以新型城镇化为引领,推进中原农业现代化中英文翻译.doc

/ /以新型城镇化为引领，推进中原农业现代化中英文翻译In the new urbanization to guide, promote agricultural modernization in China English translation内容摘要：农业现代化意味着农业生产方式和经营方式1的双重变革。农业经营方式上要发展适度规模化经营；农业生产方式要实现劳动生产率和土地生产率的共同提高，但是当前土地生产率明显滞后于劳动生产率的提高，需要借助新型城镇化建设的契机，推动土地流转，提升农业公共服务水平，培养职业化农民，助力中原农业现代化。Abstract: the modernization of agriculture means the transformation of agricultural production and operation mode of 1. Agricultural management means to the development of appropriate scale operation; agricultural production mode to realize common improve labor productivity and land productivity, but the current land productivity lags behind the improvement of labor productivity, need the help of the new urbanization construction opportunity, promote the land circulation, promote agricultural public service level, occupation training of farmers, help the Central Plains Agricultural modernization.关 键 词：农业现代化 新型城镇化 职业化农民 公共服务 论文代写Key words: occupation of farmer of the public service of study of agricultural modernization of new towns作者简介：杜豹，河南邓州人，华中师范大学硕士毕业生，现就职于基层政府Author introduction: Du Bao, Henan Dengzhou person, Huazhong Normal University graduates, now at the grass-roots government农业现代化一直是我国现代化进程中的短板，面对着人多地少的资源状况，如何有效提高农业综合生产能力，确保粮食安全，增加农民收入，成为事关我国未来发展的重大课题。积极探索不以牺牲农业和粮食、生态和环境为代价的“三化”协调发展的路子，是中原经济区建设的核心任务。河南省九次党代会正式提出探索“两不三新”三化协调科学发展之路。作为全国第一农业大省，河南省的农业现代化对于全省经济社会发展乃至全国农业发展都意义深远。本文以豫西南L村为个案，对中原农业生产现状进行考察，进而对公共服务与农业现代化进行若干思考。Agricultural modernization has been a short board in the process of Chinas modernization, facing many resources less, how to effectively improving the agricultural comprehensive production capacity, ensuring food security, increase farmer income, become the important topic in the future development of our country. Actively explore not at the expense of agriculture and food, ecology and environment at the expense of three coordinated development of the road, is the core task of the construction of the Central Plains Economic area. The nine Congress of Henan province formally proposed two no new exploration of three Harmony road of scientific development. As the first major agricultural province, Henan Province agricultural modernization for the provinces economic and social development and the national agricultural development is of far-reaching significance. In this paper, a case study of L village in the southwest of Henan, carries on the investigation to the central China agricultural production status, and some thoughts on public service and agricultural modernization.一、 农业现代化：经营方式和生产方式的双重变革One, agricultural modernization : double change mode of operation and the mode of production农业现代化意味着农业经营方式和生产方式的双重变革。这是农业发展的基本规律，也是国外发达农业国家和地区的基本经验。尽管农业经营规模有差异，但是细碎化经营的状况显然是无力承载农业现代化的。Agricultural modernization means double changes in agricultural management mechanism and mode of production. This is the basic rule of agricultural development, basic experience is also developed agricultural countries and regions. Although the scale of agricultural operation is different, but the fine management situation is apparently unable to bear the agricultural modernization.经营方式上，现代农业是集约化农业，应当适度规模化经营。单家独户的小农经营面临着诸多困境，不利于大型农业基础设施建设，不利于开展土地综合整治，也不利于大型机械化作业。在瞬息万变的市场面前，小农经营更显得十分脆弱。尤其是在地形平坦、耕作便利的粮食主产区，应当适度推进规模化经营，扶持种粮大户、农业公司、合作社等。