初中英语语法总结

初中英语语法总结初中英语语法总结 1 宾语从句 1 主句若是一般现在时 从句根据实际情况用适当时态 He says that he will have a walk soon The teacherasks who is the cleverest in the school I want to know who came here late this morning 2 主句若是一般过去时 从句也要用过去时 He wondered if I would come She told me that her son had got well She said that she liked watching TV We thought Jim was wrong 3 无论主句是何时态 从句若表客观真理 要用一般现在时 Mr Li said the moon is smaller than the earth 4 宾语从句无论有何引导词 都要用陈述句语序 Could you tell me when you will get back to Wuhan 不是 will you Do you know which sweater she is wearing 不是 is she 2 状语从句 1 主句若是一般将来时 祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等 则 if 如果 unless 除非 when 当 的时候 as soon as 一 就 before after until till as 当 的时候 所引 导的状语从句用一般现在时 You may take a rest when you finish doing your work I will call you up if I leave for Shanghai next week Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives 2 主句若是一般过去时 从句也要用过去时 如 I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars When he got to the park his classmates had left My son ran towards me as soon as he saw me on the street 3 定语从句 关系代词 who 只指人 which 只指物 that 既可指人又可指物 whose 后必须跟有名 词 既指人 也可指物 关系词作主语时 不可省略 作宾语时可省略 whom 只指人 只作宾语 关系副词 where 指 在那里 when 指 在那时 She is a girl who that is beautiful and kind hearted She is a girl who whom that I know very well That boy whose hair is very long is my brother 所属 The girl whois tall is my sister I own a bike whose price is high I bought a watch which that I paid 100 Yuan for 指物 I prefer a place which that is clean and quiet I prefer a place where I can live a quiet life 在这儿 I shall never forget the day when a boy helped me find my dog 4 wish 和 hope 1 wish 可接 to do sth sb to do sth that 从句 I wish to spend my summer holiday in Qingdao I wish you to join my party this Sunday I wish that I could be a scientist 2 hope 接 to do sth 或 that 从句 但不接 sb to do sth I hope to receive a letter from you some day I hope that everything goes well I hope you will get well soon 5 thanks for 和 thanks to 1 Thanks for your helping me with the work 表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢 后无补充的结果 2 Thanks to your suggestion I didn t make such mistakes 表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事 出现了后面的结果 6 感官动词用法之一 see hear listen to watch notice feel 等词 后接宾语 再接动词原 形 动词 ing 分别表示全过程和正在进行 句中有频率词时 以上的词也常跟动词原 形 I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep 正进行 I heard someone knock at the door three times 听的是全过程 I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school 频率词 若以上词用于被动语态 后面原有动词原形改为带 to 不定式 We saw him go into the restaurant with his wife He was seen to go into the restaurant with his wife 7 感官动词用法之二 look sound smell taste f eel 可当系动词 后接形容词 He looks It sounds good The flowers smell beauti l The sweets taste sweet The silk feels soft I felt tired 这些动词不用于被动语态 The sweets are tasted sweet 是错误的 注意 如果加介词 like 则后不可接形容词 而接名词或代词 He looks like his mother That sounds like a good idea It smells like a flower It tastes like salt 8 find 和 think 部分用法 宾语 宾语补足语 代替宾从 宾补有以下情况 1 名词短语 John found his son a clever boy 2 形容词短语 Mrs Smith thinks her husband kind of lazy 3 有时宾补后可接带 to 不定式 I found it hard to fool the girl 9 would like want feel like 1 1 would like 和 want 类似 都可接名词短语 I would like want another three desks 都可接带 to 不定式 I would like want to go out for a walk 都可接 sb 然 后再跟带 to 不定式 I would like you to give me a hand 2 feel like 后也可接名词短语 Do you feel like some tea 后若接动词 