大学英语专业英语写作课件

TEM4Composition 高校英语专业四级考试大纲将写作分成两个部分 SectionA Composition测试目的 检查学生在基础阶段末期的英语写作能力 测试要求 根据所给的题目及具体要求 写一篇200字左右的短文 测试时间 35分钟测试短文类别 说明文 议论文或记叙文 评阅标准 内容切题完整 条理清楚 意思明确 文章结构严谨 语法正确 语言通顺恰当 CompositionMarkingCriteria 15points 文章内容切题 思想表达清楚 行文通顺流畅 论证严密 论据充分 基本上无语言错误 14 12points 文章内容切题 思想表达清楚 语言比较通顺 连贯 只有极少量语法错误 11 9points 文章内容基本切题 尚能表达中心思想 但说理不够清楚 文字连贯不够好 有少量语法错误 8 6points 基本切题 思想表达不够清楚 连贯性差 语言错误多 5 3points 文章条理不清 语言缺乏连贯 句子错误很多 或语言虽通顺流畅 但完全偏题 注 白卷 作文与题目毫不相关 或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想 则给0分 1 如题目中给出主题句 起始句 结束句 均不得计入所写字数2 只写一段者 0 4分 只写两段者 0 9分 指规定三段的作文 长度计分标准 170 150词 扣1分130 150词 扣2分110 130词 扣3分90 110词 扣4分90词以下 至多给5分 经原国家教委批准 四 六级考试已从1997年6月份起采用 作文最低 制计算成绩 其中足见国家对提高大学英语写作能力的重视程度 按规定 考生作文若为0分 无论其总分是否高于60分 均作不及格处理 若其作文分高于0分 低于6分 报导成绩时 需从总分中减去6分 再加上实得作文分 也就是说 要从总分中减去实得作文分与6分之间的差额部分 英语专业四级考试委员会要求阅卷人员评分时综合考虑以下四个问题 1 作文是否体现主题思想 即是要求作文文章切题 全文统一 无不相关细节内容 2 组织结构是否合理 主要体现在全文条理清楚 组织连贯和谐 善于使用衔接语以增强文章的逻辑性 3 语言文字是否有重大错误 4 卷面布局是否整洁 2006年TEM 4作文试题及样卷评分 Topic RecentlyaBeijinginformationcompanydidasurveyofstudentlifeamongmorethan700studentsinBeijing Guangzhou Xi an Chengdu Shanghai Wuhan NanjingandShengyang Theresultshaveshownthat67percentofstudentsthinkthatsavingmoneyisagoodhabitwhiletherestbelievethatusingtomorrow smoneytodayisbetter Whatdoyouthink Instructions Writeacompositionofabout200words Youaretowriteinthreeparts Inthefirstpart statespecificallywhatyouropinionis Inthesecondpart supportyouropinionwithappropriatedetails Inthelastpart bringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionorasummary Youshouldsupplyanappropriatetitleforyourcomposition Markswillbeawardedforcontent organization grammarandappropriateness Failuretofollowtheinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks Sample1 TheGoodHabitNowadays moreandmoreyoungpeoplethinkthatitisbetterthatusingtomorrow smoneytodaythansavingmoney whileinmyopinion Ithinkit sright Forthefirst ourcontrairhastodevelop Soitcallsustousemoremoneytoletthenationdevelop Andthen thatmaymakeourlifemorecomfortable Forexample Iheardastory Therearetwoman Ausetomorrow smoneytobuyanewhouse ashehastopaymoneytothebankeverymonths whileBstartkeepingmoney Twentyyearslater Bfinallykeepingenoughmoneytobuyanewhouse butAhasbeenlivedinitfortwentyyearsandpayenoughmoneytothebank Attheend ifwehavetheabililetopaythelist whywedon tusetomorrow smoneytoletourlifemorewonderful So that swhatIthink 5 6分 结构基本符合 但语言过于简单 语法错误多 内容模糊不清 题目不正确 字数少于170 举例不可信 举例应该真实可信 比如亲身经历 朋友体验或者名人轶事等 文章结尾太简单 Sample3 SavingMoneyisaGoodHabit Ithinksavingmoneyisagoodhabit Becausesavingmoneycanmakeyoulearnhowtouselessmoneytobuymorethings Savingmoneycanmakeyoubecomearichman Ifsomethinghappenoneday youmustusesomemoneytosolvetheproblem butnobodycanlendtoyouthemoney Yoursavingmoneycanhelpsolvetheproblem Nowdays somestudentsusetheirparents moneytobuyalotofunnessarythings Suchas Somestudentschangetheirmobilphoneeverymonth It snotagoodhabit Althoughtheirparentshavealotofmoney theycan tusemoneyinthatway It swasteofmoney Ifyousavemoneyasahabit Youcanthinkcarefullybeforeyoubuyeverything Thisthingisnecessaryforme CanIbuythecheaperone Allthosequestionscanbeaskedbyyourself Ifyouwanttobuyaveryusefulthing butyoudon thaveenoughmoney youcansavemoneyforit Aftersometime youcanbuyitforyour self Savingmoneyisagoodhabit