学术英语(社科)-Unit1含答案

学术英语社科 AcademicEnglishforSocialSciences Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Lead inTextATextBListeningSpeakingWriting UnitContents Lead inReadingcritically questionsfordiscussion Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Lead in Readingcritically questionsfordiscussion Readingcritically Everytextiswrittenonapurpose somearesupposedtomakeyoubelieve Itisimportanttolearntoreadcriticallytogetthepoint Onewayoftrainingcriticalreadingistoaskyourselfthefollowingquestions Doyouagreewiththeauthor Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities WhatistheauthorassumingIwillagreewith Whatistheauthortryingtoprove Lead in Readingcritically questionsfordiscussion Doestheauthoradequatelydefendtheirargument Whatkindofproofdotheyuse Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Istheresomethingtheyleaveoutthatyouwouldputin Doesputtingitinhurttheirargument Lead in Readingcritically questionsfordiscussion Discussthefollowingquestions Howdoyoumakethedecisionthatyoutakethiscourse Whatdoyouconsiderwhenyoumakethisdecision Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities TextA KeytermsCriticalreadingandthinkingDifficultsentencesEnglishlanguageforacademicpurpose SpecializedvocabularyCollocationsFormalandinformalEnglishSignpostlanguage Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities TextA Keyterms rationalpeople 理性人Thosepeoplewhosystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives giventheavailableopportunities Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities marginalchange 边际变化smallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofaction marginalbenefit 边际效益theadditionalbenefitfromanincreaseinanactivity TextA Keyterms Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities marginalcost 边际成本theadditionalcostfromanincreaseinanactivity marginaldecision making 边际决策theadditionalcostfromanincreaseinanactivity incentive 激励somethingthatinducesapersontoact HowPeopleMakeDecisions Economists explanationaboutdecisionmaking Therearerulesbehindpeople sdecision makingbehaviors TextA Criticalreadingandthinking Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin TextA Criticalreadingandthinking Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Example1 standbyticketsWhatarationalairlinecando Situation Flyinga200 seatplaneacrosstheU S coststheairline 100 000 Costofeachseat 500 That stosay neversellaticketforlessthan 500 Suppose Aplaneisabouttotakeoffwith10emptyseats Astandbypassengerwillpay 300foraseat Question shouldtheairlineselltheticket Answer Yes Reason Iftheplanehasemptyseat thecostofaddingonemorepassengeristiny Herethemarginalcostismerelythecostofsomethingtoeat likepeanuts coco etc Conclusion Aslongasthestandbypassengerpaysmorethanthemarginalcost sellingtheticketisprofitable TextA Criticalreadingandthinking Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Example2 watervs diamondWhyiswatersocheap whilediamondsaresoexpensive Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities TextA Criticalreadingandthinking TextA Criticalreadingandthinking Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Conclusion Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin Theymakedecisionsbycomparingcostsandbenefits Areyouarationalperson Example1 thepriceofanappleHowpeoplerespondtoincentives Whenthepricerises Itprovidesanincentiveforbuyerstoconsumeless Itprovidesanincentiveforsellerstoproducemore TextA Criticalreadingandthinking Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Rationalpeoplerespondtoincentives Example2 ataxongasolineHowpeoplerespondtoincentives Encouragepeopleto drivesmall morefuel efficientcars carpool takepublictransportation liveclosertowheretheywork drivehybridcars driveelectriccars TextA Criticalreadingandthinking Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Example3 aseatbeltlawAmericanlawsrequireseatbeltsasstandardequipmentonnewcars Howaseatbeltlawaltersadriver scost benefitcalculation Peltzman sanalysis Seatbeltsreducethelikelihoodofinjuryordeath makeaccidentslesscostly drivefasterandlesscarefully alargenumberofaccidents TextA Criticalreadingandthinking Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Result Theselawsproducebothfewerdeathsperaccidentandmoreaccidents Conclusion1 Thenetresultislittlechangeinthenumberofdriverdeathsandanincreaseinthenumberofpedestriandeaths