须用动词 ing 形式 Do you feel like having a walk I don t feel like drinking tea feel like 常 用于疑问句或否定句中 10 词序易错的短语 1 形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词 形容词在后面 Is there anything delicious in the fridge Nothing serious There is something wrong with the computer I want to go somewhere warm 2 else 修饰疑问词和不定代词 不定副词 也放在后面 What else can you see in the picture Who else is in the room Do you have anything else to say Where else can you see it 3 enough 修饰形容词和副词 enough 放在后面 This sweater is cheap enough Nemo is old enough to work He ran fast enough to catch up with the dog 11 对 评价 天气 的提问之区别 1 1What do you think of How do you like 你对 怎么看 How 句中有 like 是动词 2What s the weather like in How is the weather in 的天气什么样 What 句中有 like 是 介词 像 12 12 take cost pay spend 区别 1 It take sb some time to do sth It took us half an hour to cut down the tree 2 物 cost sb 钱 The bag cost me thirty yuan cost cost cost 若 cost 后无 sb 则译作 价钱是 The bag costs 30 Yuan 3 人 pay sb 钱 for sth I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike pay paid paid pay 后所加内容可视具体情况取舍 4 人 spend 时间 钱 on sth in doing sth The girl spent two hours in searching the Internet The girl always spends much money on her clothes spend 有时可指 度过 spend holiday weekends winter 13 双宾结构 pass give teach offer lend send sell call show buy ask tell build 等可加双宾结构 即后接 sb sth 其中 pass give offer lend send sell show 等可接 sth to sb buy build 等可接 sth for sb 另外 若 sth 是代词时 不用双宾结构 Please pass it to me 14 部分词作连词与介词 连词接句子 介词接名词或代词 Keep care l when you are listening to the teacher 连词 Keep care l when listening to the teacher 介词 类似的 while than before after as since until 等 如 I ll wait until I hear from her 连词 I ll wait until next Friday 介词 15 动词 ed 与动词 ing 作形容词用法之一 1 动词 ed 作形容词 表示被动或已发生 常 作定语 The boy named Peter is my friend 那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友 划线部分起修 饰作用 下同 He s eating fried chicken 他在吃炸鸡 There is no time left I have read a novel writtenby Lu Xun 我读了一部鲁迅写的小说 He lives in a house builttwenty years ago 2 动词 ing 作形容词 表示正进行或功能 常作定语 the ing boy a running bus the rising sun a bus running on the road the boy ing in the corner 正进行 a sitting room the sleeping car the bathing suit 功能 16 动词 ed 与动词 ing 作形容词用法之二 和心理感受有关 但 ed 修饰人 ing 常修饰 物 I felt surprised at his words How exciting the film is I want to go to a place which is relaxing 17 动词 ing 和带 to 不定式作主语 To be a teacher is my dream Working hard brings you success Taking care of our environment is very important To plant trees makes me happy 谓语用单数 Reading books gives you knowledge 谓语用单数 Listening and writing are both difficult 谓语用复数 18 later after ago before 1later 时间后 结构 时间段 later 常用于一般过去时 They went to Beijing five days later later 单独在句尾 常用于将来时 I ll see you later 2after 时间后 结构 after 时间段 常用于一般过去时 和 1 相同 They went to Beijing after five days after 也可加句子 I ll send you an e mail after I get home He found out the information after he had searched the Internet for thirty minutes 3ago 时间前 结构 时间段 ago 用于一般过去时 The Greens moved to Shanghai four weeks ago since 时间段 ago 主句用现在完成时 4before 单独放在句尾 常用现在完成时 以前 I have been to London before He has seen the film before 若是时间段 before 则常用过去完成时 译为 时间前 I had seen the film two weeks before We had found out the answer to the problem an hour before 19 四季 spring 春 summer 夏 autumn 秋 winter 冬 season 季 20 月 January 一月 February 二月 March 三月 April 四月 May 五月 June 六月 July 七月 August 八月 September 九 月 October 十月 November 十一月 December 