Itmakeyoubecomerich Itmakeyoulearnhowtouselessmoneytobuymorethings 本卷得分8 9分 文章基本切题 结构基本正确 但语言简单 重复动词 语法错误多 开始段没有引入主题 而是直接提出作者观点 太突然 而且有许多非完整句 文章没有深度 思考肤浅 Sample2 Savingmoneyisagoodhabit Theotherday Iheardaconversationbetweenaboyandagirl Whyareyoualwayslackofmoney AsfarIknow yourparentsgiveyouamplemoneyforyourdailylife saidthegirl Yes Ialwaysusetomorrow smoneytoday Saidtheboy It sabadhabit andyoushouldyourmoney thegirlshouted Thisisaverycommonphenomenonamongtheuniversitystudents Owingtotheirargument certainly Iaminfavorofthegirl sview Whatpossiblycontributestothepreferencecanbelistedasfollow Inthefirstplace moneyisveryimportantforus Weusemoneybuyfood buyclothesandsoon But moneyisveryprecious becauseit sveryhardtomakemoney Somoneyshouldbeusedwhenit snecessary Inthesecondplace therearesomanypoorchildrenwhoquitschoolforlackofmoneyinpoorreligion Soit sverysignificanttosaveourmoneytohelpthosepoorchildren Andtheyarelookforwardtoyourhelp Thelastbuttheleastimportantisthatifyoualwaysusetomorrow smoneytoday youwillformabadhabit Butyourmoneyislimited Soyoumayrobothersofmoney Inshort Iholdafirmbeliefthatsavingmoneyisagoodhabitandweshouldkeepitforever It sthehightimethatwetooksomemeasurestosavemoney 9 10分 文章切题 结构正确 有内容 有句式变化 但语法错误多 随意 粗心漏词 说理缺乏逻辑 比如很多小孩失学不是我们需要节约用钱的理由 再比如钱不够用就会去抢别人的钱吗 文章的入题不错 但故事交代很马虎 语言也很平凡 且不够简练 文章结尾主题被简单重复 思想没有升华 Sample4 SavingMoneyorUsingTomorrow sMoney AsurveybyaBeijinginformationcompanywhichistorevealhowstudentsthinkofthewaytodealwithmoneydidrecently withtheresultthat67percentofstudentsthinkthatsavingmoneyisagoodhabitwhiletherestbelievethatusingmoneyoftomorrowtodayisbetter AsfarasIamconcerned itdepends Firstofall savingmoneyisagoodhabitoftraditionalconcept whichmakespeoplefeelsecure However usingtomorrow smoneytodayissuggestedandcouragedaccordingtosociety sneeds Economicscandeveloprapidlybythegreatamountofmoneyusedbypeople Thatistosay people sconsumptionurgetheeconomicstodevelop Secondly differentpeoplehavedifferentlifegoals Somepeopleprefertoworkhardwhentheyareyoungandthenenjoythehappyandrichlifewhentheyareold Otherswouldliketoenjoylifeeveryminuteanddonotthinkaboutthelifeaftertheyretirefromtheircompany Theybelieve timeismoney astheproverbgoes Therefore itgoeswithoutsayingthatnotenjoyingtoday slifeisagreatpityforthem Moneycanbeearnedafterit sspent whiletimepastwillnotcomeback Allinall savingmoneyorusingtomorrow smoneytodaydependsonpeople sperception Thepassitiveofsavingmoneydoesnotoutweighthatofusingtomorrow smoneytoday Inaword peoplecoulddealwithmoney accordingtotheirthoughts 11 12分 文章切题 结构正确 内容充实 观点有代表性 语言通畅 但长句有一点语法错误 单词和拼写有个别失误 Sample5 Thereisnoconcensusamongthepeopleontheissueofthechoicebetweensavingmoneyandusingtomorrow smoneytoday Theattitudestowardthisproblemvaryfrompersontoperson Andinmyhumbleopinion itisessentialforustosavemoremoneytodayinsteadofusingtomorrow smoney Therearemanyreasonsthatmayaccountformypoint andthefollowingarethemostconspicuousaspects Tostartwith weChinesepeopleboastagoodtraditionofbeingeconomical ThetraditionalChinesecultureregardswasteasapoormoralstandard Asauniversitystudent weneedtokeeponcarryingforwardournation sfinemoralstandard i e saving Andsavingmoneyisconducivenotonlytothecultivationofagoodmoral butalsotoreleasetheheavyburdenresultingfromsomeaccidentsinthefuture Inotherwords