Conclusion2 Whenanalyzinganypolicy considerboththedirecteffectsandlessobviousindirecteffects Ifthepolicychangesincentives itwillcausepeopletoaltertheirbehavior TextA Criticalreadingandthinking Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Rationalpeopleknowthatwhentheymakeadecision itisoftennotayes or nochoice butrequiresdeliberateconsiderationoftheprosandcons TextA Difficultsentences Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Rationalpeopleknowthatdecisionsinlifearerarelyblackandwhitebutusuallyinvolveshadesofgray Para 2 Themostimportanttheoryineconomicstudyconcernsitselfwithincentives Othertheoriesarenotasimportant Therestiscommentary isaphraseusedinAmericanEnglishtomean therestistrivialorlessimportant TextA Difficultsentences Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Peoplerespondtoincentives Therestiscommentary Para 6 Atfirst thisdiscussionofincentivesandseatbeltsmightseemlikerandomtalknotsupportedbyevidence TextA Difficultsentences Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Atfirst thisdiscussionofincentivesandseatbeltsmightseemlikeidlespeculation Para 12 Specializedvocabulary rationalpeoplemarginaldecision makingmarginalchangemarginalbenefitmarginalcostnetresult TextA Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Collocations TextA Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities achievethehighlevelofsatisfactionmaximizeprofitsachieveobjectivesbeblackandwhiterollroundblowoffflystandbypuzzlingeconomicphenomenatakeanactionallocatescarceresourcesendupwithunintendedconsequencesidlespeculation FormalandinformalEnglish SeePage9 anddoTask3 TextA Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Signpostlanguage Showconnectionsbetweensentencesandparagraphs SeePage9 anddoTask2 TextA Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Signpostlanguage TextA Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Signalimportantpartsofacademicwriting suchasstructure writer sposition arguments conclusion Reportingsomeone sview Somepeople researcher s maintain s argue s assert s claim s point s out Signpostlanguage Disagreeingwithsomeone sview Idisagreewith that Theviewisopentodoubt notnecessarilytrue highlydebatable Oneofthemainargumentagainst isthat TextA Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Signpostlanguage Pointingoutagapinresearch Howeverlittleinformation Thesestudieshaveemphasized asopposedto Althoughconsiderableresearchhasfocusedon lessattentionhasbeengivento TextA Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Signpostlanguage Agreeingwithsomeone sview Iagreewith whenhewritesthat Xiscertainlycorrectinsayingthat Anotherpointinfavourof is Afurtherargumentsupporting is NB Inthefollowingunitsofstudy moreexampleswillbegiven TextA Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Task1Thetreediagrambelowillustratesthemainpointsofthetext Fillintheblanksaccordingtothetext TextA Suggestedanswers Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Decision makingbehaviorsineconomicactivities Thinkingatthemargincomparingmarginal andmarginal Respondingto Example1standbytickets Criticalreadingandthinking Example2 vs Example1thepriceofanapple Example2ataxon Example3 cost benefits water diamonds incentives gasoline seatbeltslaw Task2Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue T orfalse F TextA Suggestedanswers Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Criticalreadingandthinking F 1Whenrationalpeoplemakedecisionsinlife theyareverycertainofthechoice 2Atthetimeofexamination studentshavetodecidehowtousealltheirtimestudying 3Marginalchangesaresmallgradualchangesofthepresentplanofaction 4Theexampleofthestandbyflyistoldtoshowhowcostcanbeignored 5Diamondsaremoreexpensivethanwaterbecausepeoplearemoreattractedtothem F F F T Task2Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue T orfalse F TextA Suggestedanswers Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Criticalreadingandthinking T 6Thequotationofoneeconomist Peoplerespondtoincentives Therestiscommentary isgiventoshowtheimportanceofincentives 7Theexampleoftheappleshowshowfoodpricesvaryaccordingtomarketneeds 8Thegasolinetaxhasaneffectonpeople schoiceofcars 9Whentheseatbeltismadecompulsory peopledrivemorecarefully 10Policymakersneedtotakeintoconsiderationthelessobviousindirecteffectsofapolicy