浅谈情态动词VIP

1 浅谈英语情态动词的复习教学 兰州市外国语高中 张永强 英语中的情态动词是表示说话人对某一行为的态度或认识的一 种动词 有一定词义 但不能独立构成谓语 情态动词在语言交际 中的使用是非常广泛的 在历年的会考和高考中 情态动词的用法 始终是必考的内容之一 从目前市面上见到的各种语法书籍来看 对于情态动词的内容 几乎都是按照同一模式来讲解的 即罗列同 一情态动词的所有不同用法 从表面看条理清晰难度不大 但实际 上由于各情态动词的具体用法既多又分散 而且近似的情形较多 这就无形中增加了学生学习和掌握的难度 本文就笔者多年来在教 学实践中的体会 谈谈在高三阶段如何对情态动词情态动词进行分层分层处理的 复习教学方法 不当之处还就教于大家 整个中学阶段需要学习的情态动词大致有 17 个 can could may might must will would shall should need dare have to ought to be able to used to would rather had better 等 情态动词 在初中阶段就已经频繁出现 在高一和高二阶段分别归纳其较复杂 的用法 笔者在教学实践中体会到 如果对情态动词的用法进行分 类 可以看到其用途有三 1 基于基本词义的常规用法 2 表示 判断和推测的用法 3 用于虚拟语气 如果对情态动词按三个层次 进行分类教学 学生接受的效果会有明显的提高 而且解题时目的 会更加明确 命中率高 下面就具体操作进行说明 一 情态动词的常规用法 一 情态动词的常规用法 2 在这一层次上 需要就每个情态动词的基本词义进行探讨 包 括其否定式 句 一般疑问句形式及其简略回答 同时要比较意义 近似词 详见下表 情态动词意义否定式一般疑问句 否定句 举例 简略回答 can could表示能力 can t couldn t Could he fly 10 years ago 能力 Can you sing in English 能力 Yes he could No he couldn t Yes I can No I can t may can could 表示表示请求 允许 can t May I smoke here Can Could I use the phone here Yes you may can No Sorry you can t must need表示必要性 mustn t needn t Must I write it in English Need I go home now Yes you must No you mustn t 禁止 No you needn t 没必要 need dare 表示需要或敢 只用于疑问句 和否定句中 needn t daren t Need you do it right now Dare they go there again Yes we must No we needn t No they daren t will would 表示意志或意 愿 won t wouldn t Will they follow my advice No matter what I said he just wouldn t listen to me Of course they will I m afraid they won t can could will would 表示请求 can t Will Would you please help me Can Could you do me a favor Sure Of course I m sorry I can t shall 用于疑问句表 示征求意见或 请示 用于第 二 第三人称 陈述句表示 命 令 警告 允 诺 威胁 等语 气 shan t Shall I get you some water Shall we go there together Shall he come in now You shall get punished if you don t obey the rules strictly He shall receive a nice car as a reward for his great job in the team It s nice of you That s a good idea Yes please No please don t I m afraid not should ought to 表示劝告或建 议 表示责任 或义务 shouldn t oughtn t to Should we believe in him Ought they to return the treasure You shouldn t say that in class I oughtn t to go against his will Yes we they should Yes we they ought to No we shouldn t No we oughtn t to can could be able to 表示能 能够 can t couldn t not be able to Is she able to solve the problem Will they be able to arrive on time Was he able to escape from prison Have you been able to finish it Yes she is they will No she isn t No they will No we haven t must have to 表示必要性 表示责任或义 务 needn t not have to Must we stay here for another day Do you have to work so hard Yes we must No we needn t No we don t have to will would used to 表示现在或过 去习惯性的动 won t wouldn t Fish will die without water On Sundays he will would go and 3 作 usedn t to didn t use to visit his parents in the countryside He used to be a naughty boy but now he is quite good in life had better表示建议 had better not Had they better keep silent You d better not do that again Yes they had No they d better not would rather表示倾向性和 选择 would rather not They would rather die than give in I d rather not meet him again 备注及更多例举 一 must 与 need 的比较 1 Must I go to see him right now 必须 Yes you must 必须 No you needn t don t have to 没必 要 2 Everybody here must obey the rules 必须 3 You mustn t drive so fast in the street 禁止 4 Must you play the piano in such a late hour 反问 非得做 5 Need I finish the work before ten 需要 Yes you must No you needn t 6 You needn t ask him the question again 二 need 与 dare 用作情态动词只能用在疑问句和否定句中 用作 实意动词时后面要求接带 to 的不定式 但是 dare 有例外 e g 1 She tell her father the truth A B C A didn t dare to B dared not C didn t dare D dared not to 2 The student fetch the book after class for his father will bring it here soon C D E A needs not B doesn t need C doesn t need to D needn t E doesn t have to 4 三 在表示能力时 can 只有两种时态 而 be able to 有多种时态 主语不能为物 且 be able to 的过去时表示 过去成功地做了某事 1 When he was five he could already speak two foreign languages 2 During the big fire most of the people working in the building were able to escape into the street 3 She can is able to write in English 4 They will be able to get here on time 5 He has been able to drive a car 四 must 与 have to 的比较 1 My mother is ill so I must stay at home and look after her for several days 主观需要 2 The weather is terrible so I will have to stay at home 客观所迫 3 You mustn t let the secret out 禁止 4 You don t have to report to him yourself 没有必要 5 Did he have to tell us the news then 必要性 二 二 情态动词表示判断和推测 情态动词表示判断和推测 