农学专业英语前四周重点整理.doc

题型： 12农二一、术语翻译（1*20=20分） 前四周TextA课文及课后练习题中出现的术语二、问答题（3*5=15分） 15个问答题出5个三、选词填空（1*10=10分） 涉及到前四周所学词汇，每单元课后题及TextA词汇考察。四、翻译（3*5=15分）英译汉3个 汉译英2个Unit1Words（TextA）Taxonomist分类学者 chlorophyll叶绿素 fungi真菌 herbivore草食动物 carnivore肉食动物 omnivore杂食动物 photosynthesis光合作用 glucose葡萄糖cellulose纤维素 pigment色素 carotene胡萝卜素 xanthophyll叶黄素 thallophyta原生植物 embryophyta胚生植物 phylum门 protista原生生物 gymnosperm裸子植物 angiosperm被子植物 prehistoric史前的；陈腐的vascular plant导管植物 monocotyledon单子叶植物 dicotyledon双子叶植物 cotyledon子叶 parasitic寄生的 stomata孔；气孔 deciduous每年落叶的petal花瓣 stamen雄蕊 pollen花粉 pistil雌蕊 fertilization受精 ovary 子房Words（TextB）adequate适当的；足够的 advocator拥护者；提倡者 aeration通风 aeroponic太空的alteration变更 alternative二者可选其一的（事物）appropriate适当的 bark 树皮challenge挑战 cucumber黄瓜 compost混合肥料；堆肥 conduct进行 drain排水，引流conventionally按照惯例地 deficiency 缺乏 ecological生态学的fertility肥沃,丰产economical节约的，经济的 horticulturalist园艺家 hydroponics水耕法；水栽培insecticide杀虫剂 inert media惰性的媒介 infancy有你那 innovative创新的 lettuce莴苣；生菜 malfunction运转不正常 maximize最佳化；最大化optimum最适宜的orchid兰花pebble小圆石；小鹅卵石 practice习惯做法 predict预知；预言principal主要的，首要的 remarkable杰出的；非凡的 reservoir蓄水池 restrict限制sample样本shavings刨花 significantly显著地 suspend吊，悬挂switch转换；转变 territory领土，地域 tulip郁金香 vary改变 initial capital创办资本，启动资金graverl substrate砂砾培养基 wich system 毛细传送系统 NTF 养分膜技术 processed clay 加工过的黏土 Ebb and flow 潮差无土栽培法EC：Electrical Conductivity电导率Fill the blank1) Some of those carbon products transfer from the roots to symbiotic fungi and soil microbes, which store the carbon in the soil as humus. 这些含碳化合物有部分从根部被共生真菌和土壤中的微生物摄取，最后变成腐殖质储存在土壤里。2）Usually the more basal and terminal nodes are less floriferous, or not at all. 通常越近基部或顶端的节上花芽越少, 或根本没有。3）Fill a clean container to within 2 inch of the top with a slightly damp soil mixture. 用一种轻微潮湿的土壤混合物在2英尺内填满一个干净的容器。4) Algae can make the leap from start to finish directly, whereas vascular plants cannot. 海藻可以直接从开始蹦到结束，而导管植物不可以。5) When we look at the base of a petal we can notice that the color blends into other colors with a light gradient. 当我们观察花瓣的根部时，我们可以注意到花瓣的颜色有一个轻微的渐变。6) Under foot the leaves were dry, and the foliage of some holly bushes which grew among the deciduous trees was dense enough to keep off draughts. 脚下的树叶已经干枯了，在这块落叶林中间，长着一些冬青灌木，它们稠密的树叶足可以挡风。7) Recently scientists have discovered a remarkably primitive eel in a fringing reef off the coast of the Republic of Palau.最近科学家们在帕劳共和国沿海的裙礁上发现了一种非常古老的原始鳗鱼。8) The theory is that antioxidants soak up tissue - damaging chemicals called free radicals. 其原理便是抗氧化剂可以吸收自由基这种破坏组织的化学物.9) Moreover, some very widespread tropical parasitic diseases reduce nutrient absorption, impair the development of mental functions, and compromise educational outcomes. 此外，有些热带寄生虫病的传播十分广泛，这降低了营养物的吸收，损害了心理机能的发育，并危及到教育的成果。10) Extra glucose is stored in your liver, muscles and other cells for later use or is converted to fat. 额外的葡萄糖则储存在你的肝脏、肌肉以及其它的细胞中稍后使用，或者转化为脂肪。TranslationStems vary greatly in size,appearance,and structure.Most stems are aerialthey grow above the ground.The stems of woody plants include large amounts of woody xylem tissue.The stems of herbaceous plants are usually green and fairly weak.They include little woody xylem tissue. In general,aerial stems hold up the branches,leaves,and flowers.They also carry food,water,and minerals between the roots and other plant structures.Some stems are subterraneanthey grow below the ground.Many subterranean stems have special storage or root-like structures such as bulbs,corms,rhizomes,and tubers.Most stem have buds which make leaves,branches,or flowers.The bud at the end of a stem is called the terminal bud.It controls the letting out of plant hormones that regulate growth.Buds along the sides of the stem are called lateral buds.Each lateral bud forms at a place on the stem called a node.Flowers sometimes grow just above the node,in the axil.Many stems have tiny openings called lenticels.The lenticels let gases pass into and out of the stem.