《英语写作Lesson》PPT课件

Chapter4 DevelopingParagraphs FeaturesofaParagraph Whatisaparagraph Discussthefollowingquestion Whatisaparagraph Whatisaparagraph Isthefollowingsentenceaboutparagraphcorrect Aparagraphismadeupofaseriesofsentences Sample1Treescomplainasthestrongwindtearsattheirbranches causingthemtobendandhowdown Mr Greengoesthroughthesamemorningroutineeveryweekday Italsohasavariedlandscapewithdramaticmountains rockycoastlinesandrollinghills itgivesthefactanddescriptiontoshowhowbeautifultheIrishcountryis Atsixheiswakenedbyanalarmclockandgetsup Whatisaparagraph Readthefollowingsampleparagraphandanswerthequestion Whatisaparagraph Whatisaparagraph TheIrishcountrysideisverybeautiful ThereisapopularIrishsongwhichsaysthatthereare100differentshadesofgreenintheIrishlandscape andthisisnoexaggeration Thankstogenerousrainfall muchofthecountrysideiscoveredinrichgreenvegetation whichiswhyIrelandisalsoknownastheEmeraldIsle Italsohasavariedlandscapewithdramaticmountains rockycoastlinesandrollinghills Whatisaparagraph Aparagraphisagroupofrelatedsentencesthatdeveloponemainidea Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Analyzethesampleparagraphandanswerthefollowingquestion Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Whatisaparagraph TheIrishcountrysideisverybeautiful ThereisapopularIrishsongwhichsaysthatthereare100differentshadesofgreenintheIrishlandscape andthisisnoexaggeration Thankstogenerousrainfall muchofthecountrysideiscoveredinrichgreenvegetation whichiswhyIrelandisalsoknownastheEmeraldIsle Italsohasavariedlandscapewithdramaticmountains rockycoastlinesandrollinghills Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Theparagraphconsistsof sentences Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Thefeatureofthefirstsentence TheIrishcountrysideisverybeautiful Thefirstsentenceconcerningthetopicoftheparagraph soitisthetopicsentence Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Thefeatureofthesecondsentence ThereisapopularIrishsongwhichsaysthatthereare100differentshadesofgreenintheIrishlandscape andthisisnoexaggeration ItcitesthelyricsofasongemphasizingthemanydifferentshadesofgreeninIreland andgivesthefacttoshowhowbeautifultheIrishcountryis Itdevelopsthefirstsentence soitisthesupportingsentence Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Thefeatureofthethirdsentence Thankstogenerousrainfall muchofthecountrysideiscoveredinrichgreenvegetation whichiswhyIrelandisalsoknownastheEmeraldIsle ItgivesthereasonwhyIrelandisrichingreen andgivesthedescriptiontoshowhowbeautifultheIrishcountryis Itdevelopsthefirstsentence soitisthesupportingsentence Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Thefeatureofthefourthsentence Italsohasavariedlandscapewithdramaticmountains rockycoastlinesandrollinghills ItaddssomemoreinformationabouttheIrishlandscape ItgivesthefactanddescriptiontoshowhowbeautifultheIrishcountryis Itdevelopsthefirstsentence soitisthesupportingsentence Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Aftertheaboveanalysis wefindthatthewholeparagraphtalksaboutonethingoronetopic thebeautyoftheIrishcountryside Allthefoursentencesinitarerelatedtothiscentralidea andtonothingelse This therefore isourfirstfinding aparagraphshouldhaveone andonlyone centralidea Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Thiscentralideaisexpressedinthefirstsentenceoftheparagraph TheIrishcountrysideisverybeautiful TheotherthreesentencesgiveafewfactsordescriptionstoshowhowbeautifultheIrishcountrysideis Thefirstsentencementionsthetopicoftheparagraph soitisthetopicsentence Thisisthesecondfeatureintheparagraph Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Thereisinthefirstsentencethephrase theIrishcountryside inthesecond theIrishlandscape inthethird muchofthecountryside andinthefourth Italsohasavariedlandscape ThesewordskeepremindingthereaderthattheIrishcountrysideisbeingtalkedabout Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Besides thepronounthisinS2refersbacktothelyricsofthepopularIrishsongwhileitinS4tothecountryofIrelandmentionedinS3 Allthesedeviceshelptoconnectthefoursentencesandmaketheparagraphcoherent Sogoodconnectionbetweensentencesisthethirdfeatureofaneffectiveparagraph Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Thuswecansaythataneffectiveparagraphgenerallyhasthreefundamentalfeatures acentralidea atopicsentencethatexpressesthecentralidea andcloseconnectionbetweenthesentences Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Readthefollowingparagraphandidentifythethreefundamentalfeaturesofit thecentralidea thesupportingevidence howconnectionbetweensentenceisachieved Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Forgenerationsthekitchensofthevastmajorityofourhomeshaveactedaslivingroomkitchens ThesittingroomisreservedforSundayafternoonsandspecialoccasions Alltheweek dayactivitieshavetobecarriedoutinthekitchen Mealsareprepared cookedandeatenthere washing drying ironingandsewing allareusuallycarriedoninit Itisinthekitchenthatthechildrenmustdotheirhomeworkwhilefathersitswithhispaperbythefire andmothergetsoutthedarning Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Theparagraphconsistsof sentences five Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Thecentralidea Inthepastthekitchenservedasaliving roomaswellasakitcheninmostEnglishhomes