青岛大学(施发敏)精读难句翻译.doc

Unit 11. Jobs and careers will look significantly different from new entrants to the job market than for entrants of the baby-boom years who now occupy organizational arteries. 现在找工作的人会发现，他们的工作和职业与婴儿潮时期出生的，现在身居各机构要位的人相比有很大不同。2. The assumptions an individual makes concerning careers can trap them into ways of thinking and action that are not iin their best interest. (持有传统观念的)个人对职业的设想可能对他们产生不利的思维和行为方式。3. In a portfolio career, individuals possess a portfolio of skills which they market to a portfolio of clients. 在组合型职业中，个人拥有针对组合型顾客的技能组合。4. Paradoxically, job security is attained through detachment and diversification rather than loyalty and commitment. 自相矛盾的，这种工作的保险性不是通过忠诚和尽职尽责而是通过分离和多元化。5. The collection of skill is portable and the individual assesses when and where to apply the various skills. 技能集合是灵活便携的，个人决定何时何地应用这些技能。6. The process of development, maturity and decay is essential for the renewal of the individuals skill set and the management of skill. 技能的发展、成熟和衰败的过程，对于个人技能组合的更新和风险管理是至关重要的。7. To minimize client risk, an individual must develop a group of clients appropriate to the skill repertoire they both currently possess and have plants to develop. 为了减少顾客风险，个人必须发展一个能够适应他们现今掌握和打算发展的技能的顾客群。8. Niche clients result from the machine of developed skills with a significant client need. With niche clients, individuals can market their skills at a premium price. Niche clients also allow you to develop your reputation and network for future work. 特殊顾客群体来源于对一种重要的顾客需求的技能发展的协调，对于特殊领域的顾客，个人可以高价销售他们的技能，特殊领域的顾客也允许你为了将来的工作发展你的声誉和人脉。9. While organizations have been quick to accept the benefit and inevitability of contracting out, temporary jobs, and part-time employees, the long-run implicantions of these steps should be examined. 尽管组织机构已经很快承认了对外承包、临时工作和兼职雇员带来的利益和其必然性，但这些措施的长远意义应当被检验。Unit 41. Few lives have attracted as much interest or stimulated as much debate as the life of Charles Darwin (1809 1882), one of the greatest figures of nineteenth-century science. Darwins name has become synonymous with the theory of evolution by means of natural selection.( Para 1)很少有人能像19世纪最伟大的科学家达尔文一样，如此有趣，使人振奋充满争议，他的名字已经成为自然进化论的同义词。2. Darwins job as naturalist aboard the Beagle gave him the opportunity to observe the various geological formations found on different continents and islands along the way, as well as a huge variety of fossils and living organisms.(Para. 2)作为“贝格尔”号上的自然学家，使他有机会能沿途观察不同的大陆和岛屿的地理构造，同时观察大量不同的化石和生命有机体。3. At the time, most geologists adhered to the so-called catastrophist theory that Earth had experienced a succession of creations of animal and plant life, and that each creation had been destroyed by a sudden catastrophe, such as an upheaval or convulsion (激变) of Earths surface.(Para. 3)那时，很多地理学家坚持所谓灾变说理论，这种理论认为地球经历了一系列的动植物的创造，每种创造都被一种突然地诸如地球表面的而剧变和激变所毁灭。4. Lyell maintained that Earths surface is undergoing constant change, the result of natural forces operating uniformly over long periods. (Para.3)Lyell 坚持认为地球表面正在经历持续不断的变化，这是自然力长期共同作用的结果。5. Beyond that, however, he realized that some of his own observations of fossils and living plants and animals cast doubt on the Lyell-supported view that species were specially created.(Para.4) 然而除此之外他认识到他对一系列动植物的观察结果与Lyell所支持的物种是被特别创造的观点相矛盾。6. Darwins theory was first announced in 1858 in a paper presented at the same time as one by Alfred Russel Wallace, a young naturalist who had come independently to the theory of natural selection.