十二月 21 星期 Sunday 星期日 Monday 星期一 Tuesday 星期二 Wednesday 星期三 Thursday 星期四 Friday 星期五 Saturday 星期六 Sunday 为第一天 Saturday 为最后一天 22 也 either 用于否定句的末尾 also 通常挨着动词 少用于句尾 too 通常 在句尾 前常有逗号 as well 只用于句尾 注意 后三个词都不用于否定句 23 带 to 不定式用法之一 带 to 不定式有逻辑宾语在前时 to 后动词用及物动词 不 及物时需加介词 The apples are too tall for the boy to reach The zoo is not a good place for animals to live in 24 a little a few 1few little 几乎没有 少 否定词 few 加可数名词复数 little 加不可数名词 2a few 一些 肯定词 加可数名词复数 a little 一些 一点 也是肯定 词 加不可数名词 3 另外 在 too very so 等词后用 few little 在 only just still 等词后用 a few a little 而 quite a few a little 译为 很多 25 及物动词 副词 put on off away up down out break off down turn on off up down get back use up give away out up back try out on ring call up let down clean up out set up think up hand in out fix up work out dress up pick up help out keep off out down cut down write down wake up 叫醒 take off away sell out look up over eat up throw away off 宾语是名词时 可放在中间或后边 是代词时只放在中间 26 as as 用法 1 和 一样 His room is as big as mine He runs as fast as I me 2as as possible sb can 尽可能 We went there as soon as possible 我们尽可能快地去了那儿 Listen to the teacher as carefully you can 3 有些短语有几个意思 as soon as 和 一样快 一 就 as much as 和 一样多 多达 as long as 和 一样长 长达 只要 as well as 和 一样好 和 一样 as far as 远达 就 来说 27 prefer 用法 prefer sth doing sth to sth doing sth 比起 更喜欢 prefer to do sth rather than do sth 宁愿 也不愿 prefer to do sth prefer doing sth 更喜欢做某事 28 some any every 用法 1some 某 一些 用于肯定的陈述句中 I have something to tell you Maybe somebody has taken it 若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定 的回答或表示请求或建议 Why not ask somebody to help you Shall we give him something to eat What about some milk Could you please lend me some chairs 2any 在疑问句中仍译为 某 一些 Do you have anything to say Is anybody in the house 在肯定句和否定句 中译为 任何 You may put the box anywhere in the room He is taller than any other student in the class We don t have anything to eat this morning 3every 每 强调所有 既包括 此也包括彼 Is everybody here No Tom and Lucy have asked for leave The glass was broken and the water went everywhere 29 动词时态和形式 八个时态 一般现在时 现在进行时 am is are v ing 一 般将来时 will shall be going to 动词原形 一般过去时 过去进行时 was were v ing 现 在完成时 have has v 过去分词 过去完成时 had v 过去分词 过去将来时 would v 原形 六个形式 原形 过去式 过去分词 第三人称单数 加 s es 现在分词 v ing 带 to 不定式 30 if whether 区别 if 如果 引导条件状从 是否 引导宾从 whether 无论 引导让步状从 是否 引导宾从 都译为 是否 时 whether 可接 or not 也可接带 to 不定式 if 则不可 另外 if 可接 any 单词 常不接 some 单词 If you have any water please give me some 31 因为 because 常是对 why 的回答 语气最强 since 位置 Since Since it s already late I must go now for 位置 for 语气最弱 I drove carefully for it s snowing as 有时也指 因为 用法基本无限制 32 表推测 must may might can could can t must 一定 可能性最大 常用于肯定句 There is the door bell it must be Tom may might 也许 一般用于肯定句 may 比 might 可能性大 She is coming to us She might be our new teacher can could 可能 could 比 can 语气更委婉 但 can 多用于否定 You could be right but I don t think you are The light in the office is off The teacher can t be there now 33 so 与 such 区别 so 是副词 后跟形容词 副词 so tall slowly such 是形容词 后跟名词短语 such bad weather good news such a beautiful girl an important lesson a heavy stone such kind boys new desks friendly people amazing movies 若名词前形容词是 many much few little 时 不用 such 而用 so so many flowers much rain few friends little water 也常有 so such that 句型 译为 如此 以致于 34 so 的另两个用法 1so be 情态动词 助动词 主语 也 上下文所指不是同一个人或物 The twins are working so am I I will stay up tonight and so will Peter 以及对话形式 A I woke up late this morning