状语从句 (2)

状语从句状语从句 复习要点 复习要点 掌握句法功能 记住连接词 语法意义 语法意义 状语从句是复合句中的一种 整个从句作主句的状语 修饰主句中的谓语动词 形容词 或副词 置于句首时 状语从句后面一般要有逗号隔开 如果状语从句置于句尾 则从句前一般不用逗号 按照所作的状语和意义可分为时间 地点 原因 目的 结果 条件 让步 方式和比较等九种状语从句 具体如下 一 时间状语从句一 时间状语从句 常用引导词 常用引导词 when as while as soon as while before after since till until 特殊引导词 特殊引导词 the minute the moment the second the instant every time each time any time the first time the last time the next time immediately directly no sooner than hardly when scarcely When 1 区别 when while 和 as的区别 1 when 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词 又可以是瞬时动词 并且 when 有时表示 就在那时 When I lived in the countryside I used to carry some water for him 当的住在农村时 我常常为他担水 延续性的动词 突然 be about to do when 就在那 这时 突然 另外一个动作发生了 在这儿 只能用when We were about to leave when he came in 我们就要离开 就在那时他进来了 2 while 引导的从句谓语动词一般是一段较长的时间或过程 故动词必须是延续性 动词或状态 主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词表示的动作或状态是同时发生或存在的 While my wife was reading the newspaper I was watching TV 同时发生 一个动作在另一个动作持续过程中的某一时刻发生 He fell asleep while he was doing his homework while 可用作并列连词 前后对比 表示 而 的意思 He is diligent while his brother is idle while 可以引导让步状语从句 译作 虽然 尽管 只放句首 While he was refused he didn t feel discouraged 3 as 表示 当 引导的动作是延续性的动作 强调主句和从句的动作同时发生 用来说明某人同时 一边 一边 两种正在发 展和变化的情况 We always sing as we walk 我们总是边走边唱 as也可以强调 一先一后 例如 As we was going out it began to snow 当我们出门时 开始下雪了 as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生 2 the minute the moment the second the day the instant immediately directly 等词引导的时间状语从句表示 一 就 相当于 as soon as He says hello to me every time he sees me 3 no sooner than hardly when scarcely when 引导的从句 就等于 no sooner hardly scarcely 置于句首 句子要倒装 而且主句用过去完成时 从句用过去时 He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey 他刚到家 就被邀请开始另一旅程 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in 我刚坐下 他就进来了 4 由 by the time 到 为止 引导的时间状语从句 注意时态的变化 在一般情况下 如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时 主句的谓语动词用 过去完成时 如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时 主句的谓语动词用将来完成时 例如 By the time you came back I had finished this book 到你回来时 我已经写完这本书 了 5 由 since 引导的时间状语从句 一般情况下 从句谓语动词用一般过去时 而主句 的谓语动词用现在完成时 注意句型 It is has been 时间 since从句 的句型 I have been in Beijing since you left 自从你离开以来 我一直在北京了 It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了 6 由 till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句 till 和 until 一般情况下两者可以互换 但是在强调句型中多用 until I didn t go to bed until till my father came back 直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉 It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English 直到散会之后他才开始教我英语 7 由 before 和 after 引导的时间状语从句 注意 before 引导的从句有时译成 就 才 主句和从句之间的时间关系 当主句 用将来时 从句总是用现在时 如果 before 引导的从句谓语用的是过去时 则主句动 词多用过去完成时 这样以便体现动作发生的先后 After 表示主句动作发生在从句动 作之后 主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与 before 引导的从句相反 例如 It will be four days before they come back 他们要过四天才能回来 It was four days before they came back 过了四天他们就回来了 My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived 我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了 After you think it over please let me know what you decide 你仔细考虑过以后 告诉我你是怎样决定的 After we had finished the work we went home 