新发展研究生英语综合教程1答案.docx

新发展研究生英语综合教程1答案【篇一：新发展研究生英语综合教程+2+unit+1,2,6,8+教师用书】class=txtpart iii reading passage translation 5 friendship 23 part iii reading passage translation 37 family life 45 part iii reading passage translation 59 sports 67 part iii reading passage translation 82part i understanding and learning 92 part ii key to exercises 02 part iii reading passage translation 06 part i understanding and learning 6 part ii key to exercises 28 part iii reading passage translation 34 part i understanding and learning 44 part ii key to exercises 53 part iii reading passage translation 59 167 part i understanding and learning 68 part ii key to exercises 77 part iii reading passage translation 8 2 前 言进入21世纪以来，我国的研究生教育有了蓬勃的发展，研究生招生规模不断扩大。随着本 科阶段大学英语课程教学要求的实施和大学英语教学改革的日益深入，研究生教育也面临着 新的挑战。为了顺应新的形势，改革研究生英语教学，提高研究生英语教学质量，我们依据各校 的教改经验以及“中国高等学校研究生外语教学研究会”在全国开展的广泛的社会调查报告精 神，编写了这套新发展研究生英语综合教程（下称综合教程），希望促进研究生英语教 学改革，切实培养和提高广大研究生的英语运用能力。 综合教程为研究生英语基础阶段的教材，它以培养研究生运用英语读、说、写的综合 能力为主要目标，通过强化语言的输入和各种交互活动或任务，最大化地将输入的语言转换成已 掌握的语言。综合教程以阅读材料的主题为主线，强化读、说、写综合训练，从而提高学生 实际运用语言知识和语言技能的能力。综合教程不囿于孤立地强调“精读”，而是注重主题 的兴趣性、哲理性和可思性，提供承载这些内容的可理解性的语言输入，通过各种交互活动，促 进研究生英语读、说、写能力的发展。 目 前，研究生英语教学改革亟待解决的两大问题一是要重视学生英语运用能力的培养。学习英语的目的是为了使用英语，理解是使用，表 达也是使用。对于英语学习者来说，后者要困难得多，其发展也滞后于前者。所以表达能力的培 养是学生迫切需要解决的一个问题。 二是要从学生的实际出发，因材施教。研究生入学时英语水平差异很大。按部就班、齐头 并进式的教学将导致时间和精力的浪费。为更好地解决这两个问题，综合教程在强调综合能 力培养的同时，突出了说、写能力的培养。在保证学生大量阅读的同时，每个单元依据文章叙述 的主题，设计了各种交互活动和任务，以保证学生在使用语言中学习语言。考虑到入学时的英语 水平存在差异，综合教程编有三册，第一册以相当于大学本科英语四级的水平标准为起点。 各册既循序渐进，又相对独立，涵盖了研究生课程班、专业学位硕士研究生、硕士生和博士生的 整个基础英语阶段，各学校可以根据学生的实际水平以及学时安排，在教学中有选择地使用。可 循序使用三册或其中的两册，甚至一册。 综合教程每册书由8个单元组成。每单元设计了一个主题，并围绕特定主题安排内容和 设计任务。每单元分别由pre-reading activities，text，exercises，oral practice，writing project和 further reading六大部分组成，需要6个学时完成教学。具体来说，每个单元由下述部分构成： text 综合教程的选材绝大部分来自近年出版的英美原著，涉及当前社会、文化、政治、教 育、科技、经济等方面的热门话题，体现了很强的现实性、社会性和学术性。同时选材紧扣学生 生活，饶有趣味，有益于启迪思维。综合教程共分三册。每册较之前一册，文章的长度及语 言的难度和深度有明显的增加，课文的内容更为广泛，生词量逐册增加。学生在语言知识与能力 preface 前 言不断提高的过程中，知识面也在不断地扩大，从而在不同的问题上都能够较熟练地用英语来表达 自己的思想，为下一阶段的学习打好坚实的基础。其中notes部分为课文中重要的文化背景知识 和一些重要语言点简单扼要的注释。 exercises 本部分由post-reading activities和language focus两个板块组成。前者精心设计了一些练习， 侧重于帮助学生从点到面理解课文的内容，并将课文的内容作进一步的拓展；后者主要侧重于帮 助学生复习、巩固本单元新学的词汇和词组。 oral practice 本部分三册重点各不相同。第一册注重学生的日常交流；第二册注重presentation skills的 培训，希望学生能具备初步地在国际会议上用英语宣读自己论文的能力；第三册注重学生oral defence and debating的能力训练。 writing project 本部分三册的侧重点也不相同。第一册注重句子和段落的写作训练；第二册注重各类应用 文的写作训练；第三册侧重一般短文的写作训练。 further reading 本部分补充了与课文主题相关的阅读文章，配有文化背景及生词的注释和检测学生阅读理 解的练习。 鉴于研究生具备了知识面宽、思考能力强的特点，教师在教学中不应局限于语言知识的传 授，而应侧重于语言知识的综合运用。教师应作为各种交互活动的组织者和指导者，引导学生利 用自己现有的语言知识积极参与教学的全过程，以便在学习中运用语言，在语言运用中进一步培 养和提高自己的语言能力。学生应积极参与各项教学活动，并做到以下几点： 1. 完成pre-reading activities规定的任务。课前充分准备，初步了解课文内容，在课堂上做有 准备的发言。 2. 主动去图书馆或上网寻找与本课主题相关的资料，摘抄有关词组或表达法，补充或启发 新思想、新观点，丰富自己的表达，充实讨论内容。 3. 自学课文后的useful expressions，notes和further reading中的文章，为上课时积极参与教 学活动做好准备。认真大声朗读并背诵有关段落和名言警句，这对英语学习也是非常有裨益的。【篇二：新发展研究生英语综合教程英3-5-6-8翻译1-2-4-7词汇】xtintervene(介入)despise（鄙视） take in（接收）bow to（服从） gumption(进取心) peddle（叫卖）reverence（崇敬）trudge（跋涉） embark on（着手） enchant（高兴地）detachable（可分离的) pauper（穷人） 1.after two years unemployment, he worked as a and underwent an unforgettable money-making hardship. 