英美概况stuart

黑龙江外国语学院 2011 2012 学年 第 2 学期 Term 2 2011 2012 Academic Year Heilongjiang International University 答卷封面答卷封面 COVER 评阅结果 Final mark 评阅人 Examiner 课程名称 Subject 英美概况 编 号 No 11 12 02 018503A 系 别 Department 外语系 专 业 Major 英语 姓 名 Name 王艳春 学 号 Student s Number BC09150114 注意事注意事项项 NotesNotes 1 考生需按题签将上述有关项目填写清楚 2 字迹要清楚 保持卷面清洁 3 交卷时请将本答卷和题签一起上交 题签作为封面下一页装订 1 Candidates should fill in the information appropriately 2 Keep the handwriting clear and the paper tidy 3 Candidate should hand in this cover and paper together the answer sheet should be attached to the cover 黑龙江外国语学院 2011 2012 学年 第 2 学期 Term 2 2011 2012 Academic Year Heilongjiang International University 机密 机密 Confidential 编号 编号 No 11 12 02 018503A 试试 题 题 Test 课程名称 课程名称 Subject 英美概况英美概况 考核类别考核类别 Type of test 考查考查 课程类别课程类别 Type of course 专业限选课专业限选课 考试形式考试形式 Test type 论文论文 使用范围 使用范围 Target group 外语系外语系 2009 级英语专业本科级英语专业本科 1 10 班 班 合作本科合作本科 1 班 英语 旅游酒店管理方向 本科班 英语 旅游酒店管理方向 本科 1 班 英语班 英语 翻译方向 本科 翻译方向 本科 1 2 班班 1 Topic List On One of the English Dynasties the House of 2 Words a Write the essay at least 1500 words 3 Requirements a Summarize the background information in the first part your comment in the second part and the conclusion in the third part b Write an abstract 60 80 words and the key words 3 5 words on the first page of the essay c Write the content of the essay below the key words d Write at least two references at the end of the essay 4 Marking Criteria a Format 10 points b Language vocabulary structure organization 30 points c Knowledge you are required to show the knowledge you learned 30 points d Idea your own opinion and analysis 30 points 黑龙江外国语学院 2011 2012 学年 第 2 学期 Term 2 2011 2012 Academic Year Heilongjiang International University On One of the English Dynasties the House of Stuart Abstract James Stuart king of Scotland and later king of England was the first king of the House of Stuart He insisted on the Divine Right of kings Parliament of 1614 and parliament of 1621 were both dismissed by James I just because the parliaments criticized his policies and asked for the reformation in the country Charles I was the second king of the House of Stuart and the successor of James I The English Civil War broken during his reign Key words Stuart Civil War glorious revolution The Stuarts had been kings of Scotland since the 14th century When Elizabeth died childless James of Scotland descended from a sister of Henry was heir to the English throne he thus became king of both countries as James of Scotland and James of England James had been brought up in Scotland by the Calvinists who had deposed his mother Mary Stuarts but he resented the domination of the Presbyterian Church which adhered to Calvinist doctrine He thought that Calvinism The religious doctrines of John Calvin emphasizing the omnipotence of God and the salvation of the elect by God s grace alone and Presbyterianism were a threat to the royal authority So after he became king of England he was determined not to allow the Church of England to become Presbyterian like the Church of Scotland The major parliamentary clashes of the early 17th century were over monopolies the means by which the monarchy attempted to control commercial activity in the interests of the court The king granted monopolies on such and such merchandises to his favorites and then nobody could sell them without purchasing the permission of the monopoly holders This caused grave inconvenience to merchants and a sharp rise in prices And monopolies were extended in the reigns of James I and Charles I on such necessities as butter herrings salt beer and many others At last the Parliament declared that monopolies without its consent were illegal Charles I dissolved it in 1629 For eleven years Charles ruled the country with an absolute government He relied upon the prerogative courts as the instruments of his policy Severe persecutions hit the capitalist class as a whole So there was a new government demand bourgeoisie The 黑龙江外国语学院 2011 2012 学年 第 2 学期 Term 2 2011 2012 Academic Year Heilongjiang International University various classes in England soon split up into two camps The opposition leaders in Parliament were supported by contributions of merchants the mass demonstrations of artisans and apprentices in the city and by the peasants riots against enclosures in the countryside While around the King were clustered the conservative gentry the big landlords and the monopolists The civil war broke out in 1642 and lasted till 1649 At the beginning the parliamentary party was controlled by the moderates the Right Wing and their hesitant and self contradictory policy produced disastrous military setbacks After Oliver Cromwell took the command of the revolutionary troops the New Model Army the tide began to turn against the Cavaliers the king s supporters After Oliver Cromwell took the command of the revolutionary troops the New Model Army the tide began to turn against the Cavaliers the king s supporters The English king instead of controlling Parliament had to receive his crown from Parliament This marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England The coronation of William marked the beginning of a new stage in English history The main concern in the kingdom was shifted from internal political struggle to economic problems and foreign