savingtoday smoneycouldmeetoururgentneedofitinthefuture Lastbutnotleast thefiercecompetitionwe llfaceafterwegraduateisfullofuncertainties Oncewecouldnotfindajobwhichoffershighsalaries itwillbeimpossibleforustoreturnthemoneytothecreditors Toputitintoanutshell Iamagreatbelieverthatsavingmoneyisagoodhabitbecauseitreallyexertspositiveimpactsonboththepresentandthefuture 本卷得分12分 语言通畅 词汇丰富 观点明确 条理清楚 结构正确 但有少量语法错误和拼写错误 没写题目 如果有题目可给13分 CharacteristicsofaGoodComposition RobertKaplan TheclassicorganizationalpatternthatreadersofEnglishexpectisastraightlineofdevelopmentwhichincludes introductions mainideas topicsentences supportingdetails conclusions etc Thisorganizationalpatterncanbestatedsimply Tellyouraudiencewhatyouaregoingtotellthem thentellthem thentellthemwhatyoutoldthem 1 Acompositionmusthaveunity Allthefactsandalltheideasinanessayshouldcontributetothepresentationofitsthesisorcentralthought Irrelevantthings howeverinterestingtheyare shouldbeexcluded 2 Eachparagraphshouldhaveonecentralthought Allparagraphsmustbearrangedinsomekindoforder sothatoneparagraphleadsnaturallytoanothertoformanorganicwhole 3 Proportionisasimportanttoanessayasitistoapainting Theessentialpartofanessayisthebodyorthemiddlepart Itwillbejustrighttogivethispartaboutseven or eight tenthsofthetotalspace SomePrinciplesofOrganization OrganizationofanEssay Isthereaclearlystatedpurpose objective Arethereeffectivetransitions Aretheintroductionandconclusionfocusedonthemainpointoftheessay Asareader canyoueasilyfollowthewriter sflowofideas Iseachparagraphfocusedonasingleidea Atanypointintheessay doyoufeellostorconfused Doanyoftheideas paragraphsseemoutoforder tooearlyortoolatetobeaseffectiveastheycould StepsinWritingaComposition Prewriting choosingatopicandexploringideas Writingthefirstdraft gettingyourideasonpaper Revisethefirstdraft Strengthenyourcomposition Makingthefinalcopy Prewriting choosingatopicandexploringideas Itisimportanttonotethatwritingisaprocess nota product Thismeansthatapieceofwriting whetheritisacompositionforyourEnglishclassoralabreportforyourchemistryclass isnevercomplete thatis itisalwayspossibletoreviewandrevise andreviewandreviseagain 1 ChoosingandNarrowingaTopicIfyouaregivenaspecificwritingassignment suchasanessayquestiononanexamination whatyoucanwriteaboutislimited Ontheotherhand whenyouaregivenafreechoiceoftopicsandcanwriteaboutsomethingyouareinterestedin youmustnarrowthetopictoaparticularaspectofthatgeneralsubject 1 ChoosingandNarrowingaTopic GeneraltopicEnvironmentPollutionSpecifictopicOceanPollutionVeryspecifictopicEffectsonSeaLife 2 BrainstormingAfteryouhavechosenatopicandnarrowedittoaspecificfocus thenextprewritingstepistogenerateideas Thisisdonebyaprocesscalledbrainstorming Althoughthesebrainstormingactivitiesmayseemunnecessaryatfirst afterdoingthemafewtimes youwillrealizetheirusefulness Brainstormingforideascangetyoutostartwritingmorequicklyandsaveyoutimeinthelaterstagesofthewritingprocess Listingisabrainstormingtechniqueinwhichyouthinkaboutyourtopicandquicklymakealistofwhateverwordsorphrasescomeintoyourmind II Prewriting Writedownthegeneraltopicatthetopofyourpaper Thenmakealistofeveryideathatcomesintoyourmindaboutthattopic Keeptheideasflowing Usewords phrases orsentences Rewritethelist groupsimilarideastogetherandcrossouritemsthatdon