2.in the early morning the armed forces began the march but the progress was slow as they had through deep mud. 3.she had the to write directly to the company manager and persuade him to give her a job for she had finished all the professional training courses with straight as. 4.men, in most cases,naturally those who court them,but respect those who do not give away to them. 5.to participate in the evening party, she wore along ,loose overcoat with cape with a round collar. 6.the essence of humanistic spirit is to respect the value of human beings,the value of life, and have a sense of reverence, because life is sacred. 7.this paper is aimed at analyzing the inevitability and possibility for chinese enterprises international business. 8.the commission has wide power to intervene in the affairs of a charity where things have gone wrong. 9.the actual low standard of expropriating land and allocation and the singleness in the model of allocation cause lots of peasants to be paupers in city. 10.the old lady was pretty good-hearted and her generosity was popular among all who were familiar with her .she often offered to the poor homeless stranger. unit 2 friendship funk(恐惧) rant（大叫大喊） dwindle（逐渐变小）intimidate（恐吓）proximity(附近)catalyst（催化剂） hierarchy（等级制度） overwhelming（势不可挡的） resourcefulness（足智多谋的） anarchy（混乱）nurture（培育) quirk（怪癖） 1.dont worry about the problem. she is a shrewd woman to cope. 2.we finally chose the house for to the school. it takes us only five minutes to walk to school from the house. 3.the friends of the accused man witness by bashing him in a dark alley. as a result, the witness didnt appear in court. 4.the womans movement acted as for change in many aspects of womens social lives. 5.judging from the relevant evidence,it seems that he should be responsible for the accident because the 6.the death of the king was followed by a year of 7.the economic recession has a fatal effect on demand. the inquiries for our product to aboutthree fifths of the previous demand. 8.after twenty years of hard work, jerry finally worked his way up though the to become president. 9.greg is a nice guy, but he has a few weird which does not surprise me because everyone has his little oddities to a certain extent. 10.thompson was about american youth again, which was his favorite topic. he could talk about the topic for an hour without stopping. unit 4 sports earthy(粗俗的) amateurish（业余的） eyeball-to-eyeball（面对面的）in disgrace（不光彩的）apolitical(非政治的) esoteric（神秘的） boycott（崇敬）infect（感染）extravaganza（娱乐表演） second to none（首屈一指的）envisage（预想) rabid（极端的） 1. this community, so it became the terror of this neighborhood and parents warm their children of the danger from time to time. 2.rude jokes. because of this he has become popular among some guys but some others avoid approaching him for fear of being teased. 3. this poem was at first dismissed as to be written by shakespeare. but a closer examination of it does reveal one or two shakespearian puns. 4. by all accounts, he is a top students among his classmates. in mathematics, he in the class. 5. the african-american residents of the city were asked to the bus company by walking and driving instead. 6. a good teacher should be able his students with his own keenness for his subject. 