expansion The English Bourgeois Revolution broke out in the 17th century The Wars of the Roses had greatly weakened the feudal noble class The Enclosures had dispossessed many peasants of their lands and driven them to cities The Reformation had criticized those religious doctrines which served feudal relations and deprived the church of its lands and wealth weakening one of the mainstays of the feudal order The geographical discovery of the New World was followed by foreign expansion and slave trade speeding up primitive accumulation of capital Meanwhile ideology and morality had also witnessed big changes A new class was rising in England The bourgeois revolution was just around the corner Charles I promised to respect all Scottish political and religious liberties and agreed to pay a large sum of indemnity But he had no money to pay it so he called another meeting of Parliament Known as the Long Parliament to ask the Members of Parliament to support his policies and give him the money he needed He Parliament sounded alarm and armed men were called out to protect Parliament The king was frightened and fled to York where he established his headquarters in opposition to Parliament The war broke out After the Bourgeois Revolution Tory and Whig Joined hands against tyranny and restoration of Catholicism and welcomed to the throne Mary and her husband William of Orange in 1688 thus ending the autocratic monarchy The power passed from the king gradually to the parliament and cabinet ministers With it established the capitalist system once and for all in England Party politics became more significant throughout the century with Whigs who supported limited monarchy and whose support tended to come from religious dissenters and Tories who favored strong monarchy and the religious status quo embodied in the Church of England 黑龙江外国语学院 2011 2012 学年 第 2 学期 Term 2 2011 2012 Academic Year Heilongjiang International University competing for power The old aristocratic class was fast loosing its power politically and economically to the rising middle Class bourgeoisie who worked hard economized and accumulated great wealth and became the mainstay of the nation The Puritan spirit of wisdom diligence honesty thriftiness contributed greatly to the development of the country They accumulated more wealth and money and their social status was raised In religion it was against superstition intolerance and dogmatism in politics it was against tyranny and in society it was against prejudice ignorance inequality and any obstacles to the realization of an individual s full intellectual and physical well being At the same time they advocated universal education In their opinion human beings were limited dualistic imperfect and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education During the last years of Elizabeth s reign relations between the Monarchy and the bourgeoisie were strained Elizabeth died in 1603 without a successor and James VI of Scotland was welcomed to the English throne as James I The change of economic strength of different classes In England The bourgeois through enclosures and foreign plunder had gained economic supremacy but in politics they are under the control of the feudal nobles with the king as the head English revolution also called the Puritan Revolution general designation for the period in English history from 1640 to 1660 It began with the calling of the Long Parliament by King Charles I and proceeded through two civil wars the trial and execution of the king the republican experiments of Oliver Cromwell and ultimately the restoration of King Charles II The causes of the conflict can be traced to social economic constitutional and religious developments over a century or more Closer at hand were questions of sovereignty in the English state and Puritanism in the church The immediate cause however was Charles s attempt 1637 to impose the Anglican liturgy in Scotland The Presbyterian Scots rioted then they signed the National Covenant and raised an army to defend their church In 1640 their army occupied the northern counties of England In 1643 Parliament secured the support of the Scottish army by promising that the recently convened Westminster Assembly would make the Anglican Church conform to the Presbyterian church of Scotland Meanwhile Cromwell out spoken members of Parliament and a military genius was perfecting his regiment of cavalry which soon earned the name Ironsides Parliament won the crucial Battle of Marston Moor on July 2 1644 The following year the Scots suffered a setback when James Graham marquis of Montrose rallied the Highland clans on behalf of King Charles Cromwell now second in command of Parliament s New Model Army destroyed the king s army at the Battle of Naseby June 14 1645 In September the king s Highland partisans were overcome by the Scottish army and Montrose fled to the Continent The first civil war ended in May 1646 when Charles surrendered to the Scots who in June 1647 turned him over to Parliament A Judas type transaction The English Revolution is very important for our life It changes a lot of things The English Revolution was the first of the so called great revolutions It began as a protest against an oppressive and uncompromising government A moderate constitutional phase was fol