植物的茎在大小，外观及结构上差别很大。大部分茎是长于地面之上的。木本植物的茎内含有大量的木质组织，而草本植物的茎则呈绿色且较为脆弱，其中只含有少量的木本组织。总的来说，地上茎支撑着植物的枝，叶及花，同时在根与其它的植株结构间传递养料，水及矿物质。一些植物的茎长于地下。许多地下茎拥有特殊的类似于根的存储结构，譬如鳞茎，球茎，根茎以及块茎等。大部分茎是有芽的，芽又可以发成叶，枝或者花。位于茎尾部的芽也称作顶芽，顶芽控制着促进植物生长的植物激素的释放。茎侧面的芽称作侧芽。每一个侧芽成形于茎的节上。有时候花正好长在节的上部，也就是叶腋。很多植物的茎有些小的开口我们称之为皮孔。皮孔可以使气体进出茎部。Questions1.What is the definition of plant kingdom?植物王国的定义是什么?Plant kingdom is a group classification that includes all living and extinct plants植物王国是一个包括所有活着的和灭绝的植物的群体分类2.What are the differences between plant and animals?植物和动物之间的区别是什么?differences in make food (para2-3) 获得食物的区别differences in moving or not (para.4) 是否移动的区别differences in being limited in size or not (para5) 是否受形态大小限制的区别differences in cells (para.6) 细胞的区别3.What are the structures of flowering plants?开花植物的结构是什么?Flowering plants have vegetative structures (roots, stems, leaves) and reproductive structures (flowers, fruits, seeds).开花植物有营养器官（根茎叶）,生殖器官（花，果实，种子）组成。4.What are the advantages of soilless agriculture?无土农业的优势是什么?Loss of soil, the problem of chemicals ,the excessive need for fertilizer and water, and low productivity can be listed as the leading reasons for swithing to soilless agriculture. 水土流失问题，化学品，化肥和水的过度需求，和较低的生产率可以列为转换无土栽培的主要原因.5.What are the challenges to soilless agriculture?无土农业的挑战是什么?First and foremost ,it requires higher initial capital for technological investment and modern equipment .首先，它需要技术投资和现代设备较高的初始资本What is more,high degree of management skills is necessary for solution preparation ,maintenance of PH , EC ,nutrient deficiency judgment and correction ,ensuring aeration, maintenance of favorable condition inside protected structures ,etc.If the system malfunctions environmental pollution may result.更重要的是，管理能力的高度是溶液制备的必要，pH，EC的维护，营养缺乏的判断和校正，确保通风，有利条件在保护结构的维护，如果出现故障可能会导致环境污染Unit2Words（TextA）accumulate积累，堆积 additive添加剂 aquatic水栖的，水中的 conserve 保护，保存biodiversity 生物多样性characteristic特点，特征；特有的，典型的coordinate使协调 distribute分配，散播 distributor发行人，产品配送人dynamic有活力的，动态的 ecology生态ecosystem生态系统 efficiency效率，效能emulate与竞争 ensure确保，担保 equity公平，公正 excessive过度的，过分的external外部的，外观的 fertilizer肥料，化肥 formulate构想，规划，阐述habitat栖息地 impact影响，作用，冲击 internal内部的，内政的，体内的indigenous本土的，固有的 indivisible不可分的 landscape风景，景观，地形maintenance维修，维护 marine海的，海运的 modify修改，更改 nitrate硝酸盐nutritious营养的 organic有机的 organism有机体，生物体 practitioner从业者precautionary预防的 preventive预防的；预防措施 productivity生产力，生产率 processor食品加工人，办理事务的人，处理器 regeneration 再生，重建sustain 支撑，使继续 synthetic 合成的，人造的 tend 照顾；倾向，易于（to）valid有效的，有根据的 well-being健康，幸福 free-living organism 非寄生生物trace element 微量元素 with regard to 关于be attributed to 归因于harmful effects有害影响contribute to为.做贡献；导致 genetically modified转基因的food additives食品添加剂 in a . manner以.的方式/方法at the risk of冒着.的危险 be characterized by以.