英语四级题库.docx

2012年11月学位英语收集题“没找到的阅读理解：The English have the regulation being very different from all other nationalites”阅读理解一、When Mike Kelly first set out to build his own private space-ferry service, he figures his bread-and-butter business would be lofting high-earth orbit. Now he thinks he may have figured wrong.“People were always asking me when they could go,” says Kelly, who runs Kelly Space & Technology, “I realized the real market is in space tourism.”According to preliminary market surveys, there are 10,000 would-be space tourists willing to spend $1 million each to visit the final frontier .Space Adventures in Arlington has taken more than 130 deposits for a two-hour, $98,000 space tour tentatively set to occur by 2005. This may sound great, but there are a few hurdles. Putting a simple orbit-with no oxygen, life support or return trip necessary- already costs an astronomical $22,00/kg. And that doesnt include the cost of insuring rich and possibly litigious passengers. S1 The entire group of entrepreneurs trying to corner the space-tourism market have between them“just enough money to blow up one rocket.” The U.S. space agency has plenty of money but zero interest in making space less expensive for the little guys. So the little guys are racing to do what the government has failed to do: design a reusable launch system thats inexpensive, safe and reliable. Kelly Spaces prototype looks like a plane that has sprouted rocket engines. Rotary Rocket in California has a booster with rotors to make a helicopter-style return to Earth. The first passenger countdowns are still years away, but bureaucrats at the Federal Aviation Administration in Washington are already informally discussing flight regulations. After all, you cant be too prepared for a trip to that galaxy far, far away.1. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A)Take Vacations in SpaceB)Building Hotels in SpaceC)Flight regulations in Space Travels D)Cost of Space Traveling2. The phrase “bread-and-butter business” most probably means _A) a business to sell bread and butterB) a business to produce bread and butter C) the business to make a living D) a traveling agency3. How much is the 2-hour space tour for each person according to Space Adventures in Arlington?A) $1 million B) $ 10,000.C) $98,000. D) $ 22,000.4. Which of the following is true according to the passage? A) The biggest hurdle for the space-tourism project is lack of a life supporting system. B) The entrepreneurs trying to explore the space- tourism have plenty of moneys. C) The government have little interests in this project. D) The first passenger countdowns are within a few years.5. Whats the authors tone in the last sentence of the passage?A)Objective B)Ironical. C)Approving. D)Enthusiastic.答案与解析:1A文章大意题.文章全文讨论的是太空旅游业的可行性，它的费用以及相关的问题。A为正确答案。B的意思是在太空建造宾馆，C太空旅行规章制度，D太空旅行的费用，都不合适。2Cbread-and-butter的意思是“主要的，谋生的”。根据上下文，当他开始创立自己的太空旅行服务社的时候，他 构想他的主要“谋生”手段就C为答案。A指出售面包奶酪的商家， B生产面包奶酪的商家，D旅行社，都不对3C每人去太空旅行费用是98000美元。细节题文中提到有公司收取了130多份定金，费用是两小时98000美4. C美国官方对于开发太空旅游业毫无兴趣。推理题.文中提到太空旅行最大的困难是资金问题，而美国官方对此毫无兴趣。C为正确答案。A意思是计划的最大困难是生命维持系统问题，B想要开发此市场的企业家们有足够的资金， D首次航程在几年内就可实行，因而都不符合原文。5.B作者的语气是讽刺的。综合推理题,根据上下文判断作者的语气。太空旅游的实现还很遥远，然而有人却已开始制订起规则来了。作者的话带有讽刺意味，“为去那么遥远的地方旅行作准备再忙也不为过。”A的意思是客观的，C是赞同的，D是热衷的，都不正确。阅读理解二、Why does cream go bad faster than butter? Some researchers think they have the answer, and it comes down to the structure of the food, not its chemical compositiona finding that could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives. Cream and butter contain pretty much the same substances, so why cream should sour much faster has been a mystery. Both are emulsionstiny globules (小球体) of one liquid evenly distributed throughout another. The difference lies in whats in the globules and whats in the surrounding liquid, says Brocklehurst, who led the investigation. In cream, fatty globules drift about in a sea of water. In butter, globules of a watery solution are locked away in a