自考英语(二)讲义完整版

精品文档 1欢迎下载 自考英语 二 讲义完整版一自考英语 二 讲义完整版一 讲义一 Text A What Is a Decision I 课文内容简介 决策的目的是制定和实现组织目标 作决策的原因是有问题存在 目标和目的不正确 或者有某种东西防碍目标或目的的实现 作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要 决策者 必须具备从多个可供选择的可能性中确定最佳选择的手段 而多种目标的顺序和重要性也 部分地基于决策者的价值观 今天所作的决策可能会对将来产生深远的影响 因此 有经 验的管理者能从当前决策看到将来的效果 段落大意 课文分成三部分 第一 二段 决策的定义 The definition of decision 第三 四段 作决策的一般过程 The general process of making a decision 第五至九段 在管理层次上 多种因素影响决策的制定 Various factors influencing decision making at the managerial level II New Words organizational a 组织上的 goal n 目的 目标 objective n a 目标 目的 客观的 真实的 accomplish vt 完成 任务等 predict vt vi 预言 预示 accompany vt 伴随 陪同 implement vt 实现 完成 constraint n 强制 强制因素 precedent n 先例 前例 simplify vt 简化 tendency n 趋势 倾向 managerial a 经理的 管理人的 maker n 制造者 制造商 achievement n 完成 达到 attain vt 达到 完成 精品文档 2欢迎下载 optimal a 最适宜的 最理想的 suboptimization n 局部最优化 trade off n 权衡 物物交换 argue vt vi 争辩 争论 budget n vt 预算 scheme n vt 把 编入预算 define vt 解释 给 下定义 multiple a n 多样的 复合的 倍数 profitability n 赚钱 获利 correctness n 正确 正确性 unintended a 非计划中的 非故意的 ongoing a 进行中的 非故意的 entity n 存在 实体 skilled a 熟练的 有技能的 in the way 挡路 碍事 to make a guess at 猜测 and the like 等等 诸如此类 to seek to 追求 争取 in part 部分地 在某种程度上 point of view 观点 词汇精讲 1 goal n 目标 进球 球门 同义词 aim end purpose objective Her goal is a place at university 她的目标是在大学任教 2 objective n a 目的 目标 尤指较长远的目标 宗旨 客观的 如实的 派生词 object n 物体 反义词 subjective n a 主语 主观事物 主观的 用法 Her objective is to get a college education 她的目标是接受大学教育 If you don t work hard you ll never achieve your objectives 假如你不努力工作 你将永远达不到目的 Achieve 表示较难达到的目标 精品文档 3欢迎下载 It is an objective report 这是一篇如实的报道 3 accomplish v 完成 任务 等 The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes 学生们在不到 10 分钟内完成了任务 4 predict v 预言 预示 预告 同义词 forecast v 预测 预报 It s hard to predict when it will happen 很难预见这件事何时发生 5 accompany v 伴随 陪同 The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog 这位孤独的老人让他的狗做伴 All orders must be accompanied with cash 所有的订货单必须随付现金 派生词 company n 公司 v 陪伴 6 implement v 实现 实施 履行 诺言 等 The committee s suggestions will be implemented immediately 委员会的意见将立即贯彻执行 The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year 对全国医疗体系的改革将在明年进行 7 constraint n 限制 约束 They told the truth but only under constraint Constraint on the rules of grammer 他们说了实话但是有所保留 是被迫的 语法规则的限制 约束 8 tendency n 趋势 倾向 There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices 人们在家里而不是在办公室里工作的趋势日益增长 派生词 tend v 趋向 倾向 用法 tend to do sth He tends to get angry when people disagree with him 当人们不同意他的意见时 他很容易生气 9 achievement n 完成 成就 An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young 对一个如此年轻的人来说 获得奥运会银牌是个了不起的成就 精品文档 4欢迎下载 派生词 achieve v 完成 做到 达到 目的 实现 获得 He will never achieve his objectives if he doesn t work hard 如果他不努力 将会永远达不到目的 10 attain v 达到 获得 长期努力后而获得 同义词 obtain get 用法 She has made up her mind to attain her goal in life 她下定决心要达 到生活中的目标 The apple tree has attained to a great height 苹果树已长得很高了 11 optimal adj 最佳的 The sailors are waiting for optimal weather conditions before taking off 船员们正在等待出航的最佳天气条件 12 argue vt vi 争辩 争论 辩论 用法 作不及物动词用时 后边可以接 with about 或 over 就 争论 for 赞成 或 against 反对 She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues 她总喜欢为极小的问题进 行争论 He often argues philosophy with James 他常和詹姆斯讨论哲学 He argued for immediate action 他主张立即行动 They argued against such a policy 他们反对这种政策 作及物动词时 表示 说服 用辩论证明 的意思 I argued him out going on such a dangerous journey 我说服他不做这样危险的 旅行 He argued that man was descended from apes 他论证人类的祖先是猿 13 scheme n 计划 方案 He has got a crazy scheme for getting rich before he is 20 他制定了一个在 20 岁之前发财的疯狂计划 14 multiple adj 多样的 复合的 What the person does next is the result of the multiple influences to which they have been exposed 一个人下一步会做什么是他受到的多种影响的结果 精品文档 5欢迎下载 15 ongoing adj 进行中的 前进的 No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations one still ongoing 目前还没有达成任何协议 谈判仍在进行 16 entity n 存在 实体 He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity 他把这个国家的北方看成一个单独的文化实体 17 skilled adj 熟练的 有技能的 My mother is very skilled at in dress making 我母亲非常擅长做衣服 Phrases and Expressions 1 stand get be in the way 碍事 挡道的 妨碍人的 If you are not going to help at least don t