The mode of operation, modern agriculture is intensive agriculture, should moderate scale management. A single family of small business is facing many difficulties, is not conducive to large-scale agricultural infrastructure construction, is not conducive to the comprehensive improvement of land, is not conducive to large-scale mechanization. In front of the market vary from minute to minute, small business more vulnerable. Especially in flat terrain, facilitate farming grain producing areas, should be appropriate to promote scale management, supporting large grain, agricultural companies, cooperatives.生产方式上，现代农业追求劳动生产率和土地生产率的共同提高。随着工业化、城镇化的发展，非农就业机会增加，农村剩余劳动力转移到工业和第三产业中去，从事农业的劳动力总数将会显著下降。加上农业机械化的发展，农业劳动生产率显著提高，即单个农业劳动者的农业产出会提高。现代农业生产方是利用工业化发展成果来支持农业发展，如化肥、农药、良种、农田水利、农业机械等。这些现代要素进入农业，才能根本上转变农业生产方式，显著提高土地生产率，增加农业综合产出。The mode of production, to improve the modern agriculture labor productivity and land productivity pursuit. With the development of industrialization and urbanization, non-agricultural employment opportunities increased, the transfer of rural surplus labor to the industry and the tertiary industry to engage in agriculture, total labor force will be decreased significantly. With the development of agricultural mechanization, agricultural labor productivity is improved significantly, in which a single agricultural labourers to agricultural production will increase. Modern agricultural production is the use of industrial development to support the development of agriculture, such as chemical fertilizer, pesticide, seeds, irrigation, agricultural machinery etc. These elements into modern agriculture, change the way of agricultural production in order to fundamentally, improve land productivity, increase agricultural output.二、 L村农业生产现状考察Two, the L status of agricultural production Village InvestigationL村是笔者的家乡，在假期时间，笔者在该村进行了认真细致的调研，对农业生产现状进行全面考察。L village is my hometown, in time for the holidays, the author investigated carefully in the village, to conduct a comprehensive study of the current status of agricultural production.（一）基本情况( a ) the basic situationL村位于河南省西南部，距离县城大约25公里，全村共18个村民小组，520户，共约2450人，耕地面积3500亩。该村是典型的农业村庄，人多地少，人均耕地1亩左右，以种植粮食为主，没有任何工业企业。当地地处南阳盆地西部，地势平坦，耕作便利。L village is located in the southwest of Henan Province, about 25 kilometers from the county, the village of 18 villagers group, 520 households, a total of about 2450 people, 3500 acres of arable land. The village is a typical agricultural village, person much ground is little, farmland of average per capita 1 hectares, mainly planted with food, without any industrial enterprise. The local office in the western Nanyang basin, lying flat, facilitate farming.村民外出务工始自上世纪90年代中期，目前青壮年劳力大部分外出务工，以广东、山东、浙江、北京等地为主，工种较为多样。在村男劳动力也在附近做工，以建筑行业居多，砖厂、建筑队、装修队等。The villagers of migrant workers began in the mid 90s in last century, most of the young labor migrant workers, mainly in Guangdong, Shandong, Zhejiang, Beijing and other places, more diverse types. In the village of male labor force is also near work, mostly in the construction industry, brick, team building, decoration team.第13小组是重点考察的自然村，也是全村整体情况的缩影。该组是单姓自然村，共194人，耕地264.84亩，人均1.37亩。在该村18个村民小组中，该组并无特殊之处，无任何企业，外出务工84人，占劳动力总数129人的65%。农民部分收入来自于外出或当地务工收入，农业收入在大多数农户家庭收入中比例达到70%以上。The thirteenth group is focused on natural village, the overall situation is a microcosm of the village. The group is the single surname natural village, a total of 194 people, 264.84 acres of arable land, 1.37 mu per capita. In the village, 18 villagers groups, the group has no special place, without any enterprises, migrant workers 84 people, the total labor force 129 people 65%. The peasants income comes from the outside or the local labor income, agricultural income in the proportion of the majority of household income of more than 70%.1、种植结构：该村当前种植作物是冬小麦，玉米，大豆，花生，芝麻，并种植少量的甘薯、油菜等。