(Para.6) 达尔文在1858年的论文中宣告了他的理论而与此同时，Alfred Russel Wallace 作为一个年轻的自然学家已经独立的提出了自然选择理论。7 .Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection is essentially that the young born to any species intensely compete for survival. Those young that survive to produce the next generation tend to embody favorable natural variations (however slight the advantage may be) the process of natural selection and these variations are passed on by heredity.(Para.7) 任何物种的幼体为了生存而激烈的竞争，这是达尔文的这种自然进化理论的本质，那些为了繁育下一代的而存在的年轻的物种，往往体现了有利的自然变化（然而这些利处可能是微小的）自然选择的过程并且这些变化被遗传下来。8. Because of intermarriages in earlier generations, they were also related in other ways.(Para. 8) 达尔文和他的妻子除了近亲结婚之外，还有其他关系。9. Darwin was known to have confided to his close friends his fears of “hereditary weakness” and it was with these concerns in mind that Darwin felt the need to reflect upon his own life for the benefit of his children. The closeness of the Darwin family and Darwins fondness for his children is further highlighted by the tragedy of his daughter Annies death. Annie was, as Darwin once confessed, one of his favorites and remained the “apple of her fathers eye”.(Para.9) 据说达尔文私下把她对遗传缺陷的恐惧告诉了他亲密的朋友，考虑到这些，为了孩子的利益，达尔文不得不反省自己的生活。他女儿安妮死亡的悲剧，加深了他的家人的亲密程度和他对孩子的喜爱程度就像达尔文曾说过的，安妮是他最喜欢的孩子，并视她为“掌上明珠”。 10. The thought that living things had evolved by natural processes denied the special creation of humankind and seemed to place humanity on a plane with the animals; both of these ideas were serious contradictions to orthodox theological opinion.(Para.11)活生物通过自然过程的演化学说否定了人类这种特殊的生物并好像把人类放在了动物的天秤上。所有的这些说法是对正统神学观点的有力反驳。11. In the ensuing debate Joseph Hooker argued strongly for Darwin and Thomas Huxley established himself as “Darwins bulldog” the fiercest defender of evolutionary theory on the Victorian stage. Both sides came away feeling victorious, but Huxley went on to make much of his claim that on being asked by Wilberforce whether he was descended from monkeys on his grandfathers side or his grandmothers side, Huxley muttered: “The Lord has delivered him into my hands” and replied that he “would rather be descended from an ape than from a cultivated man who used his gifts of culture and eloquence in the service of prejudice and falsehood”. Huxley portrayed a polarization between religion and science and used Darwinism to campaign against the authority of the clergy in education.(Para.12) 在接下来的辩论中，Josephooker 为达尔文强烈辩论，TomasHusley也声称自己是达尔文的“斗牛犬”在维多利亚时期进化论的最强烈维护者。双方都认为是胜利的，但是Huxley继续做了更多声称，当被Wilberforce问到他由猴子还是由祖父母发展而来时，Huxley 嘀咕到：上帝让你栽到我手中，并回答说他宁愿由猿猴发展而来，也不想由利用文明和能言善辩的赐予支持偏见和谎言的有教养的人发展而来。Huxley 描述了宗教与科学的两个极端，利用达尔文理论来对抗神职人员在教育中的权威。12. Hostility gave way to acclaim as scientists vigorously debated, explored, and built on Darwins theory of natural selection. As the 20th century unfolded, scientific advances revealed the detailed mechanisms missing from Darwins theory.(Para.13) 随着科学家们激烈的辩论，探索并接受了达尔文的自然选择理论，反对方逐渐退却而给以肯定。随着20世纪的到来，科学的进步揭示了达尔文理论中缺失的详细体制。13. These new methods provided insight into how populations remain adaptable to changing environmental circumstances and broadened our understanding of the genetic structure of populations. (Para.13)这些新方法提供了人口怎样对变化的环境保持适应的洞察力，并且扩展了我们对人口基因结构的了解。14. And new molecular biology techniques compare the genetic structures of different species, enabling scientists to determine heretofore undetectable evolutionary relationships between species. (Para.13) 用新型生物分子技术比较不同物种基因结构使科学决定了迄今为止尚未查明的物种间的进化关系。