高考英语阅读理解细节理解题的解题步骤和方法

Comment 木木木木1 51 题答案 细节理解题的解题步骤和方法细节理解题的解题步骤和方法 一 教学引入一 教学引入 细节理解题 是高考英语阅读理解最重要的一类题型 根据我的分类 所有的阅读理解 题型按照答案在文中出现的位置和形式不通 可以分为细节理解和主旨大意两大类 而前 一类在整个题量当中大概会占到 80 甚至以上的比例 二 细节理解题的分类二 细节理解题的分类 细节理解题的答案往往不是文章中的细节在选项中的简单重复 而是根据文中的细节经 过合理的推理或转化得出的 1 同样 按照答案在原文中出现的位置 细节理解题可以分为集中型细节理解题和分 散型细节理解题 1 集中型 就文章的单个细节提问 答案在原文中出现的位置一般也位于单句 话或几句话中 因为具体细节不同 出题形式千变万化 因题而异 如 2010 江苏 57 According to the passage the ancestors of the Potter family most probably 2010 上海 70 As is mentioned in the card the limitation of the research paper mainly lies in that 2 分散型 题目涉及到文章某一段或几段 甚至贯穿全文的各个位置 需要考 生寻找文章中的多个细节 请注意 分散型细节理解题并不意味着题目的正确答案出 现在文章的不同位置 正确答案往往也是关于文章的某一个句子或细节 只是说文章 的干扰选项是关于不同的细节 需要我们在定位的时候阅读某一个区域 分散型细节 理解题常见的出题方式有 Which of the following is not true We can learn infer from the passage that Which of the following is NOT mentioned about 也有因题而异的 有些看似集中的其实也分散在文中 需要考生仔细定位 如 2010 江苏 61 Some people are against killing wolves because 原文所陈述的原因有很多段 而并不是单个的句子 2 就题目形式而言 细节理解题的表现形式是多种多样的 最常见的有 1 文章细节 针对文中细节直接提问 2 指代判断 判断文中某个代词或特定词组的指代关系 3 图表数据 对题目中的图标和数据进行简单的计算 4 词义猜测 推测文中某个词或词组的含义 5 顺序排列 选择文中细节出现的正确的时间顺序或逻辑顺序 6 态度目的 作者在文中引入某个细节的目的 或对某个细节或细节人物的态 度 三 三 细节理解解题方法细节理解解题方法 三大法宝 顺序原则 定位词 排除法 1 把握解题的顺序原则 一般来说隐含题目答案的位置与题目的顺序是一致的 这能 帮助我们缩小寻找范围 大大提高效率 我们做题时可以采用采用步步为营法 看一题做 一题 2010 广东 C Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning Food poisoning is usually not serious but some types are deadly Comment 木木木木2 52 题答案 Comment 木木木木3 53 题 Comment 木木木木4 53 题 Comment 木木木木5 53 题 Comment 木木木木6 54 题 The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food Fever is one of the most common symptoms Certain microorganisms 微生物 cause most types of food poisoning Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs meat vegetables and many other foods After entering the body these tiny living things release 释放 poisons that make people sick Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning They are often added to food while it is being grown processed or prepaid For example many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people These include certain kinds of seafood grains nuts seeds beans and mushrooms When people handle food properly the risk of food poisoning is very small Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures This means that people should never touch food with ditty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from gnawing Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it Finally people should not eat raid mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans In addition some types of fish can be poisonous Most people recover from food poisoning after a few days of resting and drinking extra water If people eat natural poisons they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied 51 Which of the following statements is NOT true A Food when poisoned can make people sick B Food poisoning means death C Food poisoning comes in varieties D Food poisoning can be serious 52 We know from the passage that the symptoms of food poisoning A are always accompanied by a fever B are too common to be noted C can be noticed within hours D can be ignored 53 Food poisoning can be caused by all the following EXCEPT A some chemicals B low tempertures C some tiny living things D certain natural materials 54 From Paragraph 5 we can learn that A mushrooms should not be eaten B vegetables are safer than meat and seafood C natural poisons are more dangerous than chemicals D different types of food should be handled differently 55 It can be