地理气候决定，当地可以一年两熟，一般秋季种植冬小麦，收获后种植玉米、大豆、花生等秋粮作物。这一种植结构是由地理环境决定的，也符合国家政策的要求，该市是国家产粮大县并建有国家级粮食储备库。1, planting structure : the village of current crop is winter wheat, corn, soybean, peanut, sesame, and cultivated a lot of sweet potato, rape etc. Geography and climate, the local can two crops a year, generally fall planting of winter wheat, corn, soybean, peanut and other crops after the harvest of grain. The planting structure is determined by the geographical environment, also in line with national policy requirements, the city is a National Grain Reserve National major grain-producing counties and built.当地的种植结构曾经也发生过变化。上世纪末，政府号召调整种植结构，发展经济作物。烟叶、辣椒等经济作物当年都曾大面积种植。政府甚至不顾实际条件要求村民种苹果树，结果没有一棵成才挂果，不久都恢复为大田作物。2000年后，村民大量外出务工，对种植结构也产生重要影响，村民纷纷放弃烟叶、辣椒等劳动投入较高的作物，改种小麦、玉米、花生等传统作物。取消农业税后，农民种粮积极性提高，以种粮为主的种植结构更加稳固。Planting structure has also changed the local. At the end of the last century, the government called for the adjustment of planting structure, development of economic crops. Tobacco, pepper and other economic crops was planted in large area. The government even regardless of the actual conditions of villagers of an apple tree, the result is not a talent Guaguo, soon recovered for field crops. After 2000, the number of migrant workers, also have an important effect on the planting structure, the villagers have to give up tobacco, peppers and other labor input high crop plant wheat, corn, peanuts, and other traditional crops. The abolition of agricultural tax, the farmers enthusiasm to improve, planting structure of grain oriented more stable.种植大户和普通农户在种植结构方面没有明显差异。大户更倾向于种植便于机械化操作的“懒庄稼”，如小麦、大豆，以获得规模效益。玉米和花生在收获时需要大量劳动力投入，而农忙时节，各家都忙于自家生产，大户不能以较低价格获得雇工，无法及时收获。No significant differences in large plantations and ordinary farmers in planting structure. Investors tend to grow to facilitate mechanical operation of the lazy crops, such as wheat, soybeans, to achieve economies of scale. Corn and peanut requires a lot of labor input at the time of harvest, and the busy season, families are busy with their own production, big cant get hired at a lower price, not in time to harvest.2、投入情况：2, investment:各家的具体投入情况略有差异，这是根据多家农户调查所得平均水平。各家在选取化肥、农药、种子时常根据自己经验或者亲友推荐购买，电视广告也逐渐成为村民选择的重要参考。近两年，农户通过村委会购买小麦种子，质量较高，今年发生旱灾，购买的种子普遍比农户自留种子更加耐旱，长势良好。The slight differences in the specific investment, which is based on the investigation of many farmers income average. The selection of chemical fertilizer, pesticide, seeds are often based on their own experiences or relatives and friends recommend buying, TV advertisement has become an important reference villagers choice. In the past two years, the peasant household will buy wheat seed, through the village of high quality, this years drought, buy seeds in general than the farmers keep seeds more drought tolerant, growing well.农业生产的机械化水平达到较高水平，大多数农活可以由机器实现，机械成本在总投入成本中占有较高比重，小麦和玉米分别达到29%和25%。目前耗费劳力较多的是花生和玉米的收获、喷施农药等少数生产环节。The level of mechanization of agricultural production reached a high level, most of the work can be realized by the machine, machinery costs account for high proportion in the total cost, wheat and corn were respectively 29% and 25%. The present labor intensive is more peanuts and corn harvest, spraying pesticides and a few production processes.3、2012年作物产量及收益：In 2012 3, crop yield and income:上表所列产量和价格是根据农户平均水平得出。农户在选取秋粮作物种植结构时除要考虑收入外，还需考虑家庭劳动力状况。从经济收益看，种植花生要比玉米和黄豆效益高，但是花生收获仍需手工进行，每亩需要单个劳动力投入10天，因此各家种植面积大多在1亩到3亩之间，再多无法及时收获，种植大户也不例外。