tbelongorthatareduplications Listing II Prewriting communicationproblems homelesspeopleshockingsight poorverbalskills familiesdon tspendtimetogether childrendisrespectful classroomenvironment newlanguage unclearexpressions Americanfamilylife publictransportationisnotgood lackvocabulary usefirstnameswithteachers showaffectioninpublic collegeprofessorswearjeans Americanstalktoofast studentsaskquestions theyarefriendly noformaldresscode useslangandidioms professor srole everyoneeatsfastfood studentscanchallengeprofessors Nowrewriteyourlistandgroupsimilarideastogether Nowcirclethemainideaandcrossoutirrelevantitems 3 Thinkingofaproperthemeanddecidingonourpurpose Alloutlinesshouldbeginwithathesisstatementofsummarizingsentence Thisthesissentencepresentsthecentralideaofthepaper Itmustalwaysbeacomplete grammaticalsentence specificandbrief whichexpressesthepointofviewyouaretakingtowardsthesubject Thethesisofacompositionisitsmainpointoritscentralidea Afterthat youshouldlookatthelistoffactsagain eliminatethoseunnecessaryorunimportantones rearrangetheminalogicalorder andwriteanoutline 4 Makeanoutline Oncethethesisisformulated certainfactsonthelistwillbecomemoreimportantthanothers whileafewmayseemirrelevant Afterthosesuitableitemsarepickedout anoutlinemaybeprepared Supposethetopicassignedis TheSchoolLibrary Topic TheSchoolLibraryThesis Thelibraryplaysaveryimportantpartinastudent slife Outline I Astudenthastoborrowbooks fromthelibrary A Heneedsreferencebooksforhiselectivecourses B Hemaywanttoreadnovels storiesandplays II Hereadsnewspapersandmagazinesinthelibrary A ManynewmagazinesareondisplayintheFirstReading Room B Therearenewspapersfromallprovinces C Backnumbersmaybeborrowedatthecounter III Heneedsthelibraryallthemoreinhisjuniorandsenioryears A Thelibraryprovideshimwithbooksforhisresearch B HewouldnotbeabletowritehisgraduationpaperwithoutusingthelibraryConclusion studentsshouldmakegooduseoftheirschoollibrary TypesofOutlines Thesis controllingidea I IntroductionII Mainidea A Sub ideaB Sub idea 1 Supportingdetail2 Supportingdetail a Fact1b Fact2III Mainidea A Sub ideaB Sub idea 1 Supportingdetail2 Supportingdetail3 SupportingdetailC Sub ideaIV Conclusion TwoCommonlyUsedTypesofOutlines thetopicoutlinethesentenceoutline ATopicOutline Thesis Foreigntradeisbeneficialtoandindispensableforallnations I Introduction thefoundationofforeigntradeII ThenecessityofvisibletradeA LackofcertaincommoditiesB InsufficiencyofparticularitemsC ComparativeadvantageincertainitemsD Latestinnovationsanddifferentstylesofcommodities E TheimportanceofafavorablebalanceoftradeIII Thenecessityofinvisibletrade exchangeofservicesbetweennationsA TransportationB InsuranceC TourismD TechnologyIV Conclusion thepurposeofforeigntradeandtheimportanceofthebalanceofpayments ASentenceOutline Thesis Foreigntradeisbeneficialtoandindispensableforallnations I Introduction theutilizationofdifferenteconomicresourcesandthedevelopmentofdifferentskillsformthefoundationofforeigntrade II Tradeincommodities visibletrade isnecessarybetweennations A Nonationhasallthecommoditiesitneeds B Anationmaynothaveenoughofcertaincommodities C Anationmaysellcertaincommoditiesataprofit D Latestinnovationsanddifferentstylesofcommoditiesmaymakeforeigntradenecessary E Allnationsstrivetomaintainafavorablebalanceoftradesoastobeassuredofthemeanstobuynecessarygoods