inferred from the passage that A natural materials are safe in food processing B chemicals are needed in food processing C food poisoning can be kept under control D food poisoning is out of control 该篇文章除了最后一题是主旨大意题外 其他都是细节理解题 而且答案位置的先后 顺序与题号顺序是基本一致的 2 通过定位词寻找出题点 定位词和主题句是英语阅读理解解题方法的最重要的两个要素 前者适用于解答细节 理解题 后者用于解答主旨大意题 通过定位词解题 就是说我们在阅读题干的时候迅速 的把题干中有标记意义的词或词组划记出来 然后用这个词回到原文当中定位 1 什么词才算是定位词呢 我们首先要关注的是表示人名 地名等的专有名词和表示年份 数字 百分数等的数 词 以及题干中出现的大写的名词 如 2010 辽宁 64 According to California study the low scoring group might 2010 全国卷 II 51 Why are some Chinese likely to go skiing in the Europe 2010 辽宁 61 What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York 2010 全国 I 61 How did Christy McKinley know Ms Schatzman s opinion of the chi tea 2010 山东 57 D was created for 2010 湖南 62 We can know that before 1995 Mary 2010 四川 46 What is an advantage of the buildings meeting the Green Communities Standards 在上面的例子当中 表示地名的 California New York Europe 表示人名的 Christy McKinley Ms Schatzman 表示时间的 1995 以及大写的特殊专有名词 D Green Communities Standards 等都是定位词 在原文当中都有出现 能帮助我们迅速地找找 到出题点 可是我们不一定每次都运气好碰到专有名词等 在没有上面这些类词的时候我们需要 留意一些表示实体意义 指代一件具体事物的具象的名词 如 2010 广东 48 When your colleague brings about a problem you should 2010 江苏 56 Which of the following do the surnames in the passage NOT cover 2010 全国 I 56 Where is the nearest parking place to Shakespeare s Birthplace 2010 全国 I 66 Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes 如果我们在题干中连一个实体名词都找不到的话应该怎么办呢 这时我们还可以关注 题干中词义鲜明的动词 形容词 副词等 但是因为动词 形容词 副词的同义表达太多 题干中这些词往往是原文中的同义表达或转化 需要引起我们的注意 这个我们在下文中 还会专门提到 请看下面一个用形容词 副词作定位词的例子 2010 上海 67 Indian elephants are getting increasingly angry and they revenge because 在原文中我们可以找到对应的句子 Increasingly the Indian elephant is angry for many years illegal hunters have attacked it and its home in the jungle has been reduced to small pieces of land It is now fighting back 在找定位词的时候 请同学们注意以下几点 1 文章中反复出现的专有名词是全文描述对象的中心 没有唯一出处 所以不能算 是定位词 我们如果发现大部分题干中都有这个专有名词的 就应该排除它作为定位词的 可能 如 2010 全国 II A 篇 文章略 41 What would Brownie do when someone was ill in the family A Look at them sadly B Keep them company C Play games with them D Touch them gently 42 We can infer from Paragraph 2 that Brownie A world eat anything when hungry B felt sorry for her mistake C loved playing hide and seek D disliked the author s dad 43 Why does the author say that Brownie was more than just a family pet A She was treated as a member of the family B She played games with anyone she liked C She was loved by everybody she met D She went everywhere with the family 44 Some people got frightened by Brownie when she A smiled B barked C rushed to them D tried to be funny 45 Which of the following best describes Brownie A Shy B Polite C Brave D Caring 我们发现 这篇文章的每一个题目的题干中都有 Brownie 因此 Brownie 不是定位词 这也是在上面讲第一类首选定位词的时候给出例子里全国卷 I 的 56 66 两题不把 hoatzins Shakespeare s Birthplace 当做定位词的原因 他们虽然是特殊名词或专有名词 但是在文 中反复出现 没有定位价值 2 大多数时候我们选择的定位词都是名词 因为名词的可替代性相对较低 容易找 到唯一出处 但是我们所找的名词要尽量是实体名词 也就是能指代一件具体事物的名词 一般来说 下面两类名词都不可取 a 抽象词 如 opinion idea result information role effect trend theory 等等 b 言语词 如 statement argument comment response reaction enquiry answer reason 等等 如 2010 江苏 60 According to the passage some people in North America favor killing wolves for all the following reasons EXCEPT that 文章所叙述的地区正是 North America 因此在这个题干中 North America 不能算是定 位词 那么 reason 算不算呢 它是一个言语词 在文章当中通常也是不出现的 不能算是 定位词 3 并不是所有的我们在题干中找到的定位词在原文中都会对应出现 有些情况下 原文中出现的只是题干定位词的转换形式 在这种情况下 划出定位词并在脑中留下印象 也有利于我们在浏览文章是迅速发现文中定位词的对应形式 从而找到题目答案的位置 一般来说 定位词的转换有下面几种形式 a 同义改写 题干将原文中的词或词组换成另外的词或者词组 词性和结构不变 意义相近 