sea of fat. The bacteria which make the food go bad prefer to live in the watery regions of the mixture. “This means that in cream, the bacteria are free to grow throughout the mixture,” he says. When the situation is reversed, the bacteria are locked away in compartments (隔仓室) buried deep in the sea of fat. Trapped in this way, individual colonies cannot spread and rapidly run out of nutrients (养料). They also slowly poison themselves with their waste products. “In butter, you get a self-limiting system which stops the bacteria growing,” says Brocklehurst. The researchers are already working with food companies keen to see if their products can be made resistant to bacterial attack through alterations to the foods structure. Brocklehurst believes it will be possible to make the emulsions used in salad cream, for instance, more like that in butter. The key will be to do this while keeping the salad cream liquid and not turning it into a solid lump. 36.The significance of Brocklehursts research is that_A)it suggested a way to keep some foods fresh without preservatives B) it discovered tiny globules in both cream and butter C) it revealed the secret of how bacteria multiply in cream and butter D) it found that cream and butter share the same chemical composition 37. According to the researchers, cream sours fast than butter because bacteria _. A) are more evenly distributed in cream B) multiply more easily in cream than in butter C) live on less fat in cream than in butter D) produce less waste in cream than in butter 38. According to Brocklehurst, we can keep cream fresh by _. A) removing its fat B) killing the bacteria C) reducing its water content D) altering its structure 39. The word “colonies” (Line 2, Para. 4) refers to _. A) tiny globules B) watery regions C) bacteria communities D) little compartments 40. Commercial application of the research finding will be possible if salad cream can be made resistant to bacterial attack _. A) by varying its chemical composition B) by turning it into a solid lump C) while keeping its structure unchanged D) while retaining its liquid form 翻译：为什么奶油比黄油坏得快？一些研究者认为他们有了答案，这归因于食物的结构，而不是其化学成分这一新发现可以帮助某些加工食品摆脱防腐剂。36. A。 问B同学的研究的重要意义是什么？看第一段以问号提出问题，接着就给出了答案：归因于食物的结构。然后说：这一新发现可以帮助某些加工食品摆脱防腐剂。这就是研究的重要意义，所以答案是A。有的同学会不太肯定，因为问题中有问B同学，而第一段就没有提到B同学，只是说Some researchers。那么我们也可以先不选，接着往下看，就会发现B同学就是Some researchers中的一个，他的研究也归因于食物的结构。37. B 关键词看bacteria，在第三段：使食物变坏的细菌喜欢生活在这种混合物水域内，这些细菌在奶油这种混合物中可以自由生长。看A说细菌被均匀地分布在奶油中，意思不对。B说细菌在奶油中繁殖比在黄油中容易，就是正确答案。multiply和grow的关键词替换。C和D的意思也都不对38. D。问通过什么手段来保鲜。最后一段第一句话。Alterations to the foods structure。选D。而且文章第一段说：奶油比黄油坏得快归因于食物的结构。那么要保鲜让它坏得慢当然是要改变结构了。ABC都是文中没有提到的内容。39. C指代题，要从所有格、单复数、位置、意义等方面向上找答案，因为它只会指代前面出现的内容。colonies是复数名词，前面出现的复数名词有the bacteria和compartments ，答案在CD里面。再看文中对应的这句话说：colonies不能展开，很快就耗尽养料。可以看出colonies指的是细菌。答案是C。40. D如果能使奶油怎么样对抗细菌，研究结果的商业应用将成为可能。答案在最后一段最后一句：关键是这样做时要使沙拉酱保持液态状态，而不是把它变成固态块。retaining和keeping是同义转换。 阅读理解三、Engineering students are supposed to be examples of practicality and rationality, but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool. In high school I wanted to be an electrical engineer and, of course, any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department, famous reputation and lots of good labs and research equipment. But thats not what I did.I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts （文科）university that doesnt even offer a major in electrical engineering. Obviously, this was not a practical choice;I came here for more noble reasons. I wanted a broad education that would provide me with flexibility and a value system to guide me in my career. I wanted to open my eyes and expand my vision by interacting with people who werent studying science or engineering. My parents, teachers and other adults praised me for such a sensible choice. They told me I was wise and mature beyond my 18 years, and I believed them.I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who went to big engineering “factories”where