为特色Words（TextB）diverge分开，分歧 arugula芝麻菜disdain鄙视，轻蔑 forgo放弃 disparity不一致perennial多年生的 imidacloprid吡虫啉（一种杀虫剂）deploy施展开；施展；部署Fill the blank1) The essence (实质，根本) of modern economy is to conserve energy without hampering(妨碍) the growing economy.2) A healthy diet is not to take in excessive amount of any kind of food.3) Genetically modified species can ensure higher productivity. Meanwhile arguments on their negative effects on human body and morality have arisen.4) The ways in which people carry out agricultural and industrial production have long-lasting impact on the existence of human being.5) Organic agriculture aims to coordinate the relationships between human demands and the environment we are living in.6) Modern ecological means should be taken to protect the original(本土的) Metasequoia(水杉) population and its habitat.7) Some species varieties only distribute in areas where living conditions are favorable(有利的) to them.8) Organic farmers try to avoid the use of fertilizers, pesticides, animal drugs and food additives that may have harmful health effects.9) With peoples awareness of environment growing, the strategy(战略) of sustainable development has become the core(核心、重心) of most countries.10) Plants and animals will adapt better to the environment when some favorable traits(特性) have been accumulated in them. TranslationOrganic farming is the production of food using all natural methods-avoiding all synthetic chemicals and genetically modified organisms, with “zero impact” on environment and leaving the earth in its natural state after the harvest. In order for organic farmers and practitioners to have a clear path to follow, several principles have been formulated. These principles apply to agriculture in the broadest sense, including the way people tend soil, waters, plants and animals in order to produce, prepare and distribute food and other goods.有机农业是指在食物生产过程中完全采用纯天然的方法，而非人工合成化学物和转基因的手段进行的农业生产方式，这种生产方式对环境无危害并且在收割后保持土壤原貌。为使农民和从业者能对此有明确的概念，我们提出了几个有机农业必须要遵循的原则。此些原则最广义的适用于农业生产，其中包括人们为食物和其他产品的生产、预加工和分配而采用的料理土壤、水资源、植物和动物的方式方法。 Questions6.What are the principles of organic farming ?有机农业的原则是什么?Principle of health :organic agriculture should sustain and improve the health of soil,plants,animals,humans and the planet as one and indivisible.健康：有机农业原则应保持和改善土壤，植物，动物的健康，人类和地球作为一个整体，不可分割。Principle of ecology : organic agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and cycles,work with them,emulate them and help sustain them.生态原则：有机农业应以有生命的生态系统和循环，与他们一起工作，并帮助维持他们模仿他们。Principle of fairness :organic agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities.公平原则：有机农业应建立起关系，确保公平享受公共环境和生存机遇。Principle of care : organic agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner or protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment关爱原则：有机农业应以预防性和负责任的态度或保护健康和当前和未来几代人和环境健康管理7. What is the definition of organic farming?有机农业的定义是什么?organic farming is the production of food using all natural methods-avoiding all synthetic chemicals and genetically modified organisms ,with “zero impact” on environment and leaving the earth in its natural state after the harvest.有机农业是使用全天然的方法避免人工合成的化学物质和转基因食品的生产，以“零污染”收获后的环境和离开地球的自然状态。8. What are the aims of organic agriculture ?有机农业的目的是什么?Organic agriculture should ensure fairness at all levels and to all parties-farmers, workers ,processors ,distributors ,traders and consumers .The aims of organic agriculture should include a good quality of life , food and reduction of poverty.有机农业应确保公平和各级各方的农民，工人，处理器，经销商，贸易商和消费者有机农业的目标应包括良好的生活质量，食品和减少贫困。