如 2010 全国 II A 篇 When I was six Dad brought home a dog one day who was called Brownie My brothers and I all loved Brownie and did different things with her One of us would walk her another would feed her then there were baths playing catch and many other games Brownie in return loved each and every one of us One thing that most touched my heart was that she would go to whoever was sick and just be with them We always felt better when she was around 41 What would Brownie do when someone was ill in the family A Look at them sadly B Keep them company C Play games with them D Touch them gently 这里原文中的 sick 被转换成了题干中的 ill 2010 广东 A 篇 When I was growing up in America I was ashamed of my mother s Chinese English Because of her English she was often treated unfairly People in department stores at banks and at restaurants did not take her seriously did not give her good service pretended not to understand her or even acted as if they did not hear her 41 Why was the author s mother poorly served A She was unable to speak good English B She was often misunderstood C She was not clearly heard D She was not very polite 我们发现原文中的 treated unfairly 与题干中的 poorly served 意义相近 因此在浏览文 章的时候就能够注意到 treated unfairly 并在这个定位词附近寻找正确答案 2010 江苏 D 篇 But the key issue is really money China is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on domestic railway expansion 68 According to the passage the greatest challenge to the new high speed railway plan is A technical issues B safety of the system C financial problems D maintenance of railway tracks 这里文章中的名词词组 key issue 转换成了题干中的 greatest challenge 意义相近 2010 陕西 B 篇 Tuesday s Daily News said 29 year who left the spot quickly after the rescue last Saturday 51 What did Duret do shortly after the ambulance came A He was interviewed by a newspaper B He asked his girlfriend for his dry clothes C He went to the hospital in the ambulance D He disappeared from the spot quickly 这里文章中的 quickly 转化成了题干中的 shortly b 转变词性与结构 题干定位词并不一定与原文中相关词的词性和结构形式一致 而是 做了一定的概括与总结 如将名词词组转化为意思相近的动词 形容词等等 2010 江西 C Confucius suggested Rule as a principle for the conduct of life Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you He assumed that all men were equal at birth though some potential than others are that it was knowledge that set men apart Socrates focused on individual and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom He believed that some had more potential to develop their reason than others did Like Confucius he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior 下层的 classes 66 What made some people different from others according to Confucius A FamilyB PotentialC KnowledgeD Community 我们发现文章中的 set men apart 即有题干中的 different 之意 这里将一个动词词组转 化成为一个形容词 因此看题干的时候如果划出了定位词 different Confucius 在文中反复 出现 就容易让我们定位到 set men apart 这里来 我们已经了解了怎样在阅读题干是找出其中的定位词 现在让我们用高考真题来演练 一下定位词是如何帮助我们迅速解决细节理解题的 2010 江苏 D 篇 It 11 be a win win project For other countries the railway network will definitely create more opportunities for business tourism and so on not to mention the better communication among those countries For China such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much needed resources but would also help develop China s far west We foresee that in the coming decades millions of people will migrate to the western regions where the land is empty and resources unused With high speed trains people will set up factories and business centers in the west once and for a11 And they 11 trade with Central Asian and Eastern European countries 67 