牛津高中英语语法复习(模块3-4).xls

第 1 页 共 50 页 8 点击朗诵外语 需要启用宏后才能使用朗诵功能 启用方法 先启用编辑 然后启用宏内容 2003版启用方法如下 工具 宏 安全性 低或中 重启文档 启用宏 不会启用宏 点击查看帮助 1 牛津高中英语语法复习 牛津高中英语语法复习牛津高中英语语法复习 牛津高中英语语法复习 模块 模块模块 模块3 4 名词性从句 名词性从句名词性从句 名词性从句 名词性从句相当于名词 可分别作主句的主语 表语 宾语和同位语 因此 名词性从句厅分为主语 从句 表语从句 宾语从句和同位从句 一 一一 一 引导名词性从句的连接词 引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词 第 2 页 共 50 页 引导名词性从句的连接词 1 连接代词 who whose whom what which 有词义 在从句中担任成分 如主语 表语 宾语 或定语等 2 连接副词 when where why how 有词义 在从句 中担任成分 作状语 3 连接词 that whether if as if that 无词义 在从句中不担任成分 有时可省略 if whether as if 虽有词义 但在从句中不担任成分 注意 注意注意 注意 连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句 因而从句 中谓语不用疑问式 连接代词与连接副词 在从句充当句子成分 连接词whether 和if 是否 as if 好象 在从句中不充当句子成分 只起连接 作用 根据句义 如果连接代词与连接副词 whether if 和as if都用不上时 才用that作连接词 that 本身无任何含义 二 二二 二 主语从句 主语从句主语从句 第 3 页 共 50 页 主语从句 1 主语从句在复合句作主语 e g Who will go is not important 2 用it作形式主语 主语从句放在句末 e g It doesn t matter so much whether you will come or not 3 that引导主语从句时 不能省略 e g That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised 三 三三 三 表语从句 表语从句表语从句 表语从句 1 表语从句在复合句中作表语 位于系动词之后 e g The question was who could go there 2 引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去 第 4 页 共 50 页 e g My idea is that we can get more comrades to help in the work 四 四四 四 宾语从句 宾语从句宾语从句 宾语从句 1 宾语从句在复合句中作宾语 引导宾语从句的连词that 一般可省略 e g I hope that everything is all right 2 介词之后的宾语从句 不可用which或if连接 要分别用 what或 whether e g I m interested in whether you ve finished the work I m interested in what you ve said 3 whether与if都可以引导宾语从句 常可互换 但下面情 况不能互换 宾语从句是否定句时 只用if 不用whether e g I wonder if it doesn t rain 用if 会引起误解 就要用whether 第 5 页 共 50 页 e g Please let me know whether you want to go 此 句如果把whether改成if 容易当成条件句理解 宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用 就不能换成if 不直接连用 可换 e g I don t know whether or not the report is true I don t know whether if the report is true or not 介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导 whether 可与不定 式连用 whether也可引导主语从句 表语 从句 同位语从句 还可引导让步状语从句 以上均不能换 成if 但引导条件从句时 只能用if 而不能 用whether e g It depends on whether we have enough time They don t know whether to go there Please come to see me if you have time 2 五 五五 五 同位语从句 同位语从句同位语从句 第 6 页 共 50 页 同位语从句 同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语 一般位于该名词 如 news fact idea suggestion promise等 之后 说明该名词的具体内容 e g I have no idea when he will be back The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody 练习 练习练习 练习 1 The fact she works hard is well known to us all A that B what C why D which 2 The fact he was successful proves his ability A that B what C which D why 3 The news he was kidnapped surprised us greatly A what B that C why D when 4 His suggestion the meeting be delayed was turned down A which B that C D it 第 7 页 共 50 页 5 I have no idea he will start A when B that C what D 6 I ve come from the government with a message the meeting won t be held tomorrow A if B that C whether D which 7 The thought he might fail in the exam worried him A when B which C what D that 8 The order the prisoner be set free arrived too late A which B whether C that D what 9 The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient s fear he would die of the disease A that B as C of which D which 10 He often asked me the question the work was worth doing A whether B where C that D when 11 Along with the letter was his promise he would visit me this coming Christmas A which B that C what D whether 12 The other day my brother drove his car down the street at I thought was a dangerous speed A as B which C what D that 13 Luckily we d brought a road map without we would have lost our way A it B that C this D which 第 8 页 共 50 页 14 There are signs restaurants are becoming more popular with families A that B which C in which D whose 15 We can see the same signs stand out throughout the city A that B which C in which D whose Keys 