7. following the currency crisis, a return to sounder, export-led strategies for growth in southeast asia which will, create demand for more manufacturing investment,technology and infrastructure support. 8. hey used to be i think he is now politically more aware so has risen high in his managers regard.【篇三：研究生英语综合教程unit 1 答案】nd inexorably knitting separate national economies into a single world economy. basic economic forces so far have outweighed political efforts to slow this trend. efforts to buck the effects of economic integration have ranged from ant-globalization protests to congressional efforts to prevent american companies from reincorporating abroad. 1.全球化正持续不断地把各国相互独立的经济联合成一个统一的世界经济。迄今为止，在延缓这一趋势的过程中，基本的经济力量比政治力量强大的多。从反全球化的抗议到美国国会设法阻止美国公司在海外重组公司而做的努力都是为反对经济一体化效应而做的努力。 3. another lesser-noticed benefit is that it makes it harder for governments to sustain excessively high tax rates. 3.另一个较少被关注的好处是全球化使政府很难再维持一个过高的税率。 4. the main draw has been a low 10% corporate tax rate. ireland has boomed from investment inflows and now has a per-capita income level higher than great britain or france. 4.最具吸引力的就是10%的低水平的公司税率。爱尔兰由于投资的涌入而繁荣起来，并且它现在的人均收入水平已经高于英国或法国。 5a.some nations are responding to tax competition in defensive and unproductive ways. high-tax countries have prodded international organizations, such as the organization for economic cooperation and development (oecd), to curtail tax competition. the idea essentially is to create a high-tax cartel by limiting the advantages offered by low-tax countries. 5a.一些国家却以一种防御性的、无效的方式来回应税收竞争。高税收的国家敦促国际组织如经济合作开发组织（oecd）出面减少税收竞争。这种想法基本上就是要通过限制低税收国家提供的优惠而建立一个高税收的卡特尔。 6a. since the 1970s, most countries have reduced or eliminated exchange controls, allowing citizens to buy foreign securities and foreigners to invest domestically. financial markets have been deregulated in many nations, thus making investment abroad more attractive than ever. the result has been an explosion in cross-border investment. net world flows of investment capital soared from a few hundred billion dollars per year in 1990 to roughly two trillion dollars per year today. 6a.市民购买国外的证券，也允许外国人在国内进行投资。很多国家解除了对金融市场的管制，所以和以前相比在国外投资更具吸引力。结果导致跨国投资激增。世界投资资本净流量从1990年的每年几千个亿高涨到现在的大约每年20，000亿。 7. consider also that many businesses used to invest abroad simply to gain access to fixed resources, such as oil deposits. today, many industriessuch as finance and servicesare footloose and can be located anywhere. thus, corporations have greater ability to move their operations to low-tax jurisdictions. numerous studies have confirmed the importance of taxes to investment decisions. for instance, one analysis found that four european nations with favorable tax regimesireland, luxembourg, the netherlands, and switzerlandaccounted for nine percent of european output, but attracted 38% of u.s. investment there during the late 1990s. 7.许多公司过去在国外投资只是想获取进入固定资源的途径，比如石油储备。今天，许多企业比如金融和服务自由投资并能够建立在任何地方。所以，公司有更大的能力把公司的经营转移到低税收的地方。大量的研究已经证实了税率对投资决策的重要性。例如，一项研究分析发现，在19世纪90年代后期四个有良好的税收管理制度的欧洲国家爱尔兰，卢森堡，荷兰和瑞士生产产量占欧洲的9%，却吸引了美国投资的38%。 