用于表示判断和推测的情态动词主要是 must may might could can 分清他们的意义和用途是学习的关键 我们可以使用他 们来对现在一般的动作或情形 现在进行的动作 已经完成的动作 或纯粹过去的动作做出判断 具体用法见下表 情态动词用途意义例句 must 只能用于陈述句 的肯定句中 一定 肯定 They must like music for they listen to music every day She must be working now You must have met her before 5 may might 只用于陈述句中 肯定 否定都有 可能 不 有可能 不 He may not know my telephone number The girl was lost She might have had an accident could 用于陈述句肯定 句中 介于 may 与 might 或否定 句 疑问句中 代 替 can 可能 不 可能 They could know something about China He could be talking with his teacher now She looks sad She could have failed the exam Could it be Tom who made the teacher angry this morning They couldn t have finished the job can只用于疑问句和 否定句 可能 不 可能 The man can t be Tom s father There is a person over there Who can it be They can t have seen me in the street yesterday 备注 一 包含有表示判断的情态动词的句子 变反意疑问句时与情态 动词无关 而要依据所判断句子的本来时态进行变换 例如 The boy must come from Shanghai doesn t he Everything may be going well isn t it There couldn t have been a lecture yesterday was there They can t have been there before have they 二 情态动词 can will should ought to may 和 might 还可以表示 对现在或将来的推测 例如 1 Fire is very important to us but sometimes it can be very dangerous if we are not careful enough 用于陈述句肯定句 表示 一时的可能性 2 If a person lose one third of his her blood he she may might die 3 If a person s breath can t be started again within 5 minutes he she will die 表示一种必然的趋势 4 It is already seven o clock Tom should be here at any time 6 三 三 情态动词用于虚拟语气 情态动词用于虚拟语气 用于虚拟语气的情态动词主要是 would should could might 以 及 ought to 与 needn t 学习的关键点一是对应不同的虚拟语气句型 中对情态动词的选择要求 二是关注情态动词后加 have done 结构的 具体用法和意义 分别说明如下 一 用于含有条件状语从句的虚拟语气中的只有 would should could might 各自有意 选择使用 其中只有 should 可以用 于条件句本身表示对将来的虚拟 意为 如果万一 例如 If it should rain tomorrow we couldn t start the project as expected If you had got up earlier this morning you would have met him If he were not careful enough he might get into trouble easily 二 在 wish 后的宾语从句中主要应用 would 或 could 来表示 虚拟 例如 How I wish that I could fly to the moon by spaceship one day He wished that he could have listened to his mother They wish that they would be given another chance 三 在其它句型中主要应用 should 来表示虚拟 例如 The doctor insisted that the man should be operated on at once His order was that nobody should break the rules This is her proposal that a meeting should be held immediately It is suggested that young children should keep away from such books 7 It is quite strange that he should say such rude things in public 四 比较情态动词后加 have done 结构的用法和意义 情态动词结 构用 法意 义 mustmust have done判断表示 过去肯定 或者肯定已经 maymay not have done判断表示 过去可能 没 或者可能 没 已经 cancan can t have done判断表示 过去 不 可能 或者 不 可能已经 wouldwould not have done虚拟表示 过去 本来 不 会 shouldshould not have done虚拟表示 过去 本来 不 应该 但却 ought toought not to have done虚拟表示 过去 本来 不 应该 但却 needneedn t have done虚拟表示 过去 本来 没有必要 但却 couldcould not have done判断表示 过去 本来 不 可以 但却 couldcould not have done虚拟表示 过去 不 可能 或者 不 可能已经 mightmight not have done判断表示 过去 本来 不 可以 但却 mightmight not have done虚拟表示 过去有可能 没 或者有可能 没 已经 备注及例举 1 must 后不能接否定式表示判断 mustn t have done 为典型的错误 2 needn t have done 与 didn t need to do 有区别 前者表示过去没有 必要做但却做了 后者表示过去没有必要做也没做 3 can have done 只能出现在疑问句中 表示过去时可以 could have done 来代替 4 The student played football in the street yesterday He might have been knocked down by a passing car 虚拟 He has not been at school for days He might have been ill 判断 结束语 结束语 综上所述 可以看出情态动词第一层次的用法主要在初中阶段 呈现 学生掌握的相对较好 第二和第三层次的用法在高中阶段呈 现 有一定的难度 虽然 1996 1997 1999 2005 年高考全国卷考 8 查的是第一层次的用法 但近几年考查第二和第三层次的用法应该 是一种趋势 尤其是各地方卷 例如 1 When can I come for the photos I need them tomorrow afternoon They be ready by 12 00 should NMET 1998 2 I stayed at a hotel while in New York Oh did you You with Barbara could have stayed NMET 1998 3 Are you coming to Jag s party I m not sure I go to the concert instead might NMET 2000 4 I was really anxious about you You home without a word shouldn t have left NMET 2001 5 Is John coming by train He should but he not He likes driving his car may NMET 2002 6 Isn t that Ann s husband over there No it be him I m sure he doesn t wear glasses can t NMET 2004 7 There s no light on they be at home can t 2006 全国卷 I 8 I ve taken someone else s green sweater by mistake It Harry s He always wears green could be 2005 广东 9 He paid for a seat when he have entered free could ditto 10 This cake is very sweet You a lot of sugar must have put 2005 辽宁 11 Tom is never late for work Why is he absent today 9 Something to him must have happened