1 5 AABBA 6 10 BDCAA 11 15 BBDAA 主谓一致 主谓一致主谓一致 主谓一致 在英语句子里 谓语受主语支配 其动词必须和 主语在人称和数上保持一致 这就叫主谓一致 寻其 规律 大致可归纳为三个原则 即语法一致 逻辑意义一致 和就近一致原则 一 一一 一 语法一致原则 第 9 页 共 50 页 语法一致原则语法一致原则 语法一致原则 语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单 复数形式上保持一 致 1 以单数名词或代词 动词不定式短语 动名词短语或从 句作主语时 谓语动词一般用单数形式 3主语为复数时 谓语动词用复数形式 如 His father is working on the farm To study English well is not easy What he said is very important for us all The children were in the classroom two hours ago Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes 注意 注意注意 注意 由what引导的主语从句 后面的谓语动词多数情况用 单数形式 但若表语是复数或what从句 是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时 主句的谓语动词用复数 形式 如 What I bought were three English books What I say and do is are helpful to you 2 由连接词and或both and连接起来的合成主语后面 要用复数形式的谓语动词 如 Lucy and Lily are twins She and I are classmates The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news Both she and he are Young Pioneers 注意 第 10 页 共 50 页 注意注意 注意 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时 它后 面的谓语动词就应用单数形式 如 The writer and artist has come 由and连接的并列单 数主语前如果分别有no each every more than a an many a an 修饰时 其谓语动词要用单数形式 如 Every student and every teacher was in the room No boy and no girl likes it 3 主语为单数名词或代词 尽管后面跟有with together with except but like as well as rather than more than no less than besides including等引起的短语 谓语动词仍用单数形式 若主语为复数 谓语用复数形 式 如 Mr Green together with his wife and children has come to China Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground She like you and Tom is very tall 4 either neither each every 或no 单数名词和由 some any no every构成的复合不定代词 都作单 数看待 如 Each of us has a new book Everything around us is matter 注意 注意注意 注意 在口语中当either或neither后跟有 of 复数名 词 或代词 作主语时 其谓语动词也可 用复数 如 Neither of the texts is are interesting 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词 它 的谓语动词就要用单数 若它后面的名词是复数 它的谓语动词用单数 或复数都可以 如 None of us has have been to America 5 在定语从句时 关系代词that who which等作主语时 其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致 第 11 页 共 50 页 如 He is one of my friends who are working hard He is the only one of my friends who is working hard 6 如果集体名词指的是整个集体 它的谓语动词用单数 如果它指集体的成员 其谓语动词就用复 数形式 这些词有family class crowd committee population audience等 如 Class Four is on the third floor Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor 注意 注意注意 注意 people police cattle等名词一般都用作复数 如 The police are looking for the lost child 7 由 a lot of lots of plenty of the rest of the majority of 名词 构成的短语以及由 分数或百分 数 名词 构成的短语作主语 其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后 面名词的数而定 如 There are a lot of people in the classroom The rest of the lecture is wonderful 50 of the students in our class are girls 注意 注意注意 注意 a number of 许多 作定语修饰复数名词 谓语 用复数 the number of 的数量 主语 是number 谓语用单数 8 在倒装句中 谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 如 There comes the bus On the wall are many pictures Such is the result Such are the facts 第 12 页 共 50 页 二 二二 二 逻辑意义一致原则 逻辑意义一致原则逻辑意义一致原则 逻辑意义一致原则 逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致 因有时主语 形式为单数 但意义为复数 有时形式为复数 但意义为单 数 1 what who which any more all等代词可以是单 数 也可是复数 主要靠意思来决定 如 Which is 4your bag Which are your bags All is going well All have gone to Beijing 2 表示 时间 重量 长度 价值 等的名词的复数作主 语时 谓语动词通常用单数形式 这是由 于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体 如 Thirty minutes is enough for the work 3 若英语是书名 片名 格言 剧名 报名 国名等的复 数形式 其谓语动词通常用单数形式 如 The Arabian Nights is an interesting story book 4 表数量的短语 one and a half 后接复数名词作主语 时 其谓语动词可用单数形式 也可用复数 第 13 页 共 50 页 如 One and a half apples is are left on the table 5 算式中表示数目 字 的主语通常作单数看待 其谓语 动词采用单数形式 如 Twelve plus eight is twenty Fifty six divided by eight is seven 6 一些学科名词是以 ics 结尾 如 mathematics politics physics 以及news works等 都属于形式 上是复数的名词 实际意义为单数名词 它们作主语时 其 谓语动词要用单数形式 如 The paper works was built in 1990 I think physics isn t easy to study 7 trousers glasses clothes