语法专题-过去分词与被动语态

第 1 页 共 10 页 语法专题 过去分词与被动语态 过去式用来表达动词的 过了 完了 等意思 汉语里表达动作的时间时采用的 是前后加字法 即在动词的前面或后面加字 表达做了 只要在动词的后面加上 了 就行了 如吃了 看了 而英语采用的是变形法 即不加字 而是让动词本身发生变化 如 eat 变成 ate see 变成 saw ate saw 就是表达 吃过了 看过 的过去式 过去分词 则完全是另一回事 它的写法和过去式有时一样 有时不一样 简单 词多不一样 长词多一样 但用法完全不一样 它有时表达 被 有时表达 完 成 表达 被 即被动语态 表达 完成 即用于完成时态 另外 过去分 词不仅可以做动词 还可以做形容词 一 过去分词构成规则一 过去分词构成规则 过去分词与过去式都是由动词变化而来 存在规则与不规则 2 种变化 过去分词的 规则变化由动词 ed 构成 具体构成方法与过去式一样 不规则变化见下表 1 AAA 型 原形 原形 原形 序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注 01cutcutcut切 割 02costcostcost花费 03hithithit撞击 04hurthurthurt伤害 05letletlet让 06putputput放 07readreadread读 08setsetset 安排 设 置 2 ABA 型 原形 过去式 原形 序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注 01becomebecamebecome成为 02comecamecome来 03runranrun跑 3 ABC 型 1 原形 ew own 序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注 01blowblewblown吹 02flyflewflown飞 03growgrewgrown生长 04knowknewknown知道 2 i a u 第 2 页 共 10 页 序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注 01beginbeganbegun开始 02drinkdrankdrunk喝 03ringrangrung打电话 04singsangsung唱 05swimswamswum游泳 3 原形 过去式 过去式 e n 序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注 01choosechosechosen选择 02forgetforgotforgotten忘记 03freezefrozefrozen冻 04speakspokespoken说 讲 05breakbrokebroken破坏 4 原形 过去式 原形 e n 序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注 01eatateeaten吃 02fallfellfallen落下 03givegavegiven给 04seesawseen看见 05writewrotewritten写 06rideroderidden骑 07drawdrewdrawn画 08taketooktaken拿 09hidehidhidden躲藏 5 原形 过去式 过去分词 序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注 01bewas werebeen是 02gowent gone去 03dodiddone做 4 ABB 型 序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注 01bringbroughtbrought带来 02buyboughtbought买 03fightfoughtfought 打架 争 吵 04thinkthoughtthought思考 认 第 3 页 共 10 页 为 05catchcaughtcaught捉 抓 06teachtaughttaught教 07fellfeltfelt感到 08keepkeptkept保持 09leaveleftleft离开 10sleepsleptslept睡觉 11sweepsweptswept打扫 12dealdealtdealt处理 13meanmeantmeant意思是 14buildbuiltbuilt建造 15hearheardheard听见 16makemademade制造 17sendsentsent送 寄 18spendspentspent 花费 度 过 19havehadhad有 20laylaidlaid放 21loselostlost丢失 22paypaidpaid付钱 23saysaidsaid说 24sellsoldsold卖 25standstoodstood站 26understandunderstoodunderstood 明白 理 解 27telltoldtold告诉 28feedfedfed喂 29findfoundfound 发现 找 到 30getgotgot得到 31holdheldheld握 拥有 32meetmetmet遇见 33sitsatsat坐 34winwonwon赢 5 具有 2 种变化 序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注 第 4 页 共 10 页 burnedburned 01burn burntburnt 烧 dreameddreamed02 dream dreamtdreamt 做梦 hangedhanged 被 绞 死03hang hunghung挂 learnedlearned 04learn learntlearnt 学 liedlied说谎 05lie laylain躺 放平 smelledsmelled 06smell smeltsmelt 闻 wakedwaked 07wake wokewoken 醒 beatbeat 08beat beatbeaten 打 二 被动语态及其用法二 被动语态及其用法 1 什么是被动语态 语态是动词的一种形式 用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系 英语的语态共有两 种 主动语态和被动语态 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者 被动语态表示主语是动 作的承受者 被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式 一般说来 只有需要动作对象的 及物 动词 才有被动语态 如果一个动词后面必须跟宾语 这个动词就是及物动词 用 vt 表示 如 give say eat 等 不跟宾语的动词则称为不及物动词 用 vi 表示 如 walk come arrive 等 汉语往往用 被 受 给 由 等词来表示被动意义 eg 1 He opened the door 他打开了这扇门 主动语态 2 The door was opened 这扇门被打开了 被动语态 3 The door was opened by him 这扇门被他打开了 被动语态 第 3 句话用 by 引出了 open 的执行者 him by 是介词 后须跟 he 的宾格 当然 当不想说出动作的执行者时 可表达第 2 句话 2 被动语态的构成 被动语态的结构是 be 动词 及物动词的过去分词 被动语态的时态 主语单复数等变化只需改变 be 动词的形式 过去分词部分不变 疑问式和否定式的变化也如此 eg 1 Her room is swept 一般现在时 主语是单数 2 Their rooms are swept 一般现在时 主语是复数 第 5 页 共 10 页 3 Her