Unit 61. Making homes, vehicles, and businesses more energy efficient is seen as a largely untapped solution to addressing global warming, energy security, and fossil fuel depletion.(Para.1)人们很少尝试通过家庭节能、汽车节能、企业节能的方式来解决地球变暖、能源危机及矿物燃料耗尽等问题。2. Among other things, Lovins popularized the notion of negawatts the idea of meeting energy needs by increasing efficiency instead of increasing energy production.(para.1) 此外，洛文斯还推广了“负能耗”观念即通过提高能源的使用效率而非增加能源的生产来满足对能源的需求。3. Efficiency often has taken a secondary position to new power generation as a solution to global warming in creating national energy policy. Some companies also have been reluctant to engage in efficiency measures, despite the often favorable returns on investments that can result. A report published in 2006 by the McKinsey Global Institute, asserted that “there are sufficient economically viable opportunities for energy-productivity improvements that could keep global energy demand growth at less than 1 percent per annum” less than half of the 2.2 percent average growth anticipated through 2020 in a business-as-usual scenario. Energy productivity which measures the output and quality of goods and services per unit of energy input can come from either reducing the amount of energy required to produce something, or from increasing the quantity or quality of goods and services from the same amount of energy.(Para.2) 为了解决地球变暖的问题，国家在制定能源政策时，往往把提高能源效率的重要性摆在新能源开发之后。尽管投入节能措施的回报可观，但是一些公司却一直不愿意采取节能措施。麦肯锡全球协会2006年发布的一份报告称：“提高能源生产率在经济上切实可行，且能够将全球能源需求的增速控制在每年在1%以下。”这一数字还不到预测从现在到2020年正常情况下能耗年平均增长2.2%的一半。能源生产率，是用来衡量每个能源单位的投入所生产的产品和提供的服务的数量和质量的标准。 能源生产率的提高，既可以通过减少产品生产中的能耗来实现，也可以通过保持能耗不变提高产品的数量和质量来达到。4. Modern power management systems also reduce energy usage by idle appliances by turning them off or putting them into a low-energy mode after a certain time.(Para. 4) 现在的电力管理系统可以使家电运行一段时间后自动切断电源或者将其置于低能耗状态，以降低能耗。5. Advanced electronic heating and cooling systems can moderate energy consumption and improve the comfort of people in the building. (Para.6) 先进的电加热或降温系统也可以控制能量的消耗，提高居住的舒适度。6. Newer florescent lights produce a natural light, and in most applications they are cost-effective, despite their higher initial cost. Increased use of natural and task lighting have been shown to increase productivity in schools and offices. (Para. 7) 更新一代的荧光灯能够产生自然光，尽管最初的成本较高，但使用起来成本效益明显。事实证明，学校和办公室多采用自然光和工作岗位照明能够提高节能效率。7. Cutting-edge designs, such as the diesel Mercedes-Benz Bionic concept vehicle have achieved a fuel efficiency as high as four times the current conventional automotive average. (Para.9) 一些尖端设计的节能型汽车，如奔驰柴油仿生概念车，其燃油效率达到了每加仑84英里，是目前普通汽车平均燃油效率的四倍。Unit 91. This year the UNs Nobel Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released a series of reports that laid to rest any doubts that global warming is real and outlined the frightening consequences of continued inaction. （Para.1 line 2）这些联合国诺贝尔获奖组织气候变化专门政府发布了一系列报告，报告指出全球变暖毋庸置疑，并且概述了继续不采取行动的严重后果。2. Unfortunately, the global political community is a long way from speaking with one voice on anything, and climate change is no exception.(Para.2) 不幸的是，全球政治界不会对任何事情保持一致态度，气候变化也不例外。3. It was at the 1997 conference, held in Japan, that the Kyoto Protocol was passed, but since then, theres been little progress, thanks in no small part to President George W. Bushs determined foot dragging on climate change.(Para. 2)1997年在日本举行的会议上，京都议定书获得通过，但此后进展甚微，主要原因在于美国总统乔治布什在气候变化方面步履缓慢，不思进取。