List of output and price is calculated according to average level. Farmers in the selection of autumn grain crop planting structure in addition to consider the income, also need to consider the family labor force status. From the economic benefit, planting peanuts than corn and soybeans high benefit, but the peanut harvest is still performed manually, with per mu to individual labor input for 10 days, so the planting area is 1 acres to 3 acres, more can not be timely harvest, planting large family is no exception.照此计算，第13组一个四口之家，耕地（除去自留地和树林地）4.8亩，若种植冬小麦和玉米，全年务农收入约可达5827元。加上农业补贴每亩106元（粮食补贴18元，农资综合直补78元），农业收入共计约5933元。According to the calculation, thirteenth groups of a family of four, cultivated land ( removal of plot and forest land 4.8 mu ), if the winter wheat and corn, annual farm income of about up to 5827 yuan. With agricultural subsidies 106 yuan per mu ( grain subsidy 18 yuan, the comprehensive agricultural subsidies 78 yuan ), a total of about 5933 yuan of agricultural income.（二）农业经营方式：( two ) the mode of agricultural operation:自上世纪八十年代初，本村实行家庭联产承包责任制，根据人口平均分配土地，并定期根据人口变化进行调整。自此，家庭承包经营就是本村的最主要的经营方式。Since the early eighty century, Honmura Miyuki the household contract responsibility system, according to the population average distribution of land, and regularly according to population change. Since then, the household contract management is the main mode of operation.本村村民外出务工始于上世纪九十年代中期，土地流转也开始较早。13组的土地流转开始于上世纪末，目前流转比例高，全组耕地264.84亩，流转111亩，流转比例到达42%。全组共44户，实际种地农户24户。从流转对象看，主要是组内流转，村外流转只有19亩，占流转面积的17%，且均系亲戚。目前，尚无企业等在本村或本组流转土地。为了应对物价上涨，土地流转价格采用实物地租形式，300斤小麦，约合270元。近十年来，土地流转价格一直没有变化。因为国家各项惠农补贴都是以户口为依据发给名义上的土地承包者，实际耕种者无法直接获益，反而要应对因农资价格上涨等导致种地成本上涨，租金上涨空间不大。The village of migrant workers began in the mid ninetys in last century, the land transfer began earlier. 13 groups of land circulation starts at the end of last century, the current circulation ratio is high, the whole group of 264.84 mu of cultivated land, 111 mu of land circulation, the proportion reached 42%. There were 44 households, 24 households with actual farming. From the transfer object, mainly in circulation, circulation outside the village only 19 mu, accounting for 17% of the circulation area, and were relatives. At present, there is no enterprises in the village or the transfer of land. In order to respond to rising prices, land prices by in-kind rent form, 300 catties of wheat, about 270 yuan. In the past ten years, the land transfer price has not changed. Because the national agricultural subsidies are to account according to the nominal land contractor, the actual cultivators can not benefit directly, but to cope with rising agricultural prices lead to rising land costs, rent space is rising.就土地经营规模看，本村目前的经营规模不大，全村最大经营规模不到50亩。13组最大的种植大户CYT家经营面积达到30亩，最少的只有1亩。On the scale of land, a large village management at present, the largest scale of less than 50 mu. The 13 largest group planting large CYT business area reached 30 mu, a minimum of only 1 acres.（三）农业生产方式( three ) agricultural production mode农业生产方式的进步体现在劳动生产率和土地生产率上，L村农业劳动生产率显著提高，而土地生产率提高缓慢。Agricultural production progress embodied in labor productivity and land productivity, L village agricultural labor productivity increased significantly, while the land productivity increased slowly.1、劳动生产率显著提高1, labor productivity increased significantly劳动生产率是衡量农业发展水平的重要标志。我们过去曾说以世界7%的耕地养活了世界19%的人口，但是我们是以世界40%的农民养活了世界19%的人口。农业劳动生产率低于世界平均水平。因而农业的发展一定伴随着农业劳动生产率的提高。由于非农就业机会的增加以及农业机械化的普及，农业劳动生产率明显提高。