B So did I 2so 主语 be 情态动词 助动词 的确 是 上下文所指是同一个人或物 A We have lunch at school B So you do 又如 A Bruce can work out the problem B So he can 35 neither nor 用法之一 neither nor be 情态动词 助动词 主语 也不 上文是否定句 She didn t get well nor did her brother 或对话形式 A Jim hasn t had breakfast B Neither have I 36 keep make get have 用法 1keep sb sth doing sth 让 一直做 I m sorry for keeping you waiting so long keep doing sth 坚持做某事 2make sb sth do sth 让 做某事 I ll try to make you understand what I mean I feel sorry that I have made him wait for long 3get sb sth to do sth 让 做某事 He got Peter to buy him a pen 4have 宾语 动词原形 ing 过去分词 Have him do it please 让他做它吧 We had the machine working 我们让那台机器一直工作着 We had the machine repaired 我们让人修理了那台机 器 让那台机器被修理了 5 也都可接形容词 keep safe busy keep the door closed open make us happy get the door closed have everything ready 37 used 短语 used to 动原 过去常常 He used to smoke be used to 译为 被用来 后接动原 It is used to cut things be used to 译为 习惯于 后接动词 ing 或名词 代词 如 He s used to working late We are all used to following others be used for 目的 名词或动词 ing 如 English is used for business Knives are used for cutting things 38 through past across 都可作介词 穿过 前常有位移动词 He climbed through the window and saw what he could take away He went past me without saying any words He swam across the river through 内部 past 旁边 across 表面 位移动词 past 相当于动词 pass 位移动词 across 相当于 cross 39 the number of a number of 前者 的数量 后者 许多的 都跟可数名词复数 前者作主语 谓语用单数 后者作主语 谓语用复数 The number of the trees is two thousand 用单数 is A number of trees have been cut down 用复数 have 40 延续性动词 How long since for 以上见 84 until till 等所在肯定句中的主 句谓语要用延续性动词 How long may I keep this novel I ve lived here since 2002 Let s wait until he comes back 但否定句中可用短暂性动词 I haven t seen you for a long time 41 all each both none either neither 1All boys All of the boys are from China all 接可数复数 谓语也用复数 All of the water is polluted 若接不可数 谓语用单数 2Each boy Each of the boys has a different bag each 接名词单数或接 of 限定词 复 数 后谓语都用单数 3Both of the twins are clever 后面谓语用复数 4None of the students has have been there before none of 限定词 复数 谓语用单 复数都可 另见 88 5 When shall we meet Saturday or Sunday Either day is OK Either of the days is OK 谓语用单数 6 When shall we meet Saturday or Sunday Sorry I have to look after my mother these two days That is neither time is OK neither of the days is OK 谓语用单数 all each none 分别指三者或更多中的 都 每一个 没有一个 both either neither 两者中 都 任何一个 没有一个 42 计量表达法 数量 单位 形容词 The building is twenty meters tall The street is forty meters wide The fish is five kilos heavy This baby is only six months old 若计量表达的后面跟有名词 则要用连字符 单位不用复数 They dug an eight meter deep hole I bought a 10 kilo heavy fish It s a piece of 2 meter thick ice They built a 50 meter wide street It s a two month holiday 此处计量中的形容词 long 可省略 43 Must I May I Need I 用法 1Must I 我必须 吗 A Must I finish the work B Yes you must No you needn t 2May I 我可以 吗 A May I go out for a walk now B Yes you can No you mustn t can t 3Need I 我有必要 吗 A Need I clean the house B Yes you must No you needn t 44 hundred thousand million billion 前有具体数字 不加 s 及 of 否则加 s 加 of 如 thousands of trees many millions of people nine hundred people ten thousand students 等 但前若有 several 后常不加 s 和 of several million pounds 45 反意疑问句 QT 部分用法 1something nothing anything everything 作主语 QT 主语用 it Something is wrong isn t it Nothing is difficult is it 2I think Lucy can do well in the exam can t she I don t think he will come here on time will he QT 要结合 think 