F F F T Task1Specializedvocabulary TextA Suggestedanswers Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Languagebuilding up MatchthewordsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBandthentranslatethephrasesyouhavegotintoChinese Task1Specializedvocabulary TextA Suggestedanswers Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Languagebuilding up MatchthewordsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBandthentranslatethephrasesyouhavegotintoChinese 1 2 3 4 5 6 marginalchange 边际变化 scarceresources 稀缺资源 maximizeprofits 最大化利润 netresult 净结果 levelofsatisfaction 满意度 rationalpeople 理性人 Task1Specializedvocabulary TextA Suggestedanswers Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Languagebuilding up TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish usingsomeofthephrasesabove 1我们明年的目标是获得利润最大化 2时间是一种稀缺资源 因此如果工人失业 他们的时间就浪费了 Weaimtomaximizeprofitsoverthenextyear Timeisascarceresource soifworkersareunemployedtheirtimeiswasted Task1Specializedvocabulary TextA Suggestedanswers Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Languagebuilding up TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish usingsomeofthephrasesabove 3理性人有非理性的想法吗 4满意度调查结果表明游客对某些服务不满意 Dorationalpeoplehaveirrationalthoughts Researchintosatisfactionlevelhasfoundthattouristsarenotsatisfiedwithsomeoftheservices Task2Signpostlanguage TextA Suggestedanswers Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Languagebuilding up MatchthesignpostlanguagefromTextAwiththepurposeeachofthemserves 1 2 3 4 5 6 e b d c a e Task2Signpostlanguage TextA Suggestedanswers Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Languagebuilding up Completethefollowingsentencesusingthesignpostlanguagelistedabove 1Heisnotwell knownforhisrespectforfactualaccuracy hewaslying 2Officescaneasilybecomemoreenvironmentally friendlyby usingrecycledpaper 3Wedon tlikethesituation But wehavetodealwiththisproblem inotherwords forexample atthesametime Task2Signpostlanguage TextA Suggestedanswers Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Languagebuilding up Completethefollowingsentencesusingthesignpostlanguagelistedabove 4Theireconomyhasexpandedenormously whileours hasdeclined 5 inthischapterthereisnogeneralformulaforthesolutiontothisquestion 6Thewholeteamdon twanttolosehim heneedstorealizethatcompanyregulationsmustbeobeyed bycontrast Aswewillsee Inthiscase Task3FormalEnglish TextA Suggestedanswers Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Languagebuilding up ReplacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA 1Asyoustudyeconomics youwillcomeacrossfirmsthatdecidehowmanyworkerstohireandhowmuchoftheirproducttomanufactureandselltomaximizeprofits Key 2Thereasonisthataperson swillingnesstopayforanygoodisbasedonthemarginalbenefitthatanextraunitofthegoodwouldproduce Key encounter yield Task3FormalEnglish TextA Suggestedanswers Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Languagebuilding up ReplacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA 3Anincentiveissomethingthatpersuadesapersontoact suchastheprospectofapunishmentorareward Key 4Manypolicieschangethecostsorbenefitsthatpeoplefaceand therefore changetheirbehavior Key 5Forexample considerpublicpolicyaboutautosafety Key induces alter regarding Task3FormalEnglish TextA Suggestedanswers Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Languagebuilding up ReplacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA 6Thedeclineinsafedrivinghasaclear badimpactonpedestrians Key 7Atfirst thisdiscussionofincentivesandseatbeltsmightseemlikeanidleguess Key 8Whenapersonwearsaseatbelt thelikelihoodofsurvivinganautoaccidentrises Key adverse speculation probability Task3FormalEnglish TextA Suggestedanswers Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Languagebuilding up Completethesentenceswithsomeoftheanswersyouhavegotintheaboveexercise 1Stresscanhavea n effectonpeople shealth 2Thisdoesn t thefactthatwhatyoudidwaswrong 3Hewarnedusthatwemight alotofoppositionattheverybeginning 4Somebelievethatsurgerycould aheartattack 5Hehasverylittletosay thenewEUregulations 6Knowingaboutthepastdoesn tnecessarily solutionstocurrentproblems adverse alter encounter induce regarding yield TextB CriticalreadingDifficultsentencesEnglishlanguageforacademicpurpose Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities NewAirportLandingFeesDelayed SeePage14 anddoTask1andTask2 TextB Criticalreading Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Anewfederalpolicy allowingairportstochargehigherlandingfeesduringpeakperiods Reasonforformulatingthispolicy encourageairlinestoarrangeflightsmoreevenlythroughouttheday thusreducingflightdelays TextB Criticalreading Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities TextB Criticalreading Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Yourreflectionsonthispolicy Itwillwork Itwon twork whichlastmonthcalledtheproposal congestionpricingdisguisedasanairportfee Para 13 TextB Difficultsentences Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities whichclaimedthattheproposalwasactuallychargingfeeforcongestionratherthanfortheairport Becausethecentralpolicyissueatstakehere influencingairlinemarketdecisionsthroughairportpricing isinherentlycomplexandhistoricallyhasbeencontroversial webelievethatitmeritsadditionaltimetofullydevelopcommentsreflectingtheviewsofindustrystakeholders Para 14 TextB Difficultsentences Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Thecentralpolicyissuewhichishowtoinfluenceairlinemarketdecisionsthroughairportpricinghasalwaysbeencomplexandcontroversial Henceitisnecessarytoallowmoretimeforthepartiesinvolvedintheindustrytophrasetheiropinionsthatmostclearlyexpresstheirviews Collocations reduce addresscongestionchargehigherlandingfeespeakperiodsreducedelaystakeeffectimplementmeasures TextB Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Collocations trafficvolumeon timearrivalratebesupportiveofaccommodaterequestsclearupambiguitygointoeffect TextB Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Listening PredictionstrategiesListeningtasks Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Predictionstrategies PredictionInsteadofrelyingontheactualwordsorsounds youusebackgroundinformationandcommonworldknowledgetodevelopexpectationsaboutwhatyouwillhearandthenconfirmorrejectthemasyoulisten Listening Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Predictionstrategies Listening Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Predictionstrategies Usevisualinformationincludingtitlesontheboard onslides orinaPowerPointpresentation Thinkaboutwhatyoualreadyknowaboutthetopic Askyourselfquestionsthatyouthinkthespeakermightanswer Listenforspecificphrases Task1Beforelistening lookatthefirstsentenceofthelectureyouaregoingtohearandpredictwhatwillfollow Writedownyourexpectation Listening Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Businessesarestructuredindifferentwaystomeetdifferentneeds Thesimplestformofbusinessiscalledanindividualorsoleproprietorship Theproprietorownsallofthepropertyofthebusinessandisresponsibleforeverything Listeningtasks Task2Listentothelectureagainandcompletethefollowingtableaccordingtowhatyouhaveheard Listening Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities Listeningtasks Individual sole Corporation soleowner limitedliabilitypartnership sharesofownershipbystockholders partlyresponsible shareholdersnotresponsible existonlyforaslongastheownersremainalive existonlyforaslongasthepartnersremainalive Task3Listentothelectureathirdtimeandchoosethecorrectanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions Listening Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities 1Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsfitsanindividualproprietorship ATheownerhastopayanydebtsalone BThecompanygoesbankruptwhentheownerdies CTheownerkeepsalltheprofitswithhisfamily DTheownercannotborrowmoney Key Listeningtasks A Task3Listentothelectureathirdtimeandchoosethecorrectanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions Listening Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities 2Whatisamustwhentwopeoplegointobusinesstogether ATheymustshareequalresponsibility BTheymustnotbehusbandandwife CTheymustdecidehowtosharethepartnership DTheymustbedoctors lawyersoraccountants Key Listeningtasks C Task3Listentothelectureathirdtimeandchoosethecorrectanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions Listening Unit1Decision MakingBehaviorsinEconomicActivities 3Whatistrueofacorporation AItisownedbydirectors BItalwayssellsstocks CItpaysitsshareholdersrewardseveryyear DItisanindependentlegalbeing Key Listeningtasks D Speaking U