room was swept yesterday 一般过去时 4 Her room is being swept now 现在进行时 S be V ing 5 Her room was being swept at this time yesterday 过去进行时 S be V ing 6 Her room is going to be swept tomorrow 一般将来时 7 Her room should be swept 含有情态动词 情态动词后跟动词原形 我们发现 无论是什么时态 主语是单数还是复数 被动语态的 be 动词都不能弄 丢 但需要随着时态 主语的单复数的变化而变化 情态动词后跟动词原形 的语法 规则不能变 3 被动语态的用法 1 不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时 eg The bridge was built last year 这座桥是去年建造的 He was elected chairman 他被选为主席 2 当更加强调动作的承受者时 此时动作的执行者由 by 引导置于谓语动词之后 不需要时可以省略 eg The room hasn t been cleaned yet 房间还没有打扫 The tiger was killed by him 老虎被他杀死了 3 当动作的执行者不是人时 多用被动语态 eg The window was blown by wind 窗户被风吹开了 The whole village has been washed away by the flood 整个村庄都被洪水冲走了 4 表示客观的说明常用 It be 随时态选择 be 动词 过去分词 that 从句 句型 it 是形式主语 真正的主语是 that 从句 eg It is said that Lucy has gone abroad 据说露茜已经出国了 It is believed that he is a spy He is believed to be a spy 大家相信他是个间谍 其它常见的 It is 过去分词 that 句型还有 It is reported that 据报道 It is said that 据说 It is believed that 大家相信 It is suggested that 有人建议 4 主动语态变为被动语态 1 将主动句的宾语变为主语 Tom killed him He was killed by Tom 2 将动词改为 be 过去分词 They held a meeting yesterday A meeting was held by them yesterday 他们昨天 开会了 3 主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项 主动句中的主语如果是 people we you they somebody 等含糊地表示 人们 1 大家 的单词 变为主动句时 通常删去 by 但原主语被强调者除外 eg 第 6 页 共 10 页 They set up this hospital in 1975 This hospital was set up in 1975 这所医院建于 1975 年 Only he can finish the job 只有他能完成这项工作 The job can be finished only by him 这项工作只能由他来完成 含有双宾语 即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子 每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主 2 语 即其被动语态有两种形式 但多以间接宾语作主语 eg Jack told us the truth 杰克告诉了我们真相 We were told the truth by Jack The truth was told to us by Jack 在主动语态中 make let see hear notice feel watch 等后常跟复合宾语 即宾语 3 和宾语补足语 当宾语补足语由动词不定式 短语 来充当时 动词不定式的 to 被省 略 但在被动语态中 这个 to 不能省略 eg I often hear her sing this popular song She is often heard toto sing this popular song 上句是主动语态 sing this popular song 是省略 to 的动词不定式短语 在句中作宾 语补足语 即句型 hear sb do sth 下句是对应的被动语态 to sing this popular song 中的 to 不能省略 动词的主动形式表示被动之意 4 以主动形式表示被动之意的动词多为连系动词 如 look feel smell 等 动词 happen cost take have 没有被动语态 eg An accident was happened yesterday An accident happened yesterday 昨天发生了一起事故 The flower smells sweet 这花闻起来很香 The watch looks good 这表看起来很好 This book sells well 这本书畅销 有时部分 be 过去分词 的结构并不表达 被动 含义 这样的过去分词有 5 lost lose 的过去分词 broken break 的过去分词 等 它们其实是形容词 意思分别 是 丢失的 失落的 损坏的 破碎的 eg My eraser was lost I feel so lost 我的橡皮丢了 我很失落 Her heart is broken 我的心碎了 三 各种时态的被动语态举例三 各种时态的被动语态举例 1 一般现在时 am is are done English is spoken by lots of people in the world 世界上的许多人都说英语 Class meeting is held every Thursday 每周四都举行班会 The classroom is cleaned by the students every day 学生们每天都打扫教室 2 一般过去时 was were done The cup was broken by the boy 杯子被那个男孩打碎了 第 7 页 共 10 页 He was saved at last 他最终获救了 My bike was stolen 我的自行车被偷了 3 一般将来时与过去将来时 will shall be done would should be done A speech will be given this afternoon 今天下午有一个演讲 A new road will be built next year 明年要修一条新马路 I thought thousands of people would be helped 我认为将有数千人得到帮助 4 现在进行时与过去进行时 am is are being done was were being done The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday 昨天这时 机器正在被修理 The problem is being discussed now 问题正在被讨论 A bus is being pushed by the passengers 路人正在推一辆公共汽车 5 现在完成时 have has been done Two hundred trees have been planted by now 到现在为止 已经种了二百棵树了 The book has been read many times by me 