英语阅读理解四类题型的提问方式及解题技巧.doc

英语阅读理解四类题型的提问方式及解题技巧1.细节题型【提问方式】Wh-特殊问句； From the text.,According to.,True/not true,划线词语、句子，简单计算、排列事件顺序、识图等。1.Which of the following is true/false/mentioned?2.What does the writer pay least attention to?3.Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.4.All of the following statements may be true/false except _.5.Which of the following is not the result of .?6.Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of .?7.Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of . / relationship of.?8.Which of the following maps shows the right way to get to .?9.Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what . is like?【解题方法】抓住提问中的关键字眼，仔细阅读相关细节的材料内容，一般可以在短文中直接找到或稍加归纳就可以找到正确答案。注意排除下列干扰项：(1)扩缩范围文章为了表达得准确严密，很注意对范围的限定。有的是通过加上相应的词语限制，如涉及到数量时常用many , almost all , nearly , more than , over ,only a few , normally等限制.有些干扰项是通过改变或去掉限定词语，甚至是扩大或缩小了语言范围。(2)偷换概念命题者设计试题时往往把原文的概念偷换成另一个不同的概念。望文生义是造成错误的主要原因。(3)正误并存在一干扰项中，某个句子或词语是正确的，其他分句或词语是错误的或表达不全面，正误并存，命题者借此以假乱真。要排除这类干扰项，只要一个选项局部有误或选项不全面，都属排除的干扰项。得分高招:1、要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就需要恰当地使用查阅的方法及技巧。查阅是在读者对材料有所熟悉的情况下进行的，它的特点是带着问题去寻找答案，它往往与略读综合使用，其具体方法与步骤如下：略读材料，大概了解原文，掌握其中心或主旨。按文章的体裁，作者写作的组织形式及有关的信息词预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实。竟将精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上，快速通篇阅读，眼睛自左至右，自上而下呈Z形扫视，直到找到细节出处，待找到含细节句子时，就要放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案。2、在平时训练备考中，应学会快速辨认和记忆事实或细节，可用查阅法，即带着问题寻找答案。3、运用查读法要注意：首先略读阅读材料，将注意力集中在与who，what，when，where , why , how问题有关的细节或数字方面。对一些细节，可一面阅读一面概括归纳，尽力记住这些主要细节，并留心它们所在位置。然后浏览材料及复读阅读材料，复读时通篇阅读，寻找与问题有关的细节。最后解答问题，确定答案。2.主旨大意题型【提问方式】What s the topic/subject of the text/the second paragraph？What is stated in.? The text is chiefly concerned with_。【解题方法】(1)最常用的方法是仔细研读短文的1、2两句-即短文的主题句，或辅以阅读各段的第1、2句-即段落中心句。此方法多适用于说明文、议论文。(2)记叙文等需要通读全文，抓住关键事或论题来归纳意思(常说明一个道理)。(3)全文末尾(段)找答案。此类文章的特点是以列举事实开头，通过论证，最后阐述核心观点。在处理文章标题的选择时，要避免下列三种错误：概括不够(多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小)；过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；以事实或细节代替抽象具体的大意。主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。常见的设题方式有：1标题类常见的标题型题干：1)The best title/ headline for this passage might be_.2)The text (passage) could be entitled _.3)What is the best title for the passage?4)Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?2 大意类常见的主题型题干：5) This passage chiefly deals with_.6) Whats the topic of the article?7) What is the subject discussed in the text?8) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?3 目的主旨大意题The authors main purpose in writing the passage is_.The passage is meant to _ The purpose of this article is _这类题通常围绕一个中心思想展开，不少文章一开头便展示出文章的中心思想，第一段常常是内容的梗概，同时又表达了中心思想，但是不少文章的中心思想贯穿全文，并没有用一句话明确表达出来，这就要求学生学会归纳概括。每个段落往往也由一个主题句或几个陈述句构成，它们在句中的位置不同，有时在开头, 首先点明本段大意; 有时在结尾, 总结本段大意。做这类题，首先要找出文章的主题句。找出文章的主题句，也就明确了文章要讲什么，再通过速读全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。另外在许多文段中，没有可以概括全段意义的主题句，必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节，进行全面分析，然后归纳成一般概念。但必须注意，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。A.主题句呈现的形式1）文首开门见山, 提出主题, 随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方式.例1.The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.例2.Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.2).文尾，在表述细节后, 归纳要点, 印象, 结论建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式例3.A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.3).文中，通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.例4.Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.4).首尾呼应，为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见. 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。例5.（首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career .“she said&O1472;（尾段）“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten bySnakes .”Shu said.5).无主题句，即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。例6.Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.Q: What is the main idea of the passage?A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education.分析此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的 details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是 除了以上主题句呈现的常见形式外还要注意标志词文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。如：on the whole, as a result, in short, therefore, thus.I agree with the opinion that.;Given all these points above, I would support the idea that.; For all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer.B.