shoes 等词作主语时 谓语用复数 但如果这些名词前有a the pair of等 量词修饰时 谓语动词用单数 如 My glasses are broken The pair of shoes under the bed is his 8 定冠词the 形容词或分词 表示某一类人时 动 词用复数 三 三三 三 就近一致原则 就近一致原则就近一致原则 就近一致原则 第 14 页 共 50 页 在英语句子中 有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保 持一致 1 当两个主语由either or neither nor whether or not only but also连接时 谓语动 词和邻近的主语一致 如 Either the teacher or the students are our friends Neither they nor he is wholly right Is neither he nor they wholly right 2 there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语 如果其 后是由and连接的两个主语 则应与靠近的 那个主语保持一致 如 There are two chairs and a desk in the room 注意 注意注意 注意 Here引导的句子用法同上 练习 练习练习 练习 1 I who your friend will try my best to help you with your English A am B is C are D be 2 The rich not always happy A are B is C has D have 第 15 页 共 50 页 3 Neither Tom nor Jack and I his students A are B am C is D was 4 Mary as well as her sisters Chinese in China A are studying B have studied C studies D study 5 Neither my father nor I at home A am B is C are D be 6 Not only my brother but also I good at painting Both of us good painters A are are B am am C ani are D is is 7 Every boy and every girl to attend the evening party A wish B wishes C is like D like 8 Over 80 percent of the population of China peasants A was B is C would be D are 59 The population of China larger than that of any other country in the world A is B are C has D have 10 Every means tried but without any result A have been B is to be C are to be D has been 11 Alice together with two boys for having broken the rule A was punished B punished C were punished D being punished 第 16 页 共 50 页 12 The League secretary and the monitor asked to attend the meeting this afternoon A is B was C are D is being 13 The great writer and professor A is an old man B are both old men C is an old man and a young man D were two Chinese 14 There a pen two pencils and three books on the desk A are B is C has D have 15 A large number of students in our class girls A are B was C is D be 16 The number of deer mountain lions and wild roses much if people leave things as they are A doesn t change B don t change C change D changed 17 The Arabian Nights well known to the English A is B are C was D were 18 Chairman Mao s works published A has been B have been C was D is 19 A chemical works built there A is to being B have been C were to D has been 20 The Olympic Games held every years 第 17 页 共 50 页 A is four B are four C is five D are five 21 The United States of America one of the most developed countries in the world A is B are C was D were 22 He is the only one of die students who elected A are B have C has D is 23 Theis is one of the most interesting questions that asked A have B has C have been D has been 24 Many a man come to help us A have B has C is D are 25 All present and all going on well our monitor said A is is B are are C are is D is are 26 The police the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre A is searching for B were searching for C are searching for D were searching 27 Your trousers dirty You must have washed 6A is il B are it C are them D is them 28 This pair of trouseis too long for him A is B be C are D were 第 18 页 共 50 页 29 One and a half bananas left on the table A is B are C has D have 30 Eight times eight sixty four A is B are C get D equal Keys 1 5 AAACA 6 10 CBDAD 11 15 ACABA 16 20 AABDB 21 25 ADCBC 26 30 BCAAA 31 35 ACAAB 36 40 CABBA 41 45 BCCCA 46 50 ADBBC 情态动词 情态动词情态动词 情态动词 1 情态动词的语法特征 情态动词的语法特征情态动词的语法特征 情态动词的语法特征 1 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已 经发生的事情 只表示期待或估计某事的发生 2 情态动词 除ought 和have 外 后面只能接不带to 的 不定式 3 情态动词没有人称 数的变化 即情态动词第三人称单 数不加 s 4 情态动词没有非谓语形式 即没有不定式 分词 等形 式 2 比较 第 19 页 共 50 页 比较比较 比较can 和 和和 和be able to 1 can could 表示能力 可能 过去时用could 只用于现在式和过去式 could be able to可以用于各种 时态 They will be able to tell you the news