Unit3Wordsagent制剂 amino氨基的 aquaculture水产业 assimilate同化 bacterium细菌（复数bacteria）breed物种；繁殖 chromosome染色体 clone克隆 composition组成，合成物，成分contribute有助于，促成 desirable令人想要的，希望的 disarm解除，摘除 drought干旱domesticate驯化，驯服 elevate增加，举高 embryo胚胎 engineer操纵，设计；工程师enzyme酶 feed饲料 herbicide除草剂 hormone激素 incorporate合并；合并的 infection传染，影响，传染病 insertion（基因）嵌入isolation分离，隔离label标签；分类livestock家畜，牲畜 maize玉米 malnutrition营养不良 manipulation控制 medicinal医学的microinject显微注射 molecular分子的 nitrogen氮 offspring后代（复数不变）ova卵子（ovum的复数）parasite寄生虫 pharmaceutical药用的 protein蛋白potential 潜能，潜力；可能的，潜在的 range范围，行列；排列，归类于 recombinant 重组体 reproductive生殖的resistance抵抗力，反抗 ripen成熟 rot 腐烂soybean 大豆，黄豆 species物种，种类 sperm精子 strain（动植物的）品系，类型tissue（动植物的）组织 trait特征 transgenic转基因的 transplantation 移植 tumor肿瘤vne 藤，蔓 Bt抗虫基因 fertilized ovum受精卵 genetically modified （GM）转基因的 germ cells 生殖细胞 sub-zero 低于零度 commercialization商品化 contaminate弄脏，污染forum 论坛 mutate（使）变异，（使）突变 threaten威胁 variety多样，种类Fill the blank1) Fortunately, cloning research is not a technique for reproductive purposes, but to cure human diseases. 幸运的是，克隆研究不是一项以复制为目的的技术，反之，而是为了治疗人类的疾病。2) The plant requires nitrogen in order to make proteins.植物需要氮以便制造蛋白质。3) For example, when we domesticate animals, especially a companion animal like a dog, we are placing new demands upon it.例如，当我们驯养动物时，特别是像狗这样的宠物，我们对它会有新的要求。4) Recombinant gene technology is widely employed in research and development for strain improvement.重组基因技术被广泛应用于菌种改良的研究和开发。5) It is believed that it inhibits an enzyme that promotes cell proliferation in tumours.据信它能抑制一种能在肿瘤中促进细胞增殖的酶的生成。6) The first transgenic plant - a tobacco plant resistant to an antibiotic - was created in 1983.第一个转基因植物-抗抗生素烟草是在1983年被创造出来的。7) Genetically altered soybeans and cotton require less herbicide to control weeds. These varieties now make up more than 70 percent of all soybean and cotton acreage planted in the United States.转基因的大豆和棉花不需要那么多除草剂来控制杂草，这些品种现在占美国大豆和棉花种植面积的70%以上。8) Insulin is the main hormone that we have full control over daily through our diet and lifestyle.胰岛素是我们可以通过日常饮食和生活方式来控制的主要激素。9) To effectively combat such malnutrition and under-nourishment, 20 g of animal protein per person per day or 7.3 kg per year should be provided.为了有效地战胜这类营养不良和营养不足，每人每天需要20克的动物蛋白或每年7.3公斤动物蛋白。10) Gene diagnosis has also been used in tissue engineering, such as donor and recipient zygosity during stem cell transplantation and organ transplantation, skin tissue engineering.基因诊断也被应用于组织工程的相关领域，如干细胞移植及器官移植的供受体配型，皮肤组织工程等研究中。TranslationA string of suicides among farmers have crippled the rural Mharashtra region of India, all of whom have taken their lives allegedly after deep financial troubles cause by farming GM crops.According to anti-GM campaigners, the local farmers were promised by the local government and US-based GM Companies of larger crop yields and higher income if they switch from traditional farming to planting GM seeds instead. The catch is, GM seeds are 10 times more expensive than traditional seeds, which prompted farmers to borrow money from lending companies.The campaign was extensive. Traditional varieties were banned in many government seed banks. The authorities labeled the GM sees as “magical”, claiming that the crops are pest-free.However, the GM crops have failed for more than farming cycle. According to anti-GM advocates, the farmers were never informed that GM seeds require double the amount of water, which can be hard to come by in a country currently suffering from drought. There are also reports that some GM crops have been devastated by bollworms, a type of parasite, which left the famers come back to suing pesticides.