4. Given how long international treaties take to be developed and ratified, the world needs to begin immediately at Bali the process of preparing a successor to Kyoto to be ready by the end of 2012 otherwise, well be faced with a global vacuum at the very moment when greenhouse emissions must begin falling in order to avoid dangerous climate change. (Para.3)鉴于国际条约的制定和批准旷日持久，全世界需要立即在巴厘岛着手起草京都议定书之后的国际条约，并于2012年末完成。否则，到2012年为避免危险的气候变化而必须开始降低温室气体排放量之时，全球将处于缺乏保护的真空状态。5. The good news is that the White House is seemingly the only place green hasnt gone mainstream. （para4 line 1）好消息是白宫成为唯一一个没有采取环境保护措施的地方。6. Just last week, 150 top global corporations including General Electric, Johnson & Johnson and Shell endorsed a petition calling for mandatory cuts in greenhouse gas emissions, a business position unthinkable just a year ago. （para4 line 2） 就在上周，包括通用电气、强生和壳牌在内的150家顶级全球公司赞同了一个请愿书，该请愿书呼吁强制减少温室气体排放，该商业立场在一年前难以想象。7. The U.S. has long maintained that it wont sign onto a new deal unless the developing countries are included in a more substantive way a position unlikely to change even when the occupant of the White House does. (Para.5)美国政府历来不会签署任何一项新的协议，除非发展中国家以更实质性的方式参与其中即使白宫易主，他们的立场不会改变。 8. Despite the fact that we are rapidly running out of time to cap carbon emissions（para6 line 1）尽管事实是我们迅速的消耗着碳排放所需时间。9. With the Bush Administration nearing lame duck status, a 2010 deadline would give a new U.S. Administration time though not much time to enter the process and hopefully take a leading position. (Para.6) 随着布什政府接近跛脚鸭的状态，一个2010的期限会给一个新的美国政府时间加入进程且有望占据领先地位。10. That extra time might also allow China or India to soften their negotiating tactics, and perhaps accept lesser limitations, such as mandatory targets in energy efficiency or renewable power use. （para6 line 7）额外的时候将允许中国或印度缓和他们的策略谈判，或许要接受更狭隘的局限性，例如在节能或可再生能源使用方面采取强制目标。11. The whole process can seem frustratingly slow, considering how dire the threat of climate change is as if we were convening a town hall meeting to decide to put out a fire that is already raging. （para7 line 1）考虑到气候变化的威胁是多么可怕，整个过程似乎能沮丧性的减慢，仿佛火势熊熊时，我们才要召开一个市政府厅会议决定去扑灭。Unit121. In general, marriage is easiest where people are least differentiated. (Line 6, Para. 1)Generally, when least differences exist among all the men or women, marriage is the easiest to maintain.一般地，男人们之间或女人们之间存在差异最小，婚姻最容易维持。2. Another condition which makes for happiness in marriage is paucity of unowned women and absence of social occasions when husbands meet other women. (Lines 1-2, Para. 2)That there are few single women and no social chances for husbands to meet other women makes another condition for happiness in marriage.一些少数的单身妇女和没有社交机会遇见其他妇女的丈夫是婚姻幸福的另一个条件。3. In order to secure domestic peace where this state of mind exists, it is only necessary that neither the husband nor the wife should fall outrageously below the commonly recognized standard of decent behavior, whatever this may be. (Lines 4-6, Para. 3)要获得这种心态下维持的家庭和睦，夫妻俩只要不堕落到大家公认的正派行为的标准线以下就行了，无论这是一个什么样的标准。4. Nowadays, many wives, on grounds of womans right to her own individuality and her own career, are unwilling to adapt themselves to their husbands beyond a point, while men, who still hanker after the old tradition of masculine domination, see no reason why they should do all the adapting. (Lines 5-7, Para. 4)Nowadays, many wives do not want to adapt to their husbands without limit, because they would like to maintain their own individuality and have their own career. Husbands, in the mean time, still long for the old tradition of mens domination in the society and find there is no reason why they should make all the adaptations. 