2015上外高翻考研真题回忆.doc

2015真题回忆翻硕基础完型30The American dream is leaving AmericaThe best escalator to opportunity in the US is education. But a new study underscores that the escalator is broken. We expect each generation to do better, （1） , currently, more young American men have less education (29%) than their parents （2） have more education (20%). Among young Americans whose parents didnt graduate from high school, only 5% make it （3）college themselves. In other rich countries, the figure is 23%. The US is devoting billions of dollars to compete with Russia militarily, but（4） we should try to compete educationally. Russia now has the largest percentage of adults with a university education of any industrialized （5）a position once held by the US, although were plunging in that roster. These （6）come from the annual survey of education from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or OECD, and it should be a shock to Americans. A basic element of the American dream is （7） access to education as the lubricant of social and economic mobility. But the American dream seems to have （8） because many countries do better than the US in educational mobility, according to the OECD study. As （9） as 2000, the US still ranked second in the share of the population with a college degree. Now we have dropped to fifth. Among 25-to-34-year-oldsa （10） of how we will rank in the futurewe rank 12th, while once-impoverished South Korea tops the list. A new Pew survey finds that Americans consider the （11） threat to our country to be the growing gap between the rich and poor. Yet we have constructed an education system, （12） on local property taxes, that provides great schools for the rich kids in the suburbs who need the least help, and broken, dangerous schools for inner-city children who desperately need a helping（13） . Too often, the USs education system amplifies not opportunity but inequality. My dad was a World War II refugee who fled Ukraine and Romania and eventually （14） his way to France. He spoke perfect French, and Paris would have been a natural place to settle. But he felt that France was stratified and would offer little opportunity to a.(15) Eastern European refugee, or even to his children a generation later, so he set out for the US. He didnt speak English, but, on arrival in 1951, he bought a copy of the Sunday edition of The New York Times and began to teach himselfand then he worked his way through Reed College and the University of Chicago, earning a PhD and becoming a university professor. He rode the American dream to success; so did his only child. But while he was right in 1951 to bet on opportunity in the US rather than Europe, these days he would perhaps be wrong. Researchers find economic and educational mobility are now greater in Europe than in the US. Thats particularly sad because, as my Times colleague Eduardo Porter noted last month, egalitarian education used to be the USs strong suit. European countries excelled at first-rate education for the elites, but the US led the way in mass education.By the mid-1800s, most American states provided a free elementary education to the great majority of white children. In contrast, as late as 1870, only 2% of British 14-year-olds were in school. Then the US was the first major country, in the 1930s, in which a majority of children attended high school. By contrast, as late as 1957, only 9% of 17-year-olds in Britain were in school. Until the 1970s, we were pre-eminent in mass education, and Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz of Harvard University argue powerfully that this was the secret to the USs economic rise. Then we blew it, and the latest OECD report underscores how the rest of the world is eclipsing us. In effect, the US has become 19th-century Britain: We provide superb education for elites, but we falter at mass education. In particular, we fail at early education. Across the OECD, an average of 70% of 3-year-olds are enrolled in education programmes. In the US, its 38%. In some quarters, theres a perception that American teachers are lazy. But the OECD report indicates that American teachers work far longer hours than their counterparts abroad. Yet American teachers earn 68% as much as the average American college-educated worker, while the OECD average is 88%. Fixing the education system is the civil rights challenge of our era. A starting point is to embrace an ethos that was born in the US but is now an expatriate: that we owe all children a fair start in life in the form of access to an education escalator. Lets fix the escalator.阅读301. Why the authors father leave his home town for America?2. Whats the educational mobility in America before 1930s?3. According to Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz of Harvard University ,What was the secret to the USs economic rise?4. Whats the 19th Britain like?5. What should be done to fix the education system?作文：40Would we be better off without religion?回答这个问题写文章WHY/WHY NOT翻译今年题型完全变了1.Write a description of the future of cities based on the following essay80文章：The internet of everything will change how we live and work As much as the Internet has already changed the world, it is the Webs next phase that will bring the biggest opportunities, revolutionizing the way we live, work, play, and learn.That next phase, which some call the Internet of Things and which we call the Internet of Everything, is the intelligent connection of people, processes, data, and things. Although it once seemed like a far-off idea, it is becoming a reality for businesses, governments, and academic institutions worldwide. Today, half the worlds population has access to the Internet; by 2020, two-thirds will be connected. Likewise, some 13.5 billion devices are connected to the Internet today; by 2020, we expect that number to climb to 50 billion. The things that areand will beconnected arent just traditional devices, such as computers, tablets, and phones, but also parking spaces and alarm clocks, railroad tracks, street lights, garbage cans, and components of jet engines.All of these connections are already generating massive amounts of digital dataand it doubles every two years. New tools will collect and share that data (some 15,000 applications are developed each week!) and, with analytics, that can be turned into information, intelligence, and even wisdom, enabling everyone to make better decisions, be more productive, and have more enriching experiences. And the value that it will bring will be epic. In fact, the Internet of Everything has the potential to create$19 trillionin value over the next decade. For the global private sector, this equates to a 21 percent potential aggregate increase in corporate profitsor $14.4 trillion. The global public sector will benefit as well, using the Internet of Everything as a vehicle for the digitization of cities and countries. This will improve efficiency and cut costs, resulting in as much as $4.6trillion of total value. Beyond that, it will help (and already is helping) address some of the worlds most vexing challenges:aging and growing populations rapidly moving to urban centers; growing demand for increasingly limitednatural resources; and massive rebalancing in economic growth between briskly growing emerging market countries and slowing developed countries.PHYSICAL