soon 他很 快就能告诉你消息了 2 只用be able to a 位于助动词后 b 情态动词后 c 表示过去某时刻动作时 d 用于句首表示条件 e 表示成功地做了某事时 只能用was were able to 不能用could He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out 注意 could不表示时态 1 提出委婉的请求 注意在回答中不可用could Could I have the television on 第 20 页 共 50 页 Yes you can No you can t 2 在否定 疑问句中表示推测或怀疑 He couldn t be a bad man 他不大可能是坏人 3 比较 比较比较 比较may和 和和 和might 1 表示允许或请求 表示没有把握的推测 may 放在句首 表示祝愿 May God bless you He might be at home 注意 might 表示推测时 不表示时态 只是可能性比may 小 72 成语 may might as well 后面接不带to 的不定式 意为 不妨 If that is the case we may as well try 典型例题 Peter come with us tonight but he isn t very sure yet 第 21 页 共 50 页 A must B may C can D will 答案B 表可能性只能用may 此句意可从后半句推出 4 比较 比较比较 比较have to和 和和 和must 1 两词都是 必须 的意思 have to 表示客观的需要 must 表示说话人主观上的看法 既主观上的必要 My brother was very ill so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night 我弟弟病得很厉害 我只得半夜里把医生请来 客观上需要做这件事 He said that they must work hard 他说他们必须努 力工作 主观上要做这件事 2 have to有人称 数 时态的变化 而must只有一种形式 但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要 或义务 He had to look after his sister yesterday 3 在否定结构中 don t have to 表示 不必 mustn t 表示 禁止 You don t have to tell him about it 你不一定要 把此事告诉他 You mustn t tell him about it 你一定不要把这 件事告诉他 第 22 页 共 50 页 5 must表示推测 表示推测表示推测 表示推测 1 must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测 意为 一定 2 must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时 must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词 的进行式 You have worked hard all day You must be tired 你辛苦干一整天 一定累了 对现在情况的推测 判断 He must be working in his office 他一定在办公室 工作呢 比较 He must be staying there 他现在肯定呆在那里 He must stay there 他必须呆在那 3 must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时 must 要接完成式 I didn t hear the phone I must have been asleep 我刚才没有听到电话 我想必是睡着了 4 must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测 must 后面要 接不定式的完成进行式 Why didn t you answer my phone call 第 23 页 共 50 页 Well I must have been sleeping so I didn t hear it 5 否定推测用 can t If Tom didn t leave here until five o clock he can t be home yet 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿 他此时一 定还未到家 6 表 表表 表示推测的用法 示推测的用法示推测的用法 示推测的用法 can could may might must 皆可表示推测 其用法如 下 1 情态动词 动词原形 表示对现在或将来的情况的推测 此时动词通常为系动词 I don t know where she is she may be in Wuhan 2 情态动词 动词现在进行时 表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测 At this moment our teacher must be correcting our exam papers 8 这时 我们老师想必在批改试卷 第 24 页 共 50 页 3 情态动词 动词完成时 表示对过去情况的推测 We would have finished this work by the end of next December 明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了 The road is wet It must have rained last night 地是湿的 昨天晚上一定下雨了 4 情态动词 动词的现在完成进行时 表示对过去正在发生事情的推测 Your mother must have been looking for you 你妈妈一定一直在找你 5 推测的否定形式 疑问形式用can t couldn t表示 Mike can t have found his car for he came to work by bus this morning 迈克一定还没有找回他的车 因为早上他是坐公共汽车来 上班的 注意 could might表示推测时不表示时态 其推测的 程度不如 can may 7 情态动词 情态动词情态动词 情态动词 have 过去分词 过去分词过去分词 第 25 页 共 50 页 过去分词 1 may might have done sth can could have done sth 表示过去 推测过去时间里可能发生的事情 Philip may might have been hurt seriously in the car accident Philip can could have been hurt seriously in the car accident 2 must have done sth 对过去时间里可能发生的事情的 推测 语气较强 具有 肯定 谅必 的意思 Linda has gone to work but her bicycle is still here She must have gone by bus 3 ought to have done sth should have done sth 本应该做某事 而事实上并没有做 否定句表示 不该做某 事而做了 You ought to should have been more careful in this experiment He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away 事实上已扔了 ought to 在语气上比should 要强 4 needn t have done sth 本没必要做某事 I dressed very warmly for the trip but I needn t have done so The weather was hot 5 would like to have done sth 本打算做某事 I would like to have read the article but I was very busy then 8 should 和 和和 第 26 页 共 50 页 和ought to should 和ought to 都为 应该 的意思 可用于各种人称 Ought he to go Yes I think he ought to 表示要求 命令时 语气由 