重庆市北大附中重庆实验学校高三英语《高考英语语法：被动语态》课件

高三英语总复习语法系列训练 被动语态详解 一 语态分类 英语动词有两种语态 主动语态和被动语态 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者 如 Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver 主动 Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver 被动 汉语中常用 被 给 由 受 等词用来表示被动 而英语用 助动词be 及物动词的过去分词构成 二 被动语态的时态 人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上 其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样 以give为例 列表如下 一般现在时 am is are given一般过去时 was were given一般将来时 shall will given一般过去将来时 should would given现在进行时 am is are being given过去进行时 was were being given现在完成时 have has been given过去完成时 had been given将来完成时 shall will havebeen given过去将来完成时 should would havebeen given 注 被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时 三 被动语态常用的八种时态1 一般现在时 Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry Theschooldoesn tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher Wearenotallowedtoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher 2 一般过去时 Theyagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfactorylastmonth Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth Thestudentsdidn tforgethislessonseasily Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten 3 一般将来时 Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea Carswillbesentabroadbysea Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool leavers Plentyofjobswillbegiventoschool leavers 4 过去将来时 Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonaspossible Theworkerstoldmethatthecarwouldbemendedassoonaspossible 5 现在进行时 TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio Wearepaintingtherooms Theroomsarebeingpainted 6 过去进行时 Whydidn ttheydrivethereontime Becausetheworkersweremendingtheroad Becausetheroadwasbeingmended Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear 7 现在完成时 Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetmightbeputoff Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetmightbeputoff Wehavebroughtdowntheprice Thepricehasbeenbroughtdown 8 过去完成时 WhenIgottothetheatre Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets WhenIgottothetheatre Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout Thewholecountrywasverysadatthenewsofhisdeath Peoplehadconsideredhimtobeagreatleader Hehadbeenconsideredtobeagreatleader 9 含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的被动语态是由 情态动词 be 及物动词的过去分词 构成 Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer Agreatmanyletterscanbewrittenwiththecomputerbyhim 四 被动语态的使用1 当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时 常用被动语态 这时往往不用by短语 Mr White thecupwithmixturewasbrokenafterclass 只是告诉老师杯子坏了 不知是谁弄坏的 或不想说出谁弄坏的 2 突出或强调动作的承受者 如果需要说出动作的执行者 用by短语 TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul 3 当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者 也不是动作的承受者时 这时常用in 名词作状语 而代替by短语 ThesecarsweremadeinChina 15 000carswillbeproducedeachyearinthenewfactory 五 主动语态变被动语态的方法 1 Myauntinvitedmetoherdinnerparty 主语谓语宾语 Iwasinvited bymyaunt toherdinnerparty 主语谓语宾语 2 Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool 1 把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语 2 把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be 过去分词 时态要与原句保持一致 3 把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语 放在被动语态里谓语动词之后 by短语可以省略 如果原句主语是地点名词 在被动语态中用in 地点名词作状语 六 语态转换时所注意的问题1 把主动语态变为被动语态时 其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致 其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致 Wehaveboughtanewcomputer Anewcomputerhasbeenbought 正确 Anewcomputerhavebeenbought 错误 2 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时 可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语 另一个不动 一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多 Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday 如果把直接宾语 指物 改为主语 则在间接宾语 指人 前加适当的介词 如上句还可以说 Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday 保留宾语 注意 一般在下列动词后 常在间接宾语前用介词to 如 bring give hand lend offer pass pay promise sell show take teach tell等 Thecupwithmixturewasshowedtotheclass Mybikewaslenttoher 一般在下列动词后 间接宾语前用介词for 如 build buy cook cut choose do fetch find fix get keep make order paint play sing等 Mothermademeanewskirt Anewskirtwasmadeforme Themeatwascookedforus Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus 有些既不用to也不用for 根据动词与介词的搭配关系 Heaskmeaquestion Aquestionwasaskedofme PeopleallovertheworldknowtheGreatWall TheGreatWallisknowntopeopleallovertheworld 不用by短语 3 由动词 介词或副词构成的短语动词 要把它们作为整体看 即把它们看成一个及物动词 介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉 这类动词有 不及物动词 介词 如 agreeto askfor laughat operatedon listento lookafter thinkof talkabout等 Thepatientisbeingoperatedon Theproblemissolved Itneedn tbetalkedabout 及物动词 副词 如 bringabout carryout findout giveup handin makeout passon pointout putaway putoff thinkover turndown workout turnout等 Hisrequestwasturneddown Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather 4 带复合宾语 宾语 宾补 的动词改为被动语态时 一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语 而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面 如 Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean Shetoldustofollowherinstructions Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions 注意 在see watch hear notice listento lookat make feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to 但改成被动语态后都带to 这时不定式为主语补足语 也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题 Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar 注意 带有复合宾语的句子 如果宾语补足语是名词 变被动句时 应将宾语变为主语 不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语 如 TomatoeswerefirsttakenbacktoEuropeandpeoplecalledthemloveapples 误 Loveappleswerecalledthem 正 Theywerecalledloveapples 5 还有一种短语动词由动词 名词 介词构成 变被动语态有两种形式 如下 1 Wetakegoodcareofthebooks Thebooksaretakengoodcareof Goodcareistakenofthebook 2 Youmustpayattentiontoyourpronunciation Attentionmustbepaidtoyourpronunciation Yourpronunciationmustbepaidattentionto 用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有 catchsightof makeuseof payattentionto setfireto takecareof takeholdof takenoticeof keepaneyeon等 6 当主动句的主语是nobody noone等含有否定意义的不定代词时 被动句中将其变为anybody 作by的宾语 并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态 如 Nobodycananswerthisquestion 误 Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody 正 Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody 7 当否定句中的宾语是anything anybody anyone等不定代词时 在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing nobody noone作主语 并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态 如 Theyhaven tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean 误 Anythinghasn tbeendonetomaketheriverclean 正 Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean 8 以who为主语开头的疑问句 变被动时 用bywhom放在句首 Whowrotethestory 误 Whowasthestorywritten 正 Bywhomwasthestorywritten 9 有些动词既是及物又是不及物 当它们和well badly easily等副词连用时 表示主语内在品质或性能 是不及物动词 用主动表示被动 这时不用被动语态 常见的有 write read clean sell wash cook等 如 Theclothwasheseasily 这布很好洗 Thenewproductsellswell 这新产品很畅销 Thepenwritessmoothly 这支笔写字很流畅 对比 Thebookssellwell 主动句 Thebooksweresoldout 被动句 Themeatdidn tcookwell 主动句 Themeatwascookedforalongtimeoverlowheat 被动句 10 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句 第一 感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义 如 feel look seem taste sound remain等 Doyoulikethematerial Yes itfeelsverysoft 误 Itisfeltverysoft Thefoodtastesdelicious 误 Thefoodistasteddelicious Thepopmusicsoundsbeautiful 误 Thepopmusicissoundedbeautiful 第二 谓语是及物动词leave enter reach suit have benefit lack own等 如 Heenteredtheroomandgothisbook 误 Theroomwasenteredandhisbookwasgot Shehadherhandburned 误 Herhandwashadburned 第三 一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态 如 takeplace breakout belongto loseheart consistof addupto等 如 Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding 误 Thefirewasbrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding 第四 不及物动词没有被动语态 如 ri