完成工作之后 我们回家了 从句用过去完成时 主句用一般过去时 8 特殊句句式比较 It is has been 一段时间 since 从句 过去时 从 以来多长时间了 It is five years since we met last time 从我们上次见面已经五年了 It was 一段时间 since 从句 过去完成时 从 以来多长时间了 It was ten years since his grandfather had died 他爷爷已经去世十年了 It will be 一段时间 before 从句 一般现在时 要过 才 It will be two years before I graduate from a high school 再过两年我才能高中毕业 It was 一段时间 before 从句 一般过去时 过了 才 It was a long time before I went to sleep again 过了很长时间我才睡着 It is was 具体时间 时间点 when 从句 It was three o clock in the afternoon when they arrived in the mountain village 他们到达那个山村的时候是下午三点钟 It is was 被强调部分 时间状语 that 其它 强调句型 It is at three o clock in the afternoon that they arrived in the mountain village 就在下午三点中 他们到达了那个山村 二 地点状语从句二 地点状语从句 常用引导词 常用引导词 where 特殊引导词 特殊引导词 wherever anywhere everywhere Generally air will be heavily polluted where there are factories 一般来讲 工厂多的地方空气污染就严重 Wherever you go you should work hard 无论你去哪儿 你都应该努力工作 Where there is a will there is a way 有志者事竟成 Wherever there is smoke there is fire 无风不起浪 三 条件状语从句三 条件状语从句 1 引导条件状语从句的连词有 if 如果 unless 除非 如果不 as long as 除非 只要 supposing 假设 on condition that 条件是 in case 如果 once 一 旦 on condition that 在 条件下 providing provided that supposing suppose that 假如 假使 as long as so long as 意为 只要 If you ask him he will help you 如果你请求他 他会帮助你 He is sure to come unless he has some urgent business 他一定会来 除非他有急事 They are going to have a picnic if it doesn t rain next week 如果天不下雨 下星期他们要去野餐 You can use my bike on condition that you return it by Friday 你可以使用我的自行车 条件是你星期五以前还 Suppose Supposing that he does not come what shall we do 他要是不来 我们该怎么办 You may use the book so long as you will return it on time 只要你准时还 你就可以借这本书 难点提示 难点提示 用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用 当主句是将来时的时候 从句要用一般现在时用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用 当主句是将来时的时候 从句要用一般现在时 2 条件状语的特殊用法 1 条件状语从句在虚拟语气中的使用 If I were to I should first of all get the experts to discuss the plan 如果我真的想做这事 我首先会找专家们讨论我的计划 If you had come a few minutes earlier you would have met him 要是你早来几分钟就碰到他了 2 条件状语从句中的省略 Come tomorrow if possible 可能的话 明天来 I will buy a DVD set if necessary 如果有必要的话 我就买DVD 四 让步状语从句四 让步状语从句 让步状语从句表示 让步状语从句表示 虽然 尽管 即使等概念 由although though however whatever whoever whomever whichever whenever wherever no matter who what where when whether no matter who what where when even if though 即使 等词引导 1 though although 表示 虽然 尽管 之意 这两个连词意思大致相同 在一般情况下可以互换使用 在口语中 though 较常使用 although 比 though 正式 二者都可与 yet still 或 never the less 连用 但不能与 but 连用 Although Though he is very old yet he is quite strong 他虽然年纪大了 身体还很健壮 值得注意的是 although 引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多 though 引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后 例如 She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard 她虽然不用功学习 考试却及格了 2 as though 表示 虽然 但是 尽管 之意 as 引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现 被倒装的部分可以是表语 状语 或动词原形 though 间或也用于这样的结构中 但 although 不可以这样用 例如 Object as you may I ll go Though Although you may object I ll go 纵使你反对 我也要去 Hard as though he works he makes little progress Though he works hard he makes little progress 尽管他学习很努力 但几乎没取得什么进步 Child as though he was he knew what was the right thing