should 应该 had better最好 must 必须 渐强 9 had better表示 表示表示 表示 最好 最好最好 最好 had better 相当于一个助动词 它只有一种形式 它后面 要跟动词原形 had better do sth had better not do sth It is pretty cold You d better put on my coat She d better not play with the dog had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果 意 为 本来最好 You had better have come earlier 10 would rather表示 第 27 页 共 50 页 表示表示 表示 宁愿 宁愿宁愿 宁愿 would rather do 9 would rather not do would rather than 宁愿 而不愿 还有would sooner had rather had sooner都表示 宁 愿 宁可 的意思 If I have a choice I had sooner not continue my studies at this school I would rather stay here than go home I would stay here rather than go home 典型例题 NAME NAME A do you rather B would you rather C will you rather D should you rather 答案B 本题考查情态动词rather的用法 would rather do sth 意为 宁愿 本题为疑问句 would 提前 所以选B 11 will和 第 28 页 共 50 页 和和 和would 注意 1 would like Would like to do want to 想要 为固定搭配 Would you like to go with me 2 Will you Would you like 表示肯定含义的请 求劝说时 疑问句中一般用some 而不是any Would you like some cake 3 否定结构中用will 一般不用would won t you是一种 委婉语气 Won t you sit down 12 情态动词的回答方式 情态动词的回答方式情态动词的回答方式 情态动词的回答方式 问句 肯定回答 否定回答 Need you Yes I must No I needn t Must you don t have to 典型例题 1 Could I borrow your dictionary Yes of course you 第 29 页 共 50 页 A might B will C can D should 答案C could表示委婉的语气 并不为时态 答语中of course 表示肯定的语气 允许某人做某事时 用can和 may来表达 不能用could或might 复习 will 与you连用 用来提出要求或下命令 should 与you 连用 用来提出劝告 2 Shall I tell John about it No you I ve told him already A needn t B wouldn t C mustn t D shouldn t 答案A needn t 不必 不用 wouldn t 将不 不会的 mustn t 禁止 不能 shouldn t 不应该 本 题为不需要 不必的意思 应用needn t 3 Don t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow A I don t B I won t C I can t D I haven t 答案B will既可当作情态动词 表请求 建议 也可作为 实义动词表 意愿 意志 决心 本题表 示决心 选B 13 带 带带 带to 的情态动词 的情态动词的情态动词 第 30 页 共 50 页 的情态动词 带to 的情态动词有四个 ought to have to used to be to 如加上have got to must be able to 为六 个 它们的疑问 否定形式应予以注意 Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month She didn t use to play tennis before she was fourteen You ought not to have told her all about it 10 Ought he to see a heart specialist at once ought to 本身作为情态动词使用 其他的词作为实义动 词使用 变疑问 否定时 须有do 等助动词协 助 典型例题 Tom ought not to me your secret but he meant no harm A have told B tell C be telling D having told 答案A 由于后句为过去时 告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前 因 此地应用过去完成时 但它在情态动词 ought to 后 所以用 have 14 比较 比较比较 第 31 页 共 50 页 比较need和 和和 和dare 这两词既可做实义动词用 又可做情态动词用 作为情态 动词 两者都只能用于疑问句 否定句和条 件句 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to 而dare 作实义动词用时 后面的to 时常可以被省略 1 实义动词 need 需要 要求 need n to do sth 2 情态动词 need 只用原形need后加do 否定形式为need not Need you go yet Yes I must No I needn t 3 need 的被动含义 need want require worth 形 容词 后面接doing也可以表示被动 need doing need to be done 练习 练习练习 练习 1 He you more help even though he was very busy 第 32 页 共 50 页 A might have given B might give C may have given D may give 2 Jenny have kept her word I wonder why she changed her mind A must B should C need D would 3 Could I borrow your dictionary Yes of course you A might B will C can D should 4 I told Sally how to get here but perhaps I for her A had to write it out B must have written it out C should have written it out D ought to write it out 5 Shall I tell John about it No you I ve told him already A needn t B wouldn t C mustn t D shouldn t 6 There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well It a comfortable journey A can t be B shouldn t be C mustn t have been D couldn t have been 7 It s nearly seven o clock Jack be here at any moment 第 33 页 共 50 页 A must B need C should D can 8 When he was there he go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day A would B should C had better D might 9 Sir you be sitting in this waiting room It is for women and children only A oughtn t to B can t C won t D needn t 1110 The fire spread through the hotel very