Unit 1 the language of power Text ACritical Reading

Unit 1 the language of power Text A Critical Reading 批判性阅读 Critical reading applies to non fiction writing in which the auth or puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement 批判性阅读适用于纪实文学创作 作者提出一个观点或者去说明什么 Critical reading is active reading It involves more than just un derstanding what an author is saying 批判性阅读是主动阅读 它涉及不仅仅是明白作者说的是什么 Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the aut hor is say ing and forming your own opinions about what the author i s saying 批判性阅读涉及质疑和评价作者说了什么 和关于作者说了什么有这自己 的意见 Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader 以下是批判性读者应该做的事情 ConsiderConsider thethe contextcontext ofof whatwhat isis written written 考虑书写时的语境 You may be reading something that was written by an author from a diff erent cultural context than yours 你可能阅读一些文章的作者与你来自不同的文化背景 Or you may be reading something written some time ago in a diffe rent ti me context than yours 或者 你也许阅读的文章写于一段时间以前与你有这不同的时间环境 In either case you must recognize and take into account any diff erences b etween your values and attitudes and those represented by t he author 不论发生什么情况 你必须认识到你和作者两者之间一些不同的价值观和 态度考虑进去 QuestionQuestion assertionsassertions mademade byby thethe author author 作者的断言问题 Don t accept what is written at face value 不接受什么书面的表面价值 Before accepting what is written be certain that the author prov ides suffic ient support for any assertions made 在接受书写什么之前 任何断言作者确定提供了足够的支持 Look for facts examples and statistics that provide support 寻找事实 例子 和统计提供支持 Also look to see if the author has integrated the work of authori ties 寻找事实 范例和统计数据提供支持 并且 看看是否作者整合了权威人 士的工作 CompareCompare whatwhat isis writtenwritten withwith otherother writtenwritten workwork onon thethe subject subject 围绕主题与其他书写比较写的是什么 Look to see that what is written is consistent with what other ha ve written about the subject 注意做到书写什么与其他书写的主题一致 If there are inconsistencies carefully evaluate the support the author for the inconsistencies 如果不一致 仔细评估作者提供的不一致支持 Analyze assumptions made by the author 对作者的假设进行分析 Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions 为了制造断言无论如何作者必须相信假设是真的 In many cases the author s assumptions are not directly stated This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptio ns 在许多情况下 作者的断言不是直接阐明的 这意味着你必须仔细的读为 了鉴定任何的假设 Once you identify an assumption you must decide whether or not t he assumption is valid 一旦你确定一个的假设 你必须决定不论假设是否有 效 EvaluateEvaluate thethe sourcessources thethe authorauthor uses uses 评价作者的来源使用 In doing this be certain that the sources are credible 在做这个 确认来源是可靠的 For example Einstein is a credible source if the author is writi ng about landmark achievements in physics 例如 如果作者是写关于物理学达到的里程牌 爱因斯坦是可靠的来源 Also be certain that the sources are relevant Einstein is not a relevant source when the subject is poetry 并且确认来源的相关性 当主题关于诗歌的时候爱因斯坦不是相关的消息 来源 Finally if the author is writing about a subject in its current state be sure that the sources are current 最终 如果作者书写的主题是关于现在的状态 肯定是现在的消息来源 For example studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century m ay not be appropriate if the writer is discussing the current state o f knowledge in physics 例如 爱因斯坦所做的研究在 20 世纪初期可能不合适 如果作者是讨论物 理学知识的当前状态 IdentifyIdentify anyany possiblepossible authorauthor bias bias 识别作者的任何偏见 A written discussion of American politics will likely look consid erably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a R epublican 书面讨论美国的政治根据作者是否是民主党人或者是共和党人可能看起来 十分的不同 What is written may very well reflect a biased position 书写什么很可能反映出偏见的立场 You need to take this possible bias into account when reading wha t the author has written That is take what is written with