13版词语的英译笔记.doc

词语的英译 1.词义的分类 2.汉英词义的关系 3.词的种类1.词义的分类 types of words meaningDenotative meaning: (指称意义，概念意义）Connotative meaning:（内涵意义）n Stylistic meaning（文体意义，风格意义） n Affective meaning （情感意义）n Reflective meaning （联想意义）n Collocative meaning （搭配意义）指称意义的理解与表达：我的表不准，每天快十多分钟。时间过得真快！情人节快到了。这把刀很快。My watch doesnt keep good time. It gains more than ten minutes a day.How time does fly!Valentines Day is near. Or: Valentines Day is at hand. Or: Valentines Day is drawing near.The knife is really sharp. (*The knife is swift.)蕴含意义的理解和表达他是个纸老虎。咱们俩的事，一条绳上拴着两条蚂蚱-谁也跑不了。We are like two grasshoppers tied to one cord, neither can get away.这似乎是瞎子点灯白费蜡。 It seemed as useless as a blind man lighting a candle.练习应用：说来话长。It is a long story.他的名字我一时说不上来。I cant recall his name at the moment.你连续三天没交作业，这可说不过去。You have failed to hand in your exercises for three days in a row. It is really inexcusable.他两岁就学会看表了。He could tell the time even when he was two.我能看出你在想什么。I can read your mind.那是万万不行的。That is absolutely out of question.我万万没有想到。The idea never occurred to me .那位司机听不懂我的话。That driver couldnt understand me.他懂礼貌。He has good manners.干部必须懂政策。Cadres must have a good grasp of policies.买大包装的吧，便宜多了。Buy the economical size(economy-size). Its a lot cheaper.汉语词语的蕴含意义主要体现在：1.修辞色彩：多表现在语言形式上，以叠词为例2.文体特征：庄谐，雅俗之分3.文化内涵：修辞之叠词1：叶子本是肩并肩密密地挨着，这便宛然有了一道凝碧的波痕。The leaves, jostling and overlapping, produced as it were, a wave of deep green.(王俶升译）另外还要注意汉语中数词的表达：1).实指一气呵成：at one sitting一面之词：one-sided story三十几个人，三三五五，各自在爱去的地方溜达。Thirty-odd of us, in group of threes and fives, strolled wherever we liked.2).虚指那是万万不行的。That is absolutely out of question.一目十行：read terribly fast一刀两断：break off relationship with文体特征：在我的后院，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一株也是枣树。Behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees. One is a date tree, the other is also a date tree. (杨宪益，戴乃迭译） 汉英词义关系1).词义相符(semantic correspondence)2).词义相异(semantic non-correspondence)1）Im feeling blue today.2) That man who makes the air blue is capable of anything.(说下流话)3) He is the black sheep of the family.(败家子)青菜：green vegetables青椒：green pepper青山：green mountain青天（蓝天/苍天）：blue sky青砖：blue brick青 can also refer to black.青布：black cloth青丝：black hair3). 词义空缺(semantic zero)：3.词的种类多义词(polysemy)同义词(synonym):反义词 (antonym)多义词的翻译任何一个词，用在新的上下文中就有了一个新义。要确定多义词在特定语境中的涵义，一要紧密联系上下文，二要注意这些词语的搭配习惯。 1上下文与词义选择 2上下文与词义的褒贬(1)他热衷于个人名利。(2)她热衷于花样滑冰。He is always hankering after personal fame and gainsShe is fond of figure skating2上下文与词义的褒贬(3)金钱，美女，城市的繁华生活，都没有使他动心，他仍旧埋头科学研究。(4)她感到她对他很动心。Neither money nor pretty women, still less the pleasures of city life, lured him away from immerging himself in scientific studiesShe feels a strong attraction to him.（二）搭配(1)我看出了他的心事。 (2)他看出了她的破绽。 I could read his mindHe spotted her weak point练习：我们试了一下，果然很灵。他虽然上了年纪，手脚倒还灵。这匹老马很有灵性，能领会主人的意图。听到这噩耗，她失声痛哭。别整日哭哭啼啼，那样会伤了你的身体。执手相看泪眼，竟无语凝噎。收到儿子的信，这位老汉高兴得流下泪来。请别客气.他客气而冷淡地接待了我们.对他这种人就是不能客气.他说自己才疏学浅,这只不过是中国人的客气罢了.