get in the way 如果你不愿帮 忙 至少别妨碍人家 The chair is in the way please move it away 这把椅子挡着路 请把它移开 相关短语 in a way 在某种程度上 在某些方面 从某一点上看 in no way 决不 一点也不 in the way of 按照 就 而言 by way of 取道 经由 by the way 顺便问一下 2 to make a guess at 猜测 You might have been able to make a guess at who she was 你本来能够猜到她是 谁 Can you make a guess at the price 你猜得出价钱吗 3 to seek to inf 寻求 争取 Power stations are seeking to reduce their use of oil 发电站正在设法减少石油的使用 4 in part 部分地 有些部分 在某种程度上 This was in part due to financial difficulties 部分是由于财政困难 The responsibility was in part because of me 部分责任在我 精品文档 6欢迎下载 5 point of view 视点 视角 The book looks at college life from a student s point of view 这本书从一个学生的视角来看大学生活 6 to vary from to 从 到 不同 因 而异 Salary scales vary from state to state 工资级别因州而异 7 contribute to 把 贡献给 We ll contribute ourselves to this career after we graduate 我们毕业后将 为此事业作贡献 contribute to 导致 Smoking is the main factor contributing to lung cancer 吸烟是导致肺癌的主 要因素 8 be beneficial to 对 有利 Jogging is beneficial to our health 慢跑有利于我们的健康 Reciting passages is beneficial to improving oral English 朗读 背诵 短文段落对提高英语口语有利 III 课文精讲 第一部分 Para 1 A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists goals or objectives are wrong or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them 1 made from among alternative courses of action 是过去分词短语作定语 courses of action 行动方针 that are available 是定语从句 修饰概念短语 行动方针 2 The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists goals or objectives are wrong or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them 精品文档 7欢迎下载 此句是由 that 引导的表语从句 表语从句由 a problem exist goals of objectives are wrong 及 something is standing in the way of accomplishing them 三个并列句构成 The reason for is that 是一个常用的句子 例 The reason for canceling the travel is that they lack of money 取消旅行的原因是他们手头缺钱 The reason why 是另外一个常用的句子 例 There are 3 reasons why they are unwilling to discuss insurance 他们不愿意谈论保险的原因有三个 Para 2 Thus the decision making process is fundamental to management Almost everything a manager does involves decisions indeed some suggest that the management process is decision making Although managers cannot predict the future many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance but since uncertainty is always there risk accompanies decisions Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight at other times they are serious 3 a manager does 是省略 that 的定语从句 修饰先行词 everything 当先行词为 everything something anything nothing 等不定代词时定语从句 引导词不可用 which 此句的后半部分 some suggest that 是宾语从句 suggest v 认为 提出 建议 其后的宾语从句多用于虚拟语气 4 although conj 虽然 尽管 引导让步状语从句 例如 Although my car is very old it still runs very well 虽然我的汽车很旧 但是仍然跑得很好 require vt 要求 需要 后边由 that 引导一个宾语从句 5 Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance but since uncertainty is always there risk accompanies decisions make a best guess at 作出最佳猜测 at 表示动作或行为的方向和目标 如 look at 看 aim at 瞄准 目的是 throw a stone at 向 掷石头 shoot 精品文档 8欢迎下载 at 射击 laugh at 嘲笑 本句中 what the future will be 是一个介词宾语从句 作介词 at 的宾语 to leave sth to chance 凭运气 听任命运的安排 听其自然发展 as 形容词 或副词 as possible 意思是 尽可能地 尽量 as little as possible 尽可能少 I tried to be as friendly as possible 我尽量地表示友好 Come as quickly as possible 尽快来 since uncertainty is always there 是一个原因状语从句 risk accompanies decisions 风险伴随着决策 6 sometimes at other times 有时 而有时则 a poor decision 一个不良决策 第二部分 Para 3 Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives If there is no choice there is no decision to be made Decision making is the process of choosing and many decisions have a broad range of choice For example a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree For managers every decision has constraints based on policies procedures laws precedents and the like These constraints exist at all levels of the organization 7 选择 三个词的区别 alternative adj 两者或多于两者选一个 供选择的 n 替代物 choice 选自己喜欢的 挑出 选出 select 选出最好的 筛选 精选 8 由 if 引导的条件状语从句 主句中的不定式被动态 to be made 作定语 修饰 decision 9 range n 范围 a broad range of choice 一个很广的选择范围 10 For managers every decision has constraints based on policies procedures laws precedents and the like 本句中 based on 是一个过去分词作定语修饰 constraints 精品文档 9欢迎下载 be based on 表示 建立在 基础上 例 The