China s new high speed railway plan will be a win win project because A China will get much needed resources and develop its western regions B China and the countries involved will benefit from the project in various ways C China will develop its railway system and communication with other countries D the foreign countries involved will develop their railway transportation business and tourism 我们发现题干中的引号处的 win win project 是一个特色比较鲜明的名词 对应到文 章中马上找到原词 根据后面的 for other countries 和 for China 我们可以发现 中国的高 速铁路计划应该是对外国和中国双方都是十分有利的 因此本题的正确选项应该为 B 选项 2010 湖南 A 篇 HOW TO TAKE LIPITOR DO Take Lipitor as prescribed by your doctor Try to eat heart healthy foods while you take Lipitor Take Lipitor at any time of day with or without food If you miss a dose 一剂 take it as soon as you remember But if it has been more than 12 hours since your missed dose wait Take the next dose at your regular time Don t Do not change or stop your dose before talking to your doctor Do not start new medicines before talking to your doctor 58 If it has been over 12 hours since you missed a dose you should A change the amount of your next dose B eat more when taking your next dose C have a dose as soon as you remember D take the next dose at your regular time 这是一篇药品说明书 我们在 58 题的题干中发现了一个很典型的表示时间的定位词 12 hours 对应到文中我们知道如果漏服了一剂药超过十二个小时以后应该在下一次正常服 药的时候服一次药即可 因此这里应该选择 D 选项 2010 全国 II A 篇 Brownie turned out to be more than just our family pet she went everywhere with us People would stop and ask if they could pet her Of course she d let anyone pet her She was just the most lovable dog There were many times when we d be out walking and a small child would come over and pull pm her hair she never barked 吠 or tried to get away Funny thing is she would smile This frightened people because they thought she was showing her teeth Far from the truth she lovely everyone 44 Some people got frightened by Brownie when she A smiled B barked C rushed to them D tried to be funny 这个题目的题干中我们只能找到动词 frightened 有可能充当定位词 在文中我们浏览 frightened 所在的前一句和后一句发现 Brownie 是因为 微笑 的时候露出牙齿才吓到别 人的 所以本题应该选择 A 选项 请注意 离散型细节理解题的解题步骤和技巧基本上与集中型是一致的 但是离散型 细节理解题在题干中除了告知特定的目标段落之外 往往找不到定位词 这就需要我们在 题干找不到定位词时 迅速的浏览一下选项 在选项中找到定位词 例如 2010 山东 C 篇 Rae Armantrout who has been a poetry professor at the University of California San Diego UCSD for two decades has won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize in the poetry category for her most recent book Versed I m delighted and amazed at how much media recognition that the Pulitzer brings as compared to even the National Book Critics Award which I was also surprised and delighted to win said Armantrout For a long time my writing has been just below the media radar and to have this kind of attention suddenly with my 10th book is really surprising Armantrout a native Californian received her bachelor s degree at UC Berkeley where she studied with noted poet Denise Levertov and her master s in creative writing from San Francisco State University She is a founding member of Language Poets a group in American poetry that analyzes the way language is used and raises questions to make the reader think In March she won the National Book Critics Circle Award for Versed This book has gotten more attention Armantrout said but I don t feel as if it s better The first half of Versed focuses on the dark forces taking hold of the United States as it fought the war against Iraq The second half looks at the dark forces casting a shadow over her own life after Armantrout was diagnosed with cancer in 2006 