实例说明例1（文章请看推理判断例2，2003年全国高考）What would be the best title for the text?AComputers and Printers BE-mail and the Business WorldCInternet Revolution and Environment DModern Technology and New Markets分析本题考查对于全文主旨大意的把握并要求考生据此选择最佳标题全文的关键词应该是Internet和Environment，因此答案为C其余选项中的computers，printers，email，business world，technology，market都在文中提到了，但其作用只是为了阐明主题所需，答题时不可以点代面例2：As prices and building costs keep rising ,the do-it-yourself(DIY)trend（趋势）in the U.S. continues to grow. We needed furniture（家具）for our living room, says John Ross, and we just didnt have enough money to buy it .So we decided to try making a few tables and chairs. John got married six months ago ,and like many young people these days ,they are struggling to make a home at a time when the cost of living is very high .The Rosses took a 2-week course for $ 280 at a night school .Now they build all their furniture and make repairs around the house .Jim Hatfield has three boys and his wife died .Hs has a full-time job at home as well as in a shoe making factory .Last month ,he received a car repair bill for $ 420.I was deeply upset about it. Now Ive finished a car repair course ,I should be able to fix the car by myself. John and Jim are not unusual people . Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so the can fight the high cost of living .If you want to become a do-it-yourselfer, you can go to DIY classes .And for those who dont have time to take a course ,there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.（1998NMET）.What would be the best title for the text?A. the Joy of DIY B. You Can Do It Too!C. Welcome to Our DIY Course! D. Ross and Hatfield: Believers in DIY.分析根据首句As prices and building costs keep rising ,the do-it-yourself(DIY)trend（趋势）in the U.S. continues to grow.和尾句And for those who dont have time to take a course ,there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.可以知道答案为B例3：A university graduate described as a “respectable and intelligent” woman is seeking professional help after being convicted of （证明有罪）shoplifting for the second time in six months.Ana Luz, recently studying for her PhD, has been told she could end up behind bars unless she can control the desire to steal from shops .Luz ,who lives with her partner in Fitzwilliam Road ,Cambridge ,admitted stealing clothes worth 9.95 from John Lewis in Oxford Street ,London ,on March 9.Phillip Lemoyne ,prosecuting（起诉）,said Luz selected some clothes from a display and took them to the ladies toilet in the store .When she came out again she was wearing one of the skirts she had selected ,having taken off the anti-theft security alarms（防盗警报装置）.She was stopped and caught after leaving the store without paying ,Mr Lemoyne said.He added that she was upset on her arrest and apologized for her actions.Luz,28, was said to have been convicted of shoplifting by Cambridge judges last October ,but Morag Duff, defending ,said she had never been in trouble with the police before that .“She is ashamed and embarrassed but doesnt really have any explanation why she did this ,” Miss Duff said . “She didnt intend to steal when she went into the store .She is at a loss to explain it . She is otherwise a very respectable and intelligent young lady .She went to her doctor and asked for advice because she wants to know if there is anything in particular that caused her to do this.”Judge David Azan fined Luz 50, and warned : “Youve got a criminal record .If you carry on like this ,you will end up in prison ,which will ruin your bright future you may have.”Luz achieved a degree in design at university in her native Spain ,went on to a famous university in Berlin , Germany for her masters degree and is now studying for a PhD at Cambridge University ,UK.（2004福建）.What would be the best title for the passage ?AShoplifting Shame of a PhD Student BApologizing for the Actions in ShopsCSeeking Professional Help from Experts DControlling the Desire to Steal from Shops分析文章主要讲的是一个女博士生盗窃的事，唯有A答案(女博士的偷窃丑闻)点出了主题，其他答案均为细节的描述，不能成为正确答案例4：Since many of you are planning to study at a college or university in this country, you may be curious to know what you usually do in a typical week, how you can get along with your fellow students, and so on .These are the questions I want to discuss with you today.First, lets talk about what your weekly schedule will look like. No matter what your major may be, you can expect to spend between four and six hours a week for each class attending lectures. Lectures are usually in very large rooms because some courses such as introduction to sociology or economics often have as many as two or three hundred students, especially at large universities. In lectures, its very important for you to take notes on what the professor says because the information a lecture is often different from the information in your textbooks. Also, you can expect to have exam questions based on the lectures. So it isnt enough to just read your textbooks; you have to attend lectures as well. In a typical week you will also have a couple of hours of discussion for every class you take. The discussion section is a small group meeting usually with fewer than thirty students where you can ask questions about the lectures, the reading, and the homework. In large universities, graduate students, called teaching assistants, usually direct discussion sections.If your major is chemistry, or physics, or another science, youll also have to spend several hours a week in the lab, or laboratory, doing experiments. This means that science majors spend more time in the classroom than non science majors do. On the other hand, people who major in subjects like literature or history usually have to read and write more than science majors do.