注：此部分练习见上学期词的选择这一部分的笔记同义词的英译处理 一、同义词的处理一串同义词在意义、用法、感情色彩、文体意义、搭配习惯方面，并不尽相同。因此，英译时应考虑以下几点。(一)仔细辨析词义要准确无误地翻译，首先应进行同义词辨义。例如， “哽咽”、“饮泣”、“痛哭”、“嚎啕大哭”等英语中也有sob、weep、cry、wail等同义词。（二）注意感情色彩差异(1)学生很羡慕她的博学。(2)你不该忌妒人，说人家的坏话。(3)不少女人忌妒张小姐的美貌。 Students admire her for her wide range of knowledgeIt is unwise of you to be jealous of others and to speak evil of othersMiss Zhangs beauty is the envy of a lot of women他匆匆看了一下手表。她惊讶地瞪着他看。他凝目眺望大海。他们互相怒目而视地站着。He glanced at his watch.She stared at him in surprise.He was staring out to the sea.They stood glaring at each other.（三）注意搭配习惯(1)那位贪污受贿的官员被撤销了职务。 (2)取消中国的最惠国待遇，最大的受害者将是美国。 The official who is guilty of corruption and taking bribes has been dismissed from his post. The USwill suffer most if it discontinues Chinas most-favored-nation status (3)政府授权工商部门严厉取缔投机倒把活动。 (4)他因违章开车被永远吊销了驾驶执照。Departments in charge of industry and commerce are authorized by the government to ban speculation and profiteering His driving license has been revoked once and for all because of his violation of traffic regulations反义词的处理（一）汉语中，两个单音节反义词常结合在一起构成一个新的双音节词，或表示抽象概念，或表示无条件，有时还保存了原来的一定的意义。由于字面意义与实际意义不同，且情况比较复杂，很容易造成译者的误解。1表示状况、距离、程度、大小等(1)那个湖方圆八百里。 The lake has a circumference of 800 li(2)屋里静悄悄的，一点儿动静没有。It was quiet in the house, nothing stirring2表示无条件汉语中表示无条件“无论怎样”的词，如“好歹”、“横竖”、“左右”、“反正”、“早晚”等，都是由两个意义相反的单音节词构成的双音节词。英译时，常以anyway，in any case，anyhow或其他表示无条件的英语表达法进行转换。(1)不管怎样，反正工作不能停。(2)反正得去个人，就让我去吧。 Come what may，the work must go onSince someone has to go anyway，let me go3表示比喻4有些合成词依旧保存了单音节词的原义，表示对应关系，常按字面直译：不计较个人得失 never give thought to personal gain or loss远近闻名 be known far and wide悲欢离合 joys and sorrows，partings and reunions真假 true and false；genuine and sham(二)由于汉英两个民族的思维方式不同，思维反映现实的角度不同汉英语言呈现出截然不同的视角，许多汉语词译成英语后变成了自身的反义词，翻译时要特别注意。例如：自学 self-taught (学教)肤浅 skin-deep (浅深)九五折 a five percent discount (九五五)红眼 green-eyed (红绿)红茶 black tea (红黑)红糖 brown sugar (红棕)多义词和同义词的区分1.词汇的感情色彩注意词义的广狭注意词义的轻重注意词义的褒贬注意词义的强弱2.词汇的语体色彩 intimate casualconsultativeformal Frozen3.词语的固定搭配词语英译与语言环境1.根据语言环境确定原文词义 2.根据语言环境选择择文选词 3.根据语言环境消除歧义 4.语言环境与词语感情色彩的传达词语英译与文化语境词语英译与文化语境：梧桐更兼细雨，到黄昏点点滴滴。-李清照声声慢李词中有一个充满中国文化含义的意象梧桐，在汉语里，梧桐有悲伤幽怨的含义，在诗词中经常出现。诗人忧苦的心境中，那打在梧桐上的点滴，都打在作者的心上似的，一直要滴进即将到来的夜晚，使作者愁上加愁。In the drizzle so night, dripping dropping into the oncoming night, in the garden wutong trees stand, blurred.直译法也行，龚景浩的译法采用了直译加注解的方法。Parasol trees -called wutong in china, famed for its elegant shape and its association with sadness.“假朋友”的识别“假朋友”这个概念源自法语中Faux Amis一词，直译成英语即false friend.它是原语和译语“形同(似)义异”的表达，指“看似相同，实则有别”的假词义相符词语。 假词义相符词语通常包括以下几种情况：一、字面意义机械对应所产生的“假朋友”；二、字面意义相同，但指称意义有别的“假朋友”；三、指称意义相同，但蕴涵意义有别的“假朋友”；四、词语搭配不当所产生的“假朋友”；一、字面意义机械对应所产生的“假朋友”密码password (secret code) 洗牌shuffling the tiles (to wash the playing cards)方便面instant noodles(convenient noodles)救火to fight the fire (to save a fire) 蝴蝶结bow (butterfly knot不冻港ice-free port (non-freezing port) 流动资金working capital (circulating funds) 新闻自由freedom of the p