Armantrout was shocked to learn she had won the Pulitzer but many of her colleagues were not Rae Armantrout is a unique voice in American poetry said Seth Lerer head of Arts and Humanities at UCSD Versed published by the Wesleyan University Press did appear in a larger printing than her earlier works which is about 2 700 copies The new edition is scheduled to appear in May 66 According to Rae Armantrout A her 10th book is much better B her winning the Pulitzer is unexpected C the media is surprised at her works D she likes being recognized by her readers 我们发现 这是一个离散型细节理解题 题干中没有明显的定位词 文章主人公是 Rae Armantrout 全文贯穿她的话 所以 Rae Armantrout 不是定位词 所以我们这个时候 需要快速地浏览一下选项看看有没有我们需要的定位词 快速浏览之后 我们分别标记了 10th Pulitzer surprised recognized 作为定位词 根据出题顺序原则 我们然后带着这些 词语浏览文章的开头 很快就发现了这些定位词在文中出现的位置 A 选项属于过度推测 Rae Armantrout 只是说她的第十部作品获奖让她感到十分意外 这并不意味着这部作品就 更优秀 C 选项说媒体惊叹于她的作品 而实际上原文说 I was also surprised and delighted to win 这说明是 Rae Armantrout 自己为她的获奖感到惊讶 所以 C 选项是断章取 义地对文章作了错误的理解 D 选项 recognized 我们在原文中并没有找到 我们也不能推 测出她喜欢受到读者的认同 因此 D 选项也是过度推测 3 排除法 排除法是解答阅读理解题的另一个重要的方法 因为有的时候如果是给填空题让我们 做 我们也许不能填出正确答案 但是如果给出四个选项让我们选的话 我们可以通过对 比排除错误选项 那么怎样通过排除法做题呢 1 正确选项的特征 正确选项虽然一般不是原文照搬 但是一般是原文的改写 意思不变 如换一个同 义词 把否定改为肯定 把肯定改为否定等 2010 江苏 68 According to the passage the greatest challenge to the new high speed railway plan is A technical issues B safety of the system C financial problems D maintenance of railway tracks 我们在原文中发现了定位词 greatest challenge 的转化形式 key issue 原文是这样的 But the key issue is money 我们知道遇到转折连词时我们重点要看的是转折连词的后半部分 本题的正确答案实际上是 money 的转换形式 所以我们可以选择本题的正确答案 C 光了解了正确选项特点还不够 我们更需要知道错误选项为什么是错误的 这样才能 够洞察出题者的出题意图 规避有意给我们设置的陷阱 那么干扰项究竟有哪些特点呢 2 错误选项的特征 a 张冠李戴 把 A 事物的特点说成是 B 事物的 企图混淆视听 2010 江苏 A 篇 Other early surnames came from people s occupations The most common occupational name is Smith which means a person who makes things with iron or other metals In the past smiths were very important workers in every town and village Some other occupational names are Carter a person who owned or drove a cart Potter a person who made pots and pans 57 According to the passage the ancestors of the Potter family most probably A owned or drove a cart B made things with metals C made kitchen tools or contains D built houses and furniture B 选项是指 Smith 这个姓氏而不是 Potter 根据定位词所指示的句子 我们发现 Potter 是指生产壶和罐等厨房用具的职业 所以选择 C 选项 虽然这些器具都是金属的 但是以 生产金属制品为特点更确切的是 Smith b 断章取义 抓住一个字眼或细节做文章 对作者本意歪曲的理解 c 过度猜测 文中并没有出现和选项一致的直接信息 选项对文意进行了不切实际的 过度猜测 2010 全国卷 II B 篇 When you re lying on the white sands of the Mexican Riviera the stresses 压力 of the world seem a million miles away Hey stop This is no vacation you have to finish something Here lies the problem for travel writer and food critic 评论家 Edie Jarolim I always loved traveling and always liked to eat but it never occurred to me that I could make money doing both Comment 木木木木7 Kwon 的电池是 用的液态半导体 A 选项与其相反 of those things Jarolim said Now you can read her travel advice everywhere in Arts and Antiques in Brides or in one of her there books The Complete Idiot s Travel Guide to Mexican Beach Resorts Her job in travel writing began some eight years ago After getting a PhD in English in Canada she took a Test Frommer s travel guides passed it and got the job After working at Frommer s Jarolim worked for a while at Rough Guides in London then Fodor s where she fell so in love with a description of the Southwest of the U S that she moved there Now as a travel writer she spends one third of her year on the road The rest of the time is spent completing her tasks and writing reviews of restau