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了 Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict 在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害 6 过去完成时 had been done They said they had been invited to the party 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了 She found the house had been destroyed by the storm 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁 He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died 他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了 四 被动语态专项练习四 被动语态专项练习 单项选择 1 Good books again and again A should be readedB should be read C must readD ought to read 2 The children by the nurse A were lookedB looked after C were looked after D looked 3 He some pieces of advice but he to them A gave didn t listenB was given wasn t listened C give wasn t listenedD was given didn t listen 4 When the accident A was happenB did happen C is happenD was happened 5 The question by us soon A is going to discussB will discuss C is going to be discussedD has been discussed 第 8 页 共 10 页 6 The lab about five years ago A was builded B was built C buildsD has been built 7 A lot of tall buildings in his hometown in the last three years A have set upB have been set up C were set upD set up 8 They printing 500 copies by the end of last month A had finishedB have finished C had been finishedD have been finished 9 Rice also in their hometown A is grownB is grew C was grewD was grown 10 He by the teachers A is always praisedB praises C have been praisedD always is praised 11 Great changes place Many new schools A have taken have been openedB take are open C are taken openD have been taken are opened 12 The picture in October 1996 A was takingB had been taken C was takenD had taken 13 We can t use the bridge now because it A has been repairedB is repairing C is repairedD is being repaired 14 I the way to the railway station by a policeman A was shownB showed C have shownD was showing 15 The war in 1941 A broke outB had been broken out C was broken outD had broken out 16 When water it will be changed into vapor A is heatedB heating C has heatedD heats 17 We can t enter the room because its door A lockedB locks C is locked D is locking 18 They day and night 第 9 页 共 10 页 A are made workB are made to work C made to be workedD are making to work 19 Chang an Road is of people A filledB fill C fullD fulled 20 Man made satellites into space by many countries A was sent upB is sent up C have been sent upD has been sent up 21 This English song often by the children A is singingB is sung C will singD was sung 22 The windows of our house once a week A must cleanB have cleaned C is cleanedD are cleaned 23 When the People s Republic of China A was foundB was founded C did foundD does found 24 Mary s radio by my brother just now A will be mendedB has mended C was mendedD mended 25 Your exercise books after class A will hand inB must hand in C handed inD must be handed in 26 Some trees may at other times of the year A be plantedB plant C are plantedD will be planted 27 The sun at night as usual A can be seenB can t see C can t be seenD doesn t see 28 A new English play there next week A will put onB will be put on C is going to put onD will be putted on 29 A strange thing in our school yesterday A was happenedB has been happened C happenedD was going to happen 30 The glass It by little Tom this morning A broke is brokenB is broken was broken 第 10 页 共