to do Though he was a child he knew what was the right thing to do 虽然他是一个孩子 但他知道该做什么 3 even if even though 表示 即使 纵使 之意 although 与 though 一样 意为 虽然 不能与 but 连用 even though 语气比 although 强烈 意 为 即使 尽管 even if 引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性 而 even though 引导让步状语从句时 是以从句的内容为先决条件的 也就是说 说话人肯定了从句的事实 例如 We ll make a trip even if though the weather is bad 即使天气不好 我们也要作一次旅行 Even if though he is poor she loves him 即使他很穷 但她还是爱他 4 whether or 表示 不论是否 不管是 还是 之意 由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两个方面的可能性都不会影响主句的 意向或结果 例如 You ll have to attend the ceremony whether you re free or busy 不管你忙不忙 都要参加这个典礼 Whether you believe it or not it s true 无论你是否相信 这都是真的 5 no matter 疑问词 或 疑问词 ever 的含义为 不管 都 它们引导的让步 状语从句可以互换 No matter what happened he would not mind Whatever happened he would not mind 无论发生了什么 他都不会介意的 No matter who you are you must keep the law Whoever you are you must keep the law 不管你是谁 你都要遵纪守法 但 no matter 疑问词 结构只能引导让步状语从句 而 疑问词 ever 还可以引导名 词性从句 例如 Whatever No matter what you say I won t believe you whatever 引导让步状语从句 无论你说什么 我都不会相信你 I ll eat whatever you give me whatever引导宾语从句 你给我吃什么 我就吃什么 Whoever comes will be welcome Whoever 引导主语从句 不管谁来都受到欢迎 6 有时while也可以引导让步状语从句 但一般要位于句首 例如 While I like the colour I don t like the shape 我虽然喜欢那颜色 但不喜欢那形状 综上所述 我们可以看出 学习让步状语从句的关键是关联词的选用 其次 要注意的综上所述 我们可以看出 学习让步状语从句的关键是关联词的选用 其次 要注意的 是由是由 as 引导的让步状语从句要用倒装语序 引导的让步状语从句要用倒装语序 7 However No matter how adj adv 陈述句 However No matter how expensive it may be I ll take it 无论它有多贵 我也要买下 它 五 五 原因状语从句原因状语从句 原因状语从句表原因引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要的有because as since for seeing that now that considering that in that等 1 because 引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之后 because 表示直接原因 语气 最强 最适合回答 why 引导的疑问句 例如 I do it because I like it 我做这件事是因为我喜欢 2 since 引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示已知的 显然的理由 通常被翻译 成 既然 较为正式 语气比 because 弱 例如 Since you are free today you had better help me with my mathematics 既然今天你休息 你最好帮我补习数学 注意 seeing that now that considering that in that这几个词汇与since 引导的原因状语从句意思相近 都表示 然 例如 Seeing that he refused to help us there s no reason that we should now help him 他既然曾经拒绝帮助我们 我们现在没有理由要来帮助他 Now that you are grown up you should not rely on your parents 既然你长大了 就不应该依靠你的父母了 Considering that everybody is here let s begin our discussion 既然大家都到了 我们就开始讨论吧 In that he is ill he feels unable to do it 因为有病 他觉得做不了那件事 3 as 引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的 双方已知的原因 语气比 since 弱 较为正式 位置较为灵活 常放于主句之前 例如 As it is raining you d better take a taxi 既然在下雨 你最好乘出租汽车 As you are tired you had better rest 既然累了 你最好休息一下 4 for 引导的原因状语从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因 只提供一些辅助性的 补充说明 for 引导的原因状语从句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开 He could not have seen me for I was not there 他不可能见过我 因为我不在那里 六 目的状语从句六 目的状语从句 目的状语从句 从句部分是用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的的 引导目的状语从句常用的连词有 that so that 以便 in order that 为了 Lest 免得 唯恐 for fear that 生怕 in case 以免 等词引导 You must speak louder so that in order that you can be heard by all He wrote the name down for fear that lest he should forget it Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold I am telling you that lest you should make a mistake 我告诉你这一点 以免你搞错 学习目的状语从句应注意以下两点 目的状语从句中常含有can could may might should等情态动词 I got up early so that I could catch the first bus 注意 in order that与in order to的区别 in order that 从句 in order to 动词原形 in order to 后面加的那个不叫目的状语从句 叫目的状语 如果表示 为了 以便 的目的状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同 可用 in order to 或 so as to 取代该目的状语从句 in order to 可放在句首 句中 so as to 动词原形 不能放在句首 只能在句中 He hurried through his work in order to catch the train 他匆匆干完手中的活 为的是能赶上火车 I came so early as to catch the first train 我起得早 以便能赶上头班火车 7 结果状语结果状语 结果状语从句表示结果 通常位于主句之后 常用引导词 常用引导词 so that so that such that 特殊引导词 特殊引导词 such that to the degree that to the extent that to such a degree that He got up so early that he caught the first bus It s such a good chance that we must not miss it 1 so that 可以引导目的状语从句 也可以引导结果状语从句 He worried so that he couldn t sleep 他急得睡不着 so that引导结果状语从句 It was very cold so that the river froze 天气寒冷 河水都结冰了 so that引导结果状语从句 2 表示 如此 以致 的 so that 和 such that 均可引导结果状语从句 其中的 such 是形容词 修饰名词 so 是副词 修饰形容词或副词 so adj adv that so adj a an n that He speaks so fast that no one can catch him 他说话太快 无人听得明白 Our country has so much coal that she can export large quantities 我们国家的煤炭非常丰富 可以大量出口 such a an adj n that They are such fine teachers that we all hold them in great respect 他们是非常好的老师 我们对他们极为尊敬 He s such a good person that we mustn t blame him 他是这样好的人 我们不能怪他 It is such nice weather that I would like to go to the beach 天气如此之好 我想去海滩 注意 so 与表示数量的代词 many few much little 等连用已经形成固定搭 配 这些场合下不能换用 such 的对应结构表示 There are so many kinds of shoes in the store that I can t decide which to buy 八 八 比较状语从句比较状语从句 比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级 比较级及最高级的句子之中 1 原级 as as 和 一样 Jack is as tall as Bob 捷克和汤姆一样高 not so as as 和不一样 She is not so as outgoing as her sister 她不如她姐姐外向 2 比较级 more than 更 This book is more instructive than that one 这本书比那本书由教育意义 the 比较级 陈述句 the 比较级 陈述句 越 越 The more you study the more knowledge you can get 你学的知识越多 你的知识越丰富 比较级 and 比较级 越来越 We will make our country more and more powerful 我们要使我们的国家越来越强大 Our life is becoming richer and richer 我们的生活越来越富裕 3 最高级 The 形容词最高级 in of This book is the most interesting of the three 这本书是三本中最有趣的 This road is the busiest street in our city 这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道 one of the 形容词最高级 名词 复数 之一 用于最高级 Han Mei is one of the best students in our school 韩梅是我们学校最好的学生之一 4 特殊句型 1 A is to B what C is to D Food is to men what oil is to machine 食物之于人 犹如油之于机器 2 倍数表达法 用英语表达 A 是 B 的 N 倍长 宽 高 大 重 A 比 B 长 宽 高 大 重 N 倍 或 A 的长度 宽度 高度 大小 重量 是 B 的 N 倍 可用下列几种句型 A be 倍数 as 计量形容词原级 as B This tree is three times as tall as that one 这棵树是那棵树的三倍高 A be 倍数 计量形容词比较级 than B The dictionary is exactly five times more expensive than that one 这本字典比那本恰好贵5倍 A be 倍数 the 计量名词 of B The new square is four times the size of the old one 新广场是未扩建时的四倍大 The 计量名词 of A be 倍数 that of B The size of the new square is four times that of the old one 新扩建的广场为以前的四倍大 no more than 只不过 仅仅 嫌少的意思 not less than 至少不少于 not more than 不如 至多 不超过 前者不如后者 no less than 不少于 多达 I have no more than two pen