（2004重庆卷）.The main purpose of this text is .A. to help the students to learn about university life B. to persuade the students to attend lecturesC. to encourage the students to take part in discussions D. to advise the students to choose proper majors分析答案A B、C为细节，无论对错不能成为此类题型的答案.D.没有涉及到如何选择专业的问题you may be curious to know what you usually do in a typical week, how you can get along with your fellow students, and so on .These are the questions I want to discuss with you today.例5：Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed (无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each others hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Lets shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached.Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No. Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite. It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or-her. Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly- There is generally a misunderstanding (误解) among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved (保守的) in manner. But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese today. So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.（2005年安徽卷）The first paragraph mainly tells us _.A. where handshaking was first practicedB. how handshaking came aboutC. about the relationship between handshaking and tradeD. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China分析第一段主要讲述了握手的起源。答案BThe main purpose of the text is _.A. to tell us some differences between the East and the WestB. to offer us some important facts about handshakingC. to introduce us to some different customs in the WestD. to give us some advice before we travel abroad分析本篇讲述了在什么情况下握手比较得体，给我们提供了有关握手的事实。答案B3.推理判断题型【提问方式】The story suggests that_. It can be inferred that_。The story implies that _. It can be concluded that _。We can learn that _。【解题方法】推断题是考查学生透过文章表面的文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。学生不仅要弄懂文章的字面意思，更重要的是要知道文章的潜在涵义。【注意点】(1)那些文章中直接陈述的内容不能选，要选择根据文章推理出来的选项。(2)推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断未知；作出正确答案时一定要在文中找到依据或理由。(3)不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法；不要脱离原文主观臆断。 一、推理题常见的提问形式常以infer，imply，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，mean，describe，purpose等词提问。或提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如can，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的动词，如probably，most likely等。二、推理题的解题思路如何做好推理判断题？笔者以为，考生做题时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。首先，要求考生在阅读时，要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。在进行推理时，考生一定要仔细阅读短文，千万不可脱离原文而仅凭个人的看法，主观臆断。其次，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步增强理解能力，抓住材料实质性的东西。再次，在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题 思想 、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning方法，迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题 思想 作推断时，其解题的主要依据是文章的主题 思想 ，然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证(opinion and fact)、原因与结果(cause and effect)、主观点与次观点(main idea and supporting idea)。三、推理题的解题方法1. 抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。例 2003安徽春季D篇69. The text suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you _.A. suffer from poor healthB. feel tired and nervousC. dream more oftenD. breathe quickly解析 解题时抓住第一段After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the day. The rest that you get while sleeping makes it possible for your body to prepare itself for the next day. 中Sleep is necessary for good health.去理解。利用逆向思维，我们很容易推断出这一结论：一个人睡眠不足会对他的健康有害(suffer from poor health), 所以答案为。2. 整合全文（段）信息进行推断做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。例NMET1998 D篇65 Which of the following is the immediate cause of the sinking of the Bismarck？A The British air strikesB The damage done by the HoodC Gunfire from the British warshipsD Luetjens decision to run for France解析 德国军舰Bismarck号素有“不沉舰”的美称，然而最后还是“葬身海底”。造成这种下沉的直接原因是什么？短文中未直接陈述。这就需要我们利用短文中的信息综合起来去推断。德军舰第一次与英军舰交火后，But in the fight，the Bismarck was slightly damaged可见，英军舰Hood号给德军舰Bismarck号造成的损坏不足以使它下沉。故B不对。第一次交火后，德军舰Bismarck号上的指挥官Luetjens命令军舰驶向法国进行维修（Her commander decided to run for repairs to France，which had at that time been taken by the Germans），这更不是使它下沉的直接原因。D也不对。5月26日，英国空军发现 Bismarck并向Bismarck开火（Trying to slow the Bismarck down so that their ships could catch up with her，the British fired at her from the airThe Bismarck was hit），Bismarck被击中。正如文中所讲，英国空军主要是想拦截Bismarck号，使它减速，以便后面的英舰赶上。这表明英空军对 Bismarck开火也不足以使Bismarck下沉，A也不对。On the morning of May 27，the last battle was foughtFour British ships fired on the Bismarck，and she was finally sunk 5月27日四艘英国战舰赶到并一齐向Bismarck开火（Four British ships fired on the Bismarck），最后使她下沉（She was finally sunk）。这就是直接原因，故正确选项为C。3. 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨文意的基础上对文章进