8.skilled workers are increasingly footloose as well. governments have focused on keeping income tax rates low to avoid losing skilled labor in industries such as high-tech. for example,canadian “brain drain” from technology industries to its lower-tax southern neighbor, the u.s., has been an important concern of canadian policymakers in recent years. with the removal of internal migration restriction in the european union in 1992, europeans have become more sensitive to tax differences between countries. there has been an influx of young, skilled technology and finance workers to cities, such as london, that have more opportunities and lower taxes. 8.技术工人也越来越随心所欲。政府设法集中保持低收入税来避免各行业中有技能的劳动力的流失，比如高科技行业。举个例子，加拿大技术行业的“人才外流”，流向了它南边的低税收邻国，美国，已经成为近年来加拿大政策制定者需要着重考虑的问题。1992年，随着欧盟内部人口迁移限制的解除，欧洲人对于国家间税收的差异变得更加敏感。大量年轻的熟练技术工人和金融工人涌向了像伦敦这样的城市，因为那里有更多的就业机会和更低的税收。 9. ireland is an interesting case study of taxes and migration. for years, young irish people sought a better life in the u.s. and elsewhere, but corporate tax cuts, followed by individual tax reductions, reversed the pattern of out-migration. ireland now records a large net immigration, as young people stay at home to work for the many computer and technology firms that currently populate the nation. 9.对于研究税收和人口迁移来说，爱尔兰是一个有趣的个案研究例子。许多年来，年轻的爱尔兰人都在美国和世界的其他地方寻求更好的生活。但是，随着企业税收的削减，紧跟着是个人税收的减少，完全改变了这种人口迁出的模式。年轻人留在国内为许多目前设立在这个国家的计算机和技术公司工作，爱尔兰现在净增的迁入移民人口数目很大。 10a. tax competition is greatly visible in the high-paid celebrity world. celebrity tax avoidance is a popular game in europe. top french soccer players, artists, and models have moved to switzerland, britain, and the u.s. singer luciano pavarotti relocated to monaco to avoid high italian taxes. 10b. tennis star boris becker who has claimed residence in monaco and switzerland, has been in trouble with the german tax authorities, having to pay a huge settlement in october, 2002.while tax cheats should be prosecuted, policymakers must get the message that a reduction in high tax rates is the best way to retain top talent and the entrepreneurs who add greatly to any nations economy. 10b. 宣称已定居摩纳哥和瑞士的网球明星鲍里斯?贝克在2002年10月陷入了与德国税收当局之间的纠纷中，不得不清偿一大笔债务。逃税者应该被检举，但是制定政策者应该清楚降低高税率才是留住对国家经济做出巨大贡献的高层人才和企业家的最好方法。 global tax reduction 11a. many countries have reduced capital gains taxes. for instance, canada and germany lowered their capital gains tax by allowing individuals to exclude 50% of their gains from taxation, effectively cutting the tax rate in half. while the capital gains rate in the u.s. is 20%, austria, belgium, the czech republic, germany, greece, hong kong, mexico, the netherlands, new zealand, and switzerland all have a zero individual capital gains tax rate. reducing capital gains rates is important because start-up firms often rely on private equity from “angel” investors and others who fund risky companies. 全球税收降低 11a.许多国家已经降低了资本收益税，例如，加拿大和德国通过允许个人把50%的收入从纳税中减免出来以降低他们的资本收益税，有效的使税率减半。而美国的资本收益税率是20%，奥地利，比利时、捷克共和国、德国、希腊、香港、墨西哥、荷兰、新西兰和瑞士的个人资本收益税率是零。降低资本收益税是重要的。因为许多新建的公司常常依赖于来自“天使般”的投资者和其他给风险公司投资的人们. 11b. 付给投资者的报酬是来自于这些新成立公司经营成功后的一大笔资本收益。 12a.降低税收是应对不断增加的税收竞赛的有效措施。不幸的是，有些政府为它们的经济采取了其他的政策，这使它们的税收法规效率降低。尤其是许多政府给国际企业制定许多复杂的税法来阻止它们移向国外，美国对国际大公司的税法在世界上是最复杂， 12b. there is increasing concern that federal tax rules are making american companies less competitive in global markets. indeed, one of pres. bushs top economic advisors, glenn hubbard, has noted that, “from an income tax perspective, the united states has become one of the least attractive industrial countries in which to locate the headquarters of a multinational corporation.” 