LIMITSMore than half of the worlds population now lives in or near a major urban area, and the move toward ever-greater urbanization shows no signs of slowing. According to the United Nations, the global population is expected to grow from seven billion today to9.3 billion by 2050, and the worlds cities will have to accommodate about 70 percent more residents.The traditional ways of dealing with the influxsimply adding more physical infrastructurewont work, given limited resources and space. New ways of incorporating technology will be required to provide urban services, whether its roads, water, electricity, gas, work spaces, schools, or healthcare. In the future, there will be less emphasis on physical connections and more on access to virtual connections.Cities also face budgetary challenges, battling rising costs and shrinking resources. The worlds cities account for 70 percent of greenhouse-gas emissions, and according to UN-HABITAT, energy-related costs are one of the biggest municipal budget items. Technology could provide a simple fix just by updating aging street lighting systems. That would also improve citizen safety and create a more favorable environment for business investments.There are similar issues in many of the worlds water systems, with aging pipes in desperate need of replacing. For instance, the United States water infrastructure is near the end of its lifecycle with approximately240,000 water main breaks each year. The cost of fixing this crumbling infrastructure could exceed $1 trillion over the next 25 years, assuming that all pipes are replaced. By placing networked sensors in water mains and underground pipe systems as they are repaired and replaced, cities could more effectively monitor and better anticipate future leaks and other potential problems as the infrastructure is upgraded.More people also means more waste. The amount of municipal solid waste generated around the world is expected to reach 2.2 billion tons by 2025up from 1.3 billion in 2012. Globally, solid waste management costs will rise to about$375.5 billion by 2025, according to predictions by the World Bank. Once again, the Internet of Everything offers ways to better manage and reduce these costs. For example, sensors in residential and commercial garbage containers could alert a city waste management system when they are full. Each morning, the drivers would receive their optimized route to empty the full containers. Compared to todays fixed-route system, the new system could save millions of dollars by increasing efficiencies and worker productivity.The intelligent and efficient stewardship of growing cities must take top priority. And there, we are convinced that the Internet of Everything will bring one of the most significant technology transitions since the birth of the Internet. Connections between things and people, supported by networked processes, will enable everyone to turn data into actionable information that can be used to do things that werent possible before, or to do them better. We can more quickly discover patterns and trends; we can predict and prepare for anything from bus or assembly line breakdowns to natural disasters and quick surges in product demand.PUBLIC GOODPerhaps surprisingly, the public sector has been the most effective and innovative early adopter when it comes to making use of the Internet of Everything, especially in major metropolitan areas.New and innovative solutions are already transforming green fields and rundown urban centers into what we call Smart + Connected Communities, or Smart Cities. According to IHS Technology, the total number of Smart Cities willquadruple from 21 to 88between 2013 and 2025. At Cisco, we are engaged with more than 100 cities in different stages of Smart City development.By definition, Smart Cities are those that integrate information communications technology across three or more functional areas. More simply put, a Smart City is one that combines traditional infrastructure (roads, buildings, and so on) with technology to enrich the lives of its citizens. Creative platforms and killer apps have helped reduce traffic, parking congestion, pollution, energy consumption, and crime. They have also generated revenue and reduced costs for city residents and visitors.For instance, one-third of the worlds streetlights use technology from the 1960s. Cities that update aging systems with networked motion-detection lights save administrative and management time as well as electricity and costsas much as7080 percent, according to an independent, global trial of LED technology. By using such energy-saving technologies, cities can drastically lower their municipal expenditures on electricity. Cisco estimates that smart street lighting initiatives can also reducearea crime by seven percentbecause of better visibility and more content citizenry. Further, connected light poles can serve as wireless networking access points, enabling citizens and city managers to take advantage of pervasive connectivity. And networked sensors incorporated into utility lines could help reduce costs for both consumers and providers, with meters being “read” remotely, and much more accurately. Cities such as Nice, France are already implementing smart lighting, which monitors lamp intensity and traffic sensors to reduce car theft, assaults, and even home burglary. These lighting initiatives are also expected to reduce the citys energy bill bymore than $8 million.Smart Cities are also saving energy indoors. Buildings outfitted with intelligent sensors and networked management systems can collect and analyze energy-use data. Such technologies have the potential to reduce energy consumption and cut costs by$100 billion globallyover the next decade.Thanks to higher traffic, cities generate more than 67 percent of greenhouse gases released into our atmosphere. Experts predict that this figure will rise to 74 percent by 2030. In the United States alone, traffic congestion costs $121 billion a year in wasted time and fuel. Incredibly, drivers looking for a parking space cause 30 percent of urban congestion, not to mention pollution. To overcome this problem, the city of San Carlos, California has embedded networked sensors into parking spaces that relay to drivers real-time information aboutand directions toavailable spots. This program has helped reduce congestion, pollution, and fuel consumption. Moreover, parking fees can be dynamically adjusted for peak times, which generates more revenue for cities.Cities can also integrate sensors that collect and share real-time data about public transportation systems to improve traffic flow and better monitor the use of buses and trains, giving them the ability to adjust route times and frequency of stops based on changing needs. This alone will cut costs and bring new efficiencies. Mobile apps that aggregate the information, meanwhile, can help citizens track delays or check pick-up times for a more seamless commute. Barcelona, Spain has already changed the typical experience of waiting for a bus by deploying smart bus stops, where citizens can use touchscreen monitors to view up-to-date bus schedules, maps, locations for borrowing city-owned bikes, and local businesses and entertainment.Innovative municipal leaders understand the Internet of Everythings incredible promise. I