现在，很多妻子不想无止尽的适应他们的丈夫，因为她们想保持她们自己的个性，并且拥有自己的事业。然而，丈夫们仍然渴望传统社会中的大男子主义，并且认为对于他们应该做出全部的适应是没有理由的。5. Marriage as a combination of love with legal bond thus falls between two stools. (Lines 4-5, Para. 5)因此，婚姻作为爱与法律约束相结合的产物便两头落空。 6. For all these reasons, many of which are bound up with things undoubtedly good, marriage has become difficult, and if it is not to be a barrier to happiness it must be conceived in a somewhat new way. (Lines 1-3, Para. 6)Many of these reasons are closely connected with things that are without doubt good. Because of these reasons, marriage has become difficult. If we want to have happiness in marriage, we must look at marriage in a new way to some extent.这些原因中的一些是与那些毫无怀疑的好的事情密切相关的，因为这些原因，婚姻已经变得困难。如果我们想拥有幸福的婚姻，从某种程度上我们必须用一种新的方式看待婚姻。7. I think that where a marriage is fruitful and both parties to it are reasonable and decent the expectation ought to be that it will be lifelong. (Lines 8-9, Para. 6)我想一对夫妇若拥有自己的孩子，两人通情达理，作风正派，那么可以想见这样的婚姻会天长地久。Unit171. Though easy to define, anthropology is difficult to describe. Its subject matter is both exotic (e.g., star lore of the Australian aborigines) and commonplace (anatomy of the foot). And its focus is both sweeping (the evolution of language) and microscopic (the use-wear of obsidian (黑曜石) tools). Anthropologists may study ancient Mayan hieroglyphics (象形文字), the music of African Pygmies (侏儒), and the corporate culture of a U.S. car manufacturer. (Para.5, Page 198)尽管给人类学下定义十分轻松，却很难对这个学科做出清晰描述。其研究主题既新奇古怪（比如，澳洲土著的占星术）又平淡无奇（比如，人足的形态）；其研究既聚焦宏观层面（如语言学的发展），又着眼微观层面（像黑曜石工具上的微痕）。人类学者既研究古代玛雅象形文字，也研究非洲俾格米人音乐，还研究美国汽车产业的企业文化。2. Anthropology seeks to uncover principles of behavior that apply to all human communities. To an anthropologist, diversity itself seen in body shapes and sizes, customs, clothing, speech, religion, and worldview provides a frame of reference for understanding any single aspect of life in any given community. (Para.10, Page 198)人类学旨在揭示人类社会普遍的行为准则。对于人类学者而言，多样性本身诸如人的身体构造、体格大小、风俗习惯、着装服饰、言谈话语、宗教信仰以及世界观等为理解任何社区中的生活的方方面面提供了原则、标准。 3. “We anthropologists have been the first to insist on a number of things: that the world does not divide into the pious and the superstitious; that there are sculptures in jungles and paintings in deserts; that political order is possible without centralized power and principled justice without codified rules; that the norms of reason were not fixed in Greece, the evolution of morality not consummated in England. Most important, we were the first to insist that we see the lives of others through lenses of our own grinding and that they look back on ours through ones of their own.” said Anthropologists Clifford Geertz. (Para. 12, Page 199)我们（人类学者）是首先坚持这样一些概念的学者：世界并非划分为所谓神圣和迷信的；在丛林中可以找到雕塑，沙漠里也会有绘画；即便是没有中央集权，政治秩序也能得以维持，没有法律条文，总的公正也能实现；推理的标准并不局限在希腊，道德的最高成就也并非仅在英格兰。最为重要的是，我们坚持，我们看他者的生活总是通过我们的文化镜象，他者也透过他们文化的镜象来看我们。人类学家克利福德 格尔茨如是说。4 .Cultural anthropologists study humans through a descriptive lens called the ethnographic method, based on participant observation, in tandem (合作) with face-to-face interviews, normally conducted in the native tongue. Ethnographers compare what they see and hear themselves with the observations and findings of studies conducted in other societies. Originally, anthropologists pieced together a complete way of life for a culture, viewed as a whole. Today, the more likely focus is on a narrower aspect of cultural life, such as economics, politics, rel