book is based on a true story 这本书是以一个真实的故事为依据的 He was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge rather than guess or imagination 他第一个画出以当时所有的知识为基础的地图 而 不是基于猜测和想象 and the like 意思是 等等 之类的东西 例 He studied painting music English and the like 他学习了绘画 音乐 英语等等 11 at all levels 在各个层次 Para 4 Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made If there are no alternatives there is no choice and therefore no decision If no alternatives are seen often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done For example managers sometimes treat problems in an either or fashion this is their way of simplifying complex problems But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives 12 from which 引导定语从句 修饰 courses of action 行动方针 13 a thorough job of examining 一个彻底的考察工作 a thorough job 是主语 of examining the problems 修饰 job has not been done 是句子的谓语 thorough a 彻底的 through prep 通过 穿过 though conj 虽然 尽管 同 although thought n 思想 14 For example managers sometimes treat problems in an either or fashion either or 意思是 非此即彼 二者择一 例 We fight or we don t it s an either or decision 我们战斗或不战斗 这是二者择一的决定 精品文档 10欢迎下载 第三部分 Para 5 At the managerial level decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited 15 At the managerial level decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited 在 as well as 结构中 强调前者 limiting alternatives 不强调后者 译为 作决策包括限定选择和识别选择 或者译成 不仅包括识别选择还要包括限定 选择 除了包括识别选择外还有限定选择 practically ad 实际上 事实上 在口语中译为 几乎 简直 在本文中是几乎的 意思 例如 几乎是不可能 practically impossible Para 6 Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best that is which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach Because individuals and organizations frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals the best choice may depend on who makes the decision Frequently departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization Called suboptimization this is a trade off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function For example the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget In the larger scheme of things however increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization 16 An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach 一个省略 that 或 which 的定语从句 修饰 a state of affairs 事物的状态 事态 精品文档 11欢迎下载 to seek to do sth 追求 争取 寻求 设法 去做某事 17 Because individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals the best choice may depend on who makes the decision 本句中 because 引导了原因状语从句 在主句中 who makes the decision 是作 depend on 的介词宾语从句 18 Frequently departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization 两个 that 引导的都是定语从句 修饰 decisions less than 在此做状语 表示否定的含义 less than optimal 不太理想 例如 This job is less than perfect 这份工作不十分理想 完美 19 this is a trade off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function that 引导定语从句 修饰 trade off 权衡 increases 和 decreases 是定语从句的并列谓语 Para 7 These trade offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously Some of these objectives are more important than others but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department Different managers define the same problem in differentterms When presented with a common case sales managers tend to see sales problems production managers see production problems and so on 20 These trade offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously Because 引导的原因状语从句中 有一个 that 引导的定语从句 修饰 many objectives 21 Some of these objectives are more important than others but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department 精品文档 12欢迎下载 to department vary from to 表示各不相同的意思 例 The percentage varies from person to person 税收的 比例因人而异 22 When presented with a common case presented with 面对 过去分词短语前面加上 when 作时间状语 为了表示明确的时间或条件 有时常在分词前面加上 when while even if even though unless 等连词作时间 条件 让步等状语 详见语法要点 Para 8 The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based in part on the values of the decision maker Such values are personal they are hard to understand even by the individual because they are so dynamic and complex In many business situations different people s values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions 23 The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based in part on the values of the decision maker be based on 基于 取决于 in part 部分地 在某种程度上 对于多项目标的排序和重要性 部分地基于决策者的价值观 24 different people s values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions 两个 about 都是介词短语作定语 修饰前边的名词 不同人关于风险和收益可接受程度的价值观 导致了对于决策正确性的不同意见 Para 9 People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon But from a systems point of view problems have multiple causes and decisions have intended and unintended consequences An organization is an ongoing entity and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions 精品文档 13欢迎下载 25 People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon assume vt 认为 假定 设想 that 引导宾语从句 made today 过去分词短语作定语 今天作出的决策 far into the future 形容词短语作定语 对将来有深远的影响 27 Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions the skilled manager 一个干练的管理者 一个有经验的管理者 current a 当前的 现时的 n 流 水流 电流 气流 一个干练的管理者可以从当今决策看到未来的结果 附 重点句 1 The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists goals or objectives are wrong or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them 三个表语从句并列 第一段 2 Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance but since uncertainty is always there risk accompanies decisions 主从复合句 第二段 3 For managers every decision has constraints based on policies procedures laws precedents and the like 第三段 4 For example managers sometimes treat problems in an either or fashion 第四段 5 Because individuals and organizations frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals the best choice may depend on who makes the decision 主从复合句 第六段 6 Frequently departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger orgnization 第六段 7 Some of these objectives are more important than others but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department 第七段 8 When presented with a common case sales managers tend to see sales 精品文档 14欢迎下载 problems production managers see production problems and so on 第七段 Text B Secrets of Success at an Interview I New Words title 分析 Secrets 秘密 success n 成功 succeed v interview vt n 面谈 采访 面试 口试 criticism n 批评 评论 candidate n 候选人 候补者 应试者 vague a 含糊的 不明确的 notion n 概念 想法 看法 prospect n 展望 景象 前景 前程 community n 社区 共同体 unattractive a 无吸引力的 不引人注意的 indifference n 冷漠 不感兴趣 interviewer n 接见者 面谈者 personality n 个性 人格 品格 prospective a 预期的 未来的 speechless a 不会说话的 不说话的 clarification n 澄清 阐明 correspondence n 符合 一致 通信 photocopy vt n 复印 影印 照相复制本 resume n 摘要 梗概 个人简历 inefficiency n 无效 效能差 neat a 整洁的 简洁的 整齐的 conservative a 保存的 防腐的 保守的 守旧的 punk n 俚 阿飞 朋克 70 年代以来英国 美国的年轻人中的颓废派 a 颓废派的 miniskirt n 超短裙 panel n 专门小组 intimidate vt 恐吓 恫吓 clutch vt vi 抓住 握紧 精品文档 15欢迎下载 grip vt n 紧握 紧夹 掌握 控制 painful a 痛苦的 费力的 rephrase vt 重新措辞 改用别的话表示 词组 to apply for 申请 day to day day to day work 日常工作 to take the trouble to 不辞劳苦 费力 to put oneself in somebody s place 设身处地 to one s advantage 对某人有利 to ask for 请求 向 要 寻找 in hand 手头上有 to make sure 查明 弄确实 确信 at a disadvantage 处于不利地位 to turn down 拒绝 调小或调低 翻下 重点词汇词组讲解 1 interview vt n 面谈 采访 派生词 interviewer 采访者 interviewee 被采访者 view 观点 见解 风景 interview 面试 采访 preview 预习 review 复习 2 Criticism n 批评 评论 派生词 Criticize v 批评 critical a 挑剔的 批评的 关键的 3 prospect n 展望 景象 前景 There s not much prospect that the war will be over soon 这场战争很快结束 的可能性不大 4 indifference n 冷漠 不感兴趣 派生词 indifferent a 冷漠的 不感兴趣的 用法 indifference to 对 冷漠 5 inefficiency n 无效 效能差 派生词 efficient a 有效率的 efficiency n 效率 6 neat a 整洁的 简洁的 整齐的 You have got such neat handwriting 你的书写真工整 精品文档 16欢迎下载 7 conservative a 保存的 保守的 防腐的 I tend to be rather conservative in such matters 我在这些事情方面向来比较 保守 8 grip v 紧握 紧夹 掌握 控制 grip She gripped my hand in fear 她因害怕紧抓住我的手 相关的同义词 seize He seized my hand shook it 他抓住我的手 握着 握手 grab He grabbed the money and ran off 他 急速 抓过钱就跑了 逃之夭夭 grasp Grasp the rope with both hands 用双手抓牢绳索 hold He was holding a knife in one hand 他一只手抓着 握着 一把刀子 catch The child caught a bird 孩子捉了只鸟 arrest The police arrested a criminal 警察抓了个罪犯 9 to apply for 申请 I decided to apply for it 我决定去申请 26 An organization is an ongoing entity and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future an ongoing entity 一个发展中的实体 一个运作中的单位