whichisstatedinthefirstsentence Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Thesupportingevidence S2 TherealsittingroomisreservedforSundayafternoonsandspecialoccasions S3 Alltheweek dayactivitiesarecarriedoutinthekitchen S4 Childrenmustdotheirhomework fatherreadshispaperandmothergetsoutthedarningthere Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Theconnection Thewordkitchenanditspronounsthroughouttheparagraph Thesynonymouswords livingroominS1andsittingroominS2 ThecontrastbetweenSundayinS2andweek dayinS3ThedescriptionofactivitiesinS3andS4 Allthesentencesintheparagraph aswecanseeclearly arewellconnected Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Analyzethefollowingparagraph Thewindpicksupandbeginstohurlitselfthroughthosedesertedstreets Signboardsswayviolentlyfromside to side seemingalmosttowanttogowiththewindthatblowsthem Treescomplainasthestrongwindtearsattheirbranches causingthemtobendandhowdown Withthewindcomestherain Theterriblerainbeatsdown stinginganyoneunfortunateenoughnotyettohavereachedthesafetyofhome Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Thecentralidea thesceneofaviolentstorminthedesertedstreetofacity Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Thetopicsentence Thereisnotopicsentence thetopicisnotstatedinatopicsentencebutimpliedinthecontent Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Thesupportingsentences S1 Thewindpicksupandbeginstohurlitselfthroughthosedesertedstreets Itdescribesthestartofthewind Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Thesupportingsentences S2 Signboardsswayviolentlyfromside to side seemingalmosttowanttogowiththewindthatblowsthem S3 Treescomplainasthestrongwindtearsattheirbranches causingthemtobendandhowdown Theydepictindetailthesceneofthewind Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Thesupportingsentences S4 Withthewindcomestherain Itisthetransitionbetweenthewindandtherain S5 Theterriblerainbeatsdown stinginganyoneunfortunateenoughnotyettohavereachedthesafetyofhome Itdescribesthesceneofrain Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Theconnectionbetweensentences Thereisinthefirstsentencethephrase thewind inthesecond gowiththewindthatblowsthem inthethird asthestrongwindtearsattheirbranches inthefourth withthewindcomestherain andinthefifth theterriblerain Thesewordskeepremindingthereaderthatthesceneofstormisbeingtalkedabout Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Besides thefigurativeuseofthewords hurl complain tear stinging highlightstheviolenceofthestorm Whatisaneffectiveparagraph Compositionarebuiltwithideas andeachideaisdevelopedorexplainedinaseparateparagraph Theparagraphmaybelongorshort dependingupontheideaitdevelops butitmustmakeasinglepointthatthereadercangrasp Itmuststicktothatpoint Thequalitiesofaneffectiveparagraph Aparagraphshouldbeunified Itisimportantthateachparagraphdeveloponespecificideaandnomore Ifaparagraphdevelopsmorethanoneidea itfailstohaveunity Ifitdoesnotdevelopanideaatall itdoesnotfulfillitsfunction Readthefollowingexample Thequalitiesofaneffectiveparagraph 1 Ifeelquiteconfidentaboutthemathtestthatisscheduledfortomorrow 2 Theinstructorhastoldusexactlywhattostudy andmygradesonhomeworkhavebeengood 3 Afterthetest SusanandIaregoingtoeatandthengotoamovie 4 Sheistakingmeoutbecauseitismybirthday 5 Lastweekweweregoingtogotothehomecominggame butshewassickandwedidn tgettogo Thequalitiesofaneffectiveparagraph theparagraphhasnounitybecauseithasnosingletopic Itbeginswithamathtestanddriftsintothreedifferentthings themathtest hisupcomingdatewithSusan andthemisseddatelastweek eachofthesetopicsmightbedevelopedintoaparagraphorevenacompletestory butallthreecertainlydonotbelongtogethertoonesentence Thequalitiesofaneffectiveparagraph Ifeelquiteconfidentaboutthemathtestthatisscheduledfortomorrow Theinstructorhastoldusexactlywhattostudy andmygradesonhomeworkhavebeengood Infact IsupposethatmathhasalwaysbeenoneofthesubjectsthatIenjoythemost Ihavealreadyspenttwohoursreviewingpages100 140 TonightSusanandIwilldevoteanotherhourortwopractisingsomeofthesampleproblems ThenIwillbeready Thequalitiesofaneffectiveparagraph Thisparagraphisnowunifiedbecauseeachofthefivesupportingsentencescanbedirectlylinkedwiththecontrollingidea Thecontrollingideaisusuallyindicatedbyasinglewordorphraseinthetopicsentence whichisknownasthekeyword s Theunityofaparagraphwouldbedestroyedbyinsertinganysentencethatisnotrelatedtothekeyword s inthetopicsentence Thequalitiesofaneffectiveparagraph Inthisparagraph thekeywordisconfident Alldetailsarepresentedtosupport develop andexplainthestudent sconfidence Thequalitiesofaneffectiveparagraph Aparagraphmustbecoherent Toproduceagoodparagraph inadditiontounity weneedcoherence Coherencemeansthewell connectednessofwordsandsentencesinaparagraph achievedthroughtheproperarrangementanduseofcertainwords Readthefollowingexample Thequalitiesofaneffectiveparagraph Mr Greengoesthroughthesamemorningroutineeveryweekday Heshaves brusheshisteeth washeshisface anddresses Hehasbreakfastandreadsthemorningnewspaper Atsixheiswakenedbyanalarmclockandgetsup Atseventhirtyhesaysgood byetohisfamilyandleavesforhisoffice Heexercisesdeep breathinginthegardenfortenminutes Thequalitiesofaneffectiveparagraph Thoughitisabsurd theparagraphhasunitybecauseallthesentencesareaboutonetopicstatedinthetopicsentence Mr Greengoesthroughthesamemorningro