Labor productivity is an important sign to measure the level of agricultural development. We have said in the past to 7% of the worlds arable land to feed 19% of the world population, but we are in 40% world farmer feeds 19% of the world population. Agricultural labor productivity is lower than the world average level. Therefore the development of agriculture must be accompanied by the improvement of agricultural productivity. Due to the increase of non-agricultural employment opportunities and popularization of agricultural mechanization, agricultural labor productivity increase.（1）非农就业机会的增加。自上世纪九十年代开始，该村劳动力开始外出务工，主要去往广东、浙江等地，尽管工资绝对量较低，但相对农业收入来说，务工收入已经比较客观。外出打工潮逐渐形成，不少青年人初中毕业就到南方打工，甚至因不满16岁还需要伪造身份证。当前，外出务工成为当地人主要生存方式，务工收入占家庭收入的比重不断上升。与此同时，当地建筑业等行业的发展，也吸引了众多的在村劳动力，他们利用农闲时间在周边做零工，获得非农收入。( 1 ) increase the non-agricultural employment opportunities. Since the ninetys of last century, the village labor force began to migrant workers, mainly to Guangdong, Zhejiang, although the absolute quantity of low wages, but the relative agricultural income, labor income has more objective. Migrant tide gradually formed, many young people graduated from junior high school to the south to work, or even because of dissatisfaction with the 16 years old also need a fake ID. At present, migrant workers become the main way of life of local people, labor income accounted for the proportion of family income is rising. At the same time, the development of local industries such as construction, also attracted many in the village labor force, their spare time doing odd jobs around, get non-agricultural income.（2）农业机械化迅速普及。当地是平原地区，便于机械化作业，因而农业机械化推进迅速。目前，农业生产的各个主要环节都已经实现机械化。以小麦为例，从耕地、播种、收割、运输等，都可以用机械来完成，大大节省了农业劳动力。过去收割小麦前后需要一个月的时间，现在全村收割完成只需一周左右。农民的农业劳动时间相比以前大大减少。( 2 ) the rapid popularization of agricultural mechanization. Local is the plain area, convenient mechanized operation, thus the mechanization of agriculture and promote the rapid. At present, the main part of agricultural production are realized mechanization has. Using wheat as an example, from the land, planting, harvesting, transportation, can use the machinery to complete, greatly saves labor in agriculture. Before and after the last harvest wheat need a months time, the village now harvest just about a week. The farmer s agricultural labor time compared to the past greatly reduced.正是得益于外出务工和当地务工机会的增多以及农业机械化的发展，当地直接从事农业的劳动力总数大幅下降。以13组为例，全组共194人，劳动力129人，外出务工84人，实际务农人数43人，务农劳动力33%，人均耕作面积5.6亩。在村务农人员平时也多在村庄附近从事建筑等行业。可以看出，当地农业生产已经基本摆脱了“过密化”2生产状况，劳动生产率有了明显提高，人均农业产值达到历史最高水平。It is thanks to migrant workers and the local workers the opportunity to increase as well as the development of agricultural mechanization, the total labor force directly engaged in agricultural local dropped. In the 13 group as an example, the whole group of a total of 194 people, 129 people of migrant workers, 84 people, the actual number of farming farming labor 33%, 43 people, per capita cultivated area is 5.6 mu. In the village agricultural workers usually have more near the village in the construction industry. As can be seen, the local agricultural production has been basically get rid of the dense production status of 2, labor productivity has been significantly improved, the per capita agricultural output value reached the highest level in history.因此，农民培训十分必要，为农业劳动者提供针对性强的实用技术和管理技术。建立免费的农业科技示范体系，由示范户“以点带面”，提升农民综合素质。推进新型城镇化建设，农业经营更加集约化，应当出台扶持政策，建立完整的科技推广体系，将新的要素引入农业，依靠科技进步和技术创新推动农业生产方式的根本改变。Therefore, it is necessary to train farmers, as agricultural labourers to practical technology and management technology and strong. Free up agricultural technology demonstration system, by the demonstration households fan out from point to area , improve the comprehensive quality of farmers. New-type u