词 My pen is red while his is blue 17 for 因为 He was ill for he didn t come 结论是推断出来的 18 since 自从 I have lived here since my uncle left 19 hardly when 一 就 I had hardly got to the station when the train left 20 as far as 就 来说 As far as I know that country is very small You may walk as far as the lake 一直走到湖那 里 II 例题 例 1 John plays football if not better than David A as well B as well as C so well D so well as 解析 该题意为 John 踢足球如果不比 David 好的话 那也踢得和 David 一样好 和 一样好为 as well as 故该题正确答案为 B 例 2 She thought I was talking about her daughter in fact I was talking about my 5 daughter A when B where C which D while 解析 该处意为 然而 只有 while 有此意思 故选 D 例 3 Would you like a cup of coffee shall we get down to business right away A and B then C or D otherwise 四 动词时态 语态 I 要点 1 一般现在时 1 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态 常与sometimes always often every day 等时 间状语连用 如 Sometimes we go swimming after school 2 表示客观真理 科学事实等 如 The earth goes round the sun 2 现在进行时 1 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作 常与now at present 等时间状语连用 如 What are you doing now 2 和 always continually 等连用 表一种经常反复的动作 常含有某种情感 如 He is always doing good deeds 3 现在完成时 主要表示动作发生在过去 对现在仍有影响 或动作一直延续到现在 或可能还要继续下去 常与 just already so far once ever 等词连用 如 Have you ever been to Beijing 4 一般将来时 表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态 常与tomorrow next year 等连用 如 I ll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning We re going to see a film next Monday 5 一般过去时 表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态 常与yesterday last year in 1998 a moment ago 等词连用 如 It happened many years ago 6 过去进行时 表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作 如 What were you doing this time yesterday 7 过去完成时 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作 如 The train had already left before we arrived 一般过去将来时 表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作 如 He said he would come but he didn t 被动语态 被动语态的时态 以 give 为例 时 式一般进行完成 现在 am is given are am is being are has been given have 6 II 例题 例 I learned that her father in 1950 A had died B died C dead D is dead 解析 该题正确答案为 从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前 但因 从句中有明确的过去时间状语in 1950 所以不用过去完成时态 而用一般过去时态 例 The five year old girl by her parents A is looked B has looked for C is being looked for D has been looked 解析 该题正确答案为 在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中 介词不能省 否则就变 成了不及物动词短语 而不能用于被动语态的句子中 五 虚拟语气 I 要点 表示说的话不是事实 或者是不可能发生的情况 而是一种愿望 建议或与事实相反的假设等 一般常用于正式的书面语中 虚拟语气的构成 过去 was given were was being given were had been given 将来 shall be given will shall have been given will 过去将 来 should be given would should have been given would 情景条件从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动 词 与现在事实相反 动词过去式 be 要用 were should 动 词原形 would 与过去事实相反 had 过去分词 should have 过去分 词 would 与将来事实相反 动词过去时 should 动词原形 should 动 7 注 如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were 或 had should could 有时可将 if 省去 但要倒装 如 Had you If you had invited us we would have come to your party 虚拟语气在各种从句的应用 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇 惋惜 理应如此等 其谓语形式是 should 可省 动词原 形 常用于以下三种句型中 句型一 It is necessary important natural strange etc that 句型二 It is a pity a shame no wonder etc that 句型三 It is suggested requested proposed desired etc that 如 It is strange that he should have done that It is a pity that he should be so careless It is requested that we should be so careless 在宾语从句中用于 suggest propose move insist desire demand request order command 等动词后的宾语从句中 表间接的命令和建议 其谓语形式是 should 动词原形 如 I suggest that we should go swimming 在表语从句中 表示间接的命令 要求 请求 建议 决定等 主句中的主语通常是 suggestion proposal request orders idea 等 从句谓语形式是 should 动词原形 如 His suggestion is that we should leave at once 在同位语从句中 谓语形式是 should 动词原形 如 We received order that the work be done at once 在 It is time that 句型中 其谓语动词形式是 动词的过去式 或 should 动词原形 should 不可省 如 It s time that we went should go to school II 例题 例 We had hoped that he longer A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay 解析 该题正确答案为 had hoped 表示 本希望 同样用法的动词还有 think expect 等 后 面的句子需用虚拟语气 例 Mary wants to see you today I would rather she tomorrow than today A comes B came C should come D will come 解析 该题正确答案为 would rather 后面的从句需用虚拟语气 用动词过去时表示 例 Had she been older she it better A had done B might have done C might do D