III Exchangeofservicesbetweennations invisibletrade ispartofforeigntrade A Nationsvieinprovidingtransportationforforeigntrade B Prudentexporterspurchaseinsurancefortheircargoes C Tourismbringsanationhugeprofits D Technologyisalsoexportedandimported IV Conclusion thepurposeofforeigntradeistoearnmoneyfornecessaryimportsanditisimportanttokeepthebalanceofpayments RulesforWritingOutlines Avoidsinglesubdivisions Ifthereisamajorpointmarked I theremustbeatleastanothermarked II ifthereisan A theremustbea B andsoon Avoidmixingtypes Atopicoutlineiswritteninnounphrases andasentenceoutlineinsentences Donotmixthesetwotypes Useparallelstructuresfortheheadingsofthesamerank Makesuresubheadsoflikerankareofequalimportantandarerelatedtotheheadingandarrangedinlogicalorder Makesurethethesisisacompletedeclarativesentenceintheaffirmative donotuseaquestion aphraseoradependentclause Writingthefirstdraft gettingyourideasonpaper Itisnecessarytowriteafirstdraftinwhichthereshouldbeenoughspacebetweenlinesforfuturecorrectionsandimprovements Whilewritingthedraft youneednotbeafraidofdepartingfromtheoutlineatoneplaceoranother You dbetterstoptoreviseyouroutlineorworkoutanewoneifyoufindyouroriginaloutlineentirelyimpracticable Revisethefirstdraft Strengthenyourcomposition I Content Lookattheessay compositionasawholeII Organization LookatthearrangementofthematerialIII Sentences IV Diction V Capitalizationandpunctuation Content Lookattheessay compositionasawhole A Whatisthetopicoftheessay composition Doesthedraftfulfilltheassignment e g modeofdevelopmentortypeofcomposition B Isthethesisclear Isitsupportedbyenoughfacts details examples reasons etc C Isthereirrelevantmaterialthatshouldberemoved D Isthelogicreasonable Aretheregapsinthelogic Organization Lookatthearrangementofthematerial A Doestheintroductoryparagraphleadtothemainpointofthepaper B Doeseachparagraphhaveaseparatecentralidea Doesitrelatetotheessay smainideaortothepreviousparagraph Aretherepropertransitionsbetweensections Aretheparagraphsarrangedinclimacticorder C Doestheconcludingparagraphgivethereaderaclearimpressionofwhatthepaperintendstosay Sentences A Iseachsentenceclearlyrelatedtothesentencethatprecedesitandtothesentencethatfollows B Arethereunnecessarysentencesthatmayberemoved C Aretherestructuralmistakes D Aretherewordyandredundantsentences E Istherevarietyinsentencetype F Arethereanygrammaticalmistakesinthefollowingrespects Diction A Aretherewordsthatarenotappropriateforthetopicorthestyleofthewholeessay e g toocolloquialortooformal B AretherewordsorphraseswhicharedirectlytranslatedfromChinesebutwhichmaymeansomethingdifferentinEnglish C Aretherecollocations whichmaybeincorrectbecausetheyaretakenfromChinese e g abigrain Makingthefinalcopy Afterthedraftiscarefullyrevised acleanfinalcopyhastobemade Theverylaststepinwritingacomposition astepthatshouldneverbeforgotten istocheckthefinalcopy Indoingsoyouarelikelytofindthatyouhavemadecarelessmistakesingrammarandspelling andyoumayalsowanttochangeawordhereandthere Exercises Chineseyoungpeopleofthe20thcentury Exercises 1 happyandlucky2 eagertolearn3 fullofideasandaspiration4 havingexploringminds5 havingastrongdesireforpromotingdemocracyandcleaningupcorruption6 readytogivefullsupporttotheopenpolicyandall round