农民们的一系列自杀严重影响着印度中西部马哈拉施特拉邦的乡村，据宣称，所有这些自杀者是在种植转基因作物后陷入深深的债务危机中而自寻短见的。根据反对转基因运动人士所说，当地政府和美国转基因公司当地的子公司向农民承诺，如果他们由传统农业转到种植转基因种子，庄稼的收成会大幅提高，并带来更高的收入。隐情却是转基因种子的价格比传统种子高出十倍，这使得农民们要向贷款公司借钱。这次活动规模很大，许多政府的种子库禁止出售许多传统品种。权威机构给转基因种子标记为“具有魔力的种子”，声称这些庄稼具有抗虫能力。然而转基因作物在农事耕作整个周期内外都是大败。根据反对转基因运动人士所说，农民们从来就没有被告知转基因种子需要原有用水量的一倍，这块乡村土地正遭受旱灾肆虐，不可能得到这么多水。还有报道说，有一些转基因作物被一种寄生虫，也就是螟蛉虫破坏，这使农民们又转回头使用杀虫剂。Questions9. What are the major challenges of employing transgenic technology?利用转基因技术的主要挑战是什么?Many challenges are ahead for governments , especially in the areas of safety testing, regulation ,international policy and food labeling. We must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology. 政府面临很多挑战，尤其是在安全监测、管制、国际政策和食品标签方面。鉴于对这种强大科技的热情，我们必须谨慎行事以避免对人类健康和环境造成伤害。10. What are the advantages of transgenic crops?转基因作物的优势是什么?1)reduce the amount of chemical pesticides in the environment 减少环境中的化学农药2)resistance to drought抗旱3)resistance to heat耐高温4)resistance to disease抗灾5)resistance to insecticide抗杀虫剂6)resistance to cold抗寒7)resistance to acid soils抗酸土8)resistance to heavy metals抗重金属9)nutritious and stable in storage富有营养，长期储存 10)resistance to rot抗腐烂11.What is transgenic technology?转基因技术是什么?Transgenic technology, also known as genetically modified organism (GMO technology), is the artificial separation and modified genetic payload to biology genome, due to the import of gene expression, cause of living organisms of genetic modification can be characters.转基因技术,也被称为转基因生物技术 (GMO技术),它引入基因的表述，通过人工分离和修改生物基因组中的基因负载, 对生物体进行基因改造。12.What are the differences between the transgenic technology and cl.什么是转基因技术之间的差异和cl？Cloning is the way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant. Its a process by copying the genes without sexual propagation. Its mainly used in producing milk and meat . While transgenic technology is achieved through the input of new genes into the vegetables and animals.克隆是制造另一个动物或植物的精确复制的方式。这是一个复制的基因没有有性繁殖过程。它主要用于牛奶和肉类生产。而转基因技术是通过新的基因加入蔬菜和动物的输入实现Unit4Wordscentralize集中，实行，中央集权 globalization全球化homogenization均一化 pledge 许诺context 场合，背景，环境，来龙去脉inequality不平等 inequity不公正 intensification增强，强化；加紧，加剧 project 计划；发射；投射；突出；阐述stagnate淤塞；腐败；失去活力epizootic动物流行病的 niche合适位置 threshold下限horticultural园艺的watershed分水岭，流域 poultry 家禽shelf-life上架期 infrastructure 公共建设 基础建设 nutriceutical营养素urbanization城市化 medicalization医疗化 incorporate使并入 complacent满足的，自满的accessibility易接近，可亲，易受影响 coordination协调，整理，同等，对等multilateral多边的，多国间的，多方的 subsidy津贴，补贴 off-season 淡季 Fill the blank1.It is this specificity of crops, soils and animals that, over the centuries, has led to the great diversity and richness in agriculture.2. Now the public eye is focused on globalization.3. The World Food Summit in 1996 pledged to reduce by half the number of hungry people by 2015.4. This, coupled with decreasing farm subsidies, will result in a need for greater efficiency at the farm level. 5Consumer demands-especially for “non-chemically contaminated food”, are expected to boost to some 15-20% the market share of organic food by 2020.6. Agriculture in general is declining in economic importance and hence in public opinion.7. It will include greater attention to such concepts as fertilizing plants rather than the soil.8. Incorporating the gene for Bacillus thuringiensus (Bt) toxin into plants has demonstrated little evidence of risk to human health or the environment.9. Little of the research underway is relevant to the needs of developing countries.10. These discussio