would do 解析 Had she been older If she had been old 故该题正确答案为 were to 动词原形词原形 would 8 六 短语动词 I 要点 英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体 其用法有的相当于及物动词 有的相当于不及物 动词 有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征 英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种 动词 介词 常见的有 look for look after send for care about ask for laugh at hear of from add to lead to 等 这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后 如 Don t laugh at others I didn t care about it 动词 副词 常见的有 give up pick up think over find out hand in point out 等 这类短语动词的宾语如果 是名词 既可放在副词前边 又可放在副词后边 宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词 则要放在副 词前边 如 You ll hand in your homework tomorrow Please don t forget to hand it in 动词 副词 介词 常见的有 look down upon go on with break away from add up to catch up with 等 这类短语 动词的宾语只能放在介词后边 如 All his money added up to no more than 100 After a short rest he went on with his research work 动词 名词 介词 常见的有 take care of make use of pay attention to make fun of 等 这类短语动词的宾语只能 放在介词后边 如 You should pay attention to your handwriting We should make full use of our time 动词 形容词 常见的有 leave open set free cut open 等 这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词 则宾语可放在形 容词的前边 也可放在后边 宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词 则必须放在形容词前边 如 The prisoners were set free He cut it open 动词 名词 常见的有 take place make friends 等 这类短语动词用作不及物动词 如 This story took place three years ago I make friends with a lot of people 7 辨析 give away 让给 暴露 和 give up 放弃 停止 put away 放起 收起 和 put out 扑灭 turn up 出席 放大 和 turn on 打开 keep out 阻止 和 keep off 不让 靠近 make up 编造 补上 和 make out 辨认 take off 脱 起飞 和 take out 拿 出 II 例题 例 It is wise to have some money for old age A put away B kept up C given away D laid up 解析 该题正确答案为 意为 存 keep up 意为 继续 give away 意为 分发 lay up 贮 藏 例 Here s my card Let s keep in A touch B relation C connection D friendship 解析 该题正确答案为 A keep in touch 为短语动词 意为 保持联系 例 There s a train coming A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on 9 解析 该题选 A look out 意为 小心 七 动词不定式 I 要点 不定式的形式 以动词 write 为例 不定式的句法功能 作主语 To hear from you is nice To be a good teacher is not easy 不定式作主语时 为了保持句子的平衡 往往以it 作形式主语 而不定式置于谓语动词后 如 It s nice to hear from you It s not easy to be a good teacher 作宾语 通常用于 want hope wish like need hate begin start remember agree learn pretend refuse manage help 等词后 如 I forgot to lock the door Please remember to write to me 作表语 My job is to pick up letters He seemed to have heard nothing 作定语 不定式作定语时 须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后 如 I have two letters to write I have a lot of work to do 作宾补 通常用于 want wish ask order tell know help advise allow cause force 等词后 如 He ordered her to leave at once He was forced to obey his order 作状语 He got up early to catch the first bus He worked hard to catch up with the other students 作独立成分 To tell you the truth I told a lie 疑问词 不定式 结构 如 I don t know how to choose them I cannot decide where to go 9 不定式的否定式 如 I decided not to go 10 不定式的完成式 如 He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week 11 too to 结构 如 He was too excited to go to sleep He was only too glad to go 他太高兴了 乐意 去 式 语态主动语态被动语态 一般式to writeto be written 完成式to have writtento have been written 进行式to be writing 完成进行式to have been writing 10 12 主动表被动 如 The book is easy to read I have a book to read II 例题 例 I haven t got a chair A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting 解析 该题选 C 不定式 to sit on 在句中作定语 修饰名词 chair 因为不定式和它所修饰的 名词间是 动宾关系 所以不定式必须是及物动词 故此处on 不能省略 例 2 He was made A go B gone C going D to go 解析 该题选 D make sb do sth 如果是被动形式 不定式 do 前的 to 不能省略 例 3 Anew factory is very soon A to be built B built C to build D to building 解析 该题选 A is to be built 意为 将要被建 八 动名词 I 要点 动名词既具有动词的一些特征 又具有名词的句法功能 动名词的形式 以 write 为例 否定式 not 动 名词 动名词的用法 作主语 Playing football is my favorite sport Travelling with friends at weekend is fun 作主语的动名词结构复杂且长时 可用it 作形式主语 如 It is fun travelling with friends at weekend 作宾语 I enjoy playing PC game He gave up writing five years ago 作表语 What he hated most was doing nothing Seeing is believing 动名词作表语时 句子的主语常是无生命名词或what 引导的名词性从句 作定语 There s a dining room in my school All the people watching laughed 动名词的复合结构 物主代词 或名词的所有格 动名词 如 Tom s going home late made her mother angry Would you mind my opening the window 不过 动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时 必须用名词的普通格 或人称代词的宾格 无生命名词 The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing Fire burns better by oxygen being at work 有生命名词 但表泛指 Have you ever heard of girls smoking 两个以上的有生命的名词并列 Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day 式 语态主动语态被动语态 一般式writingbeing written 完成式having writtenhaving been written 11 3 后面常接动名词的动词和短语 mind enjoy finish consider practise imagine keep suggest advise allow permit be worth doing be used to doing be busy doing can t help doing it is no good doing it is no use doing look forward to doing stick to doing pay attention to doing devote to doing lead to doing II 例题 例 She says she doesn t feel like out with you A going B to go C for going D went 解析 该题正确答案为 A feel like want 此处 like 为介词 后面要接名词或动名词作宾语 例 The garden needs A water B watering C to water D watered 解析 该题正确答案为 B need want require 如果物作主语 此三者后要接动名词或to be done 这一结构作宾语 例 Excuse me you A interrupting B to interrupt C interrupted D to have interrupted 解析 该题正确答案为 A excuse 后接动名词作宾语 此句中的me 为动名词的逻辑主语 常用于口语中 九 分词 I 要点 分词既具有动词的一些特征 又具有形容和副词的句法功能 它分为现在分词和过去分词两类 现在分词和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式 过去分词则只有一般式 现在 分词表动作正在进行 表主动 过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成 表被动 过去分词不及物动 词表动作已经完成 表主动 过去分词的句法功能 作定语 I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine 作表语 When I came into the room I found the window was broken I m interested in this book 作宾语补足语 I m going to have my bike repaired When I walked home I saw the thief caught by the police 4 作状语 Seen from the top of the mountain the city looks small The teacher came into the classroom followed by his students 现在分词的句法功能 1 作状语 Seeing from the top of the mountain I found the city was beautiful Walking along the street they suddenly saw him 2 作宾语 I hate being spoken ill of He considered visiting Japan during the winter vocation 3 作表语 Seeing is believing The book is interesting 4 作宾语补足语 12 I noticed him crossing the street Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen 5 作定语 Do you know the man writing a letter The worker running a machine is my brother 分词使用中的几个问题 1 现在分词的完成式 Having cleaned the room I went out 2 现在分词的否定式 Not having received any letter he felt a little worried 3 现在分词与过去分词的不同 现在分词表示主动 正在 过去分词表示被动 完成 I found the man killed there I found the man standing there 4 have 结构 We have the car repaired We have repaired the car We have Tom repair the car We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning 5 分词作表语 We were excited at the news The football game is exciting 6 独立主格结构 It being a fine day we went out to visit the park II 例题 例 1 Time I ll go on a picnic with you A permit B to permit C permitted D permitting 解析 该题答案为 D Time permitting 是独立主格结构 意为 如果时间允许的话 例 2 if he had any bad habit she replied that he was a heavy smoker A Ask B To ask C Asked D Asking 解析 该题答案为 C 主语 she 是被问 十 情态动词与助动词 I 要点 助动词本身无意义 在句中帮助主要动词构成一定的时态 语态 语气 或是帮助构成否定句 和疑问句 常用的助动词有 be do have shall should will would 情态动词表一定的词义 本身并不表示动作或状态 而仅仅表达说话人的态度 它在句中须和 主要动词一起构成谓语 主要的情态动词有can could may might must have to ought to need dare shall should will would 1 can 能 可以 表说话人同意 许可还可表客观条件许可 如 You can go now 提建议或请求时可用 can I can you 表客气 如 Can I buy you a drink can 和 be able to 表能力时的区别 can 表一般具有的能力 be able to 表在特定条件下的能力 如 Although the driver was badly hurt he was able to explain what had happened 2 may 1 可以 表说话人同意 许可或请求对方许可 You may go 2 现在和将来 可能 也许 只用于肯定句和否定句中 如He may not be right 3 must have to must 表主观上的必须 have to 表客观上的必须 如 It s getting late I have to go Must I go now Yes you must 13 No you needn t No you don t have to 4 need dare 这二词有实意动词和情态动词两种词性 如用作实意动词后接动词不定式to do 如用作情态动词后接动词原形 Need I go now Yes you must No you needn t 5 shall 用于第一人称疑问句中表说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求 如 Shall we begin our lesson 用于二 三人称陈述句 表说话人命令 警告 允诺 威胁等口吻 如 You shall fail if you don t work harder 6 should 表应该 意为有责任 有义务 如 We should try our best to make our country more beautiful 7 will 表有做某事的意志 意愿 安心 打算 如 Will you lend me your book Yes I will 8 should have done 表应该做而未做 must have done 表对过去事实的肯定推测 could have done 表本可以做某事 9 判断句 肯定句用 must 否定句用 can t 不太肯定用 may might He must be in the office now He must have gone to bed for the light is out He can t be in the office He is at home He couldn t have cleaned the cl