12b. 一个越来越需要关注的问题是联邦税法使美国的公司在国际市场上的竞争力下降。的确，布什总统的一个高级经济顾问格伦?哈伯德指出，从所得税方面来说，美国已成为最没有吸引力使跨国公司在本国设立总部的工业国之一。 13a. essentially, federal rules force american firms to pay u.s. taxes on their foreign operations in situations where competitors based abroad do not pay tax on their similar operations. about half of oecd countries have “territorial” tax systems that do not impose taxes on firms foreign operations. by contrast, the u.s. imposes taxes on the worldwide income of american companies, making them less competitive in foreign markets. 13a.实质上，联邦法规迫使美国公司交纳其国外经营所得税，而其它国家的同行竞争者则不需要交纳这样的税款，大约一半的经济合作发展组织成员国都有自己的“区域”税收体制，这些体制对该国公司在国外的经营不征收税。相反，美国对全世界的美国公司都征收所得税，这样就使它们在国外市场的竞争力下降。 13b.that uncompetitiveness was highlighted by the 1998 daimler-chrysler merger, which established the merged corporations headquarters in germany, in part for tax reasons. there has been a marked increase in the number and size of american firms swallowed up by foreign companies because the u.s. is not a good tax location for multinational headquarters. 13b.这种竞争力的下降尤其表现在1998年戴姆勒一克莱斯勒集团的合并，该集团合并后将总部设在德国，税收也是部分的原因。被国外公司吞并的美国公司在数量和规模上都有显著的增加，这是因为从税收方面考虑美国并不是一个理想的跨国公司总部所在地。 tax competition benefit 14a. in 1956, economist charles tiebout examined the provision of services by local governments and observed that competition among local governments for mobile residents enhanced the overall welfare of the country. to avoid losing residents, governments had to tailor spending and tax levels to suit local preferences. 税收竞争的益处得不调整开支和税收以适应地方需要。 14b.individuals sorted across jurisdictions according to their demand for public goods relative to local tax levels. for example, households that desire well-financed public schools may choose to reside in counties with higher property taxes. others may move to jurisdictions with lower taxes and more-limited government services. 14b.人们越过管辖权根据对公益的需要及与此相关的地方税收水平选择不同的居住地。例如，渴望上经费充足的公立学校的家庭可能会选择定居在有较高财产所得税的县。其它家庭可能会选择低税收但有更多限制的政府福利的管辖区。 16a. some people dont see it that way. the u.s. is a member nation of the paris-based oecd, which has launched an initiative to curtail what it calls “harmful tax competition.” the oecd favors policies that would serve to harmonize taxes at high levels, akin to an oil cartel fixing high prices. the way the oecd sees it, it is a “distortion” if a country like ireland attracts “too much” investment. 16a.一些人不那样看税收竞争，美国是总部设在巴黎的经济合作发展组织的成员国之一，已经率先开始压制所谓的有害税收竞争。经济合作发展组织支持有利于高水平地协调税收的政策，就像制定高价格的石油卡特尔。在经济合作发展组织看来，如果一个国家像爱尔兰一样吸引“太多的投资”，那是一种“扭曲”。 19. in the late 1990s, there was great interest in replacing the income tax with a consumption-based tax system. proposals included various retail sales tax proposals and the flat tax.while washingtons interest in reform waned in the last years of the clinton presidency, the bush administration plans to move ahead with reform. oneill has promised a major tax simplification plan in coming months, and other top bush advisors simply support reform. u.s. tax reform is the best response to the increasing pressures of international tax competition. 19.在20世纪90年代晚期，人们有极大的兴趣用消费税收体制取代所得税。提议包括