后的从句而定 3 祈使句的 QT 一般用 will you 而 Let s 用 shall we Get up now will you Don t be noisy will you Be quiet will you Please don t talk will you Let us do it now will you Let s do it now shall we 4There be 句型 QT 主语用 there There is a man working in the field isn tthere There used to be a meeting on Friday didn tthere There won t be a movie in the theatre willthere 46 put on wear dress in 1put on 穿上 后接物 表行为 是短暂动词 You should put on your coat when you leave 2wear 穿 穿着 后接物 表状态 是延续性动词 He always wears the yellow sweater in winter I like wearing beautiful clothes 3dress 给 穿衣 后接人 You can dress yourself baby Lucy is dressing her little brother now be dressed in 后常接具有某种特征的衣物 The lady is dressed in a white skirt white 可直接加表颜色的词 4in 穿着 后接具有某种特征的衣物 表状态 是介词 不可作谓语 可作状 语 The woman in a white skirt is my teacher Do you know the girl in a red coat I ve seen the boy in yellow 47 虚拟语气部分用法 在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气 即 if 从句中用一般过 去时 而主句动词用 would should 动词原形 表示与现在相反的主观设想 也可以表示在 说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况 注意 虚拟语气中的 be 动词都要用 were If there were no air people would die 与现在事实相反 If I got rich I would travel around the world 可能性很小 48 other others the other the others another 1 如果不特定指出哪一个 是泛指 另一个 要用 another 后加可数名词单数 If you are still thirsty you may have another cup of tea 没特定指出哪一杯茶 是泛指 cup 是单数 another 也可 数字 可数复数 The meeting will last another two hours We need another six desks 2 如果只有两个或只有两部分 就给出了范围 其中另一个或另一部分是特指 other 前有 the 有如下用法 第一种 所说内容只有两个 Mrs Green has two sons one is interested in math the other one son is good at science 只有两个 用 the other 不加 s 后面名词可省略 又如 This pair of shoes is strange One is blue yet the other is green 这双鞋子很怪 一只蓝色 而另一只绿色 第二种 只有两部分 此种 情况下 the other 后接可数名词复数 或不接名词而只 在 the other 后加 s Two fifths of the students in our class are boys the other students are girls the others are girls Two children went but the others stayed 其他孩子都留下了 3 如果没有显示出只有两部分 未给出范围 则是泛指 不加 the Lei Feng liked helping other people others Have you any other questions Alice didn t like that dress so she asked to see some others 4other 的另一用法 用比较级的形式 体现最高级的含义 He is taller than any other boy in his class 划线中 boy 用单数 He is taller than all the other boys in his class 划线中 boy 用复数 他比班里任何男孩都高 他是班里男孩中最高的 49 how long how often how soon how far 1how long 是对长度或时间段提问 How long is the river It s 5 000 kilometers long How long have you lived there For five months Since 2002 2how often 是对频率提问 如 never sometimes often usually always once a week twice a day three times a year every day 等 How often do you watch TV Every two days Twice a week 若只有次数 则用 how many times 提问 How many times do you watch TV a week Twice only once 3how soon 是对 in 时间段 提问 How soon will you return to Beijing In a week In two days 4how far 是对时间段 s walk ride drive 或计量表达提问 How far is it from your home to the school Five minutes walk An hour s ride Thirteen minutes drive 或者说 It s about 20 kilometers far away 问和回答不同 50 分数表达 二分之一 half a a n 或 a half 如 half an hour a half hour 半小时 It s half past seven 省略冠词 以下情况中 分子 基数词 若超过一 分母 序数词 需加 s 三分之一 a one third 三分之二 two thirds 四分之一 a one fourth 或 a one quarter 四分之三 three fourths 或 three quarters 五分之一 a one fifth 五分之二 two fifths 其它类推 若分数所在 of 短语作主语 谓语依 of 后的名词而定 Two fifths of the students are on time 指名词复数时 谓用复 Two fifths of the land is polluted 指不可数时 谓用单 51 到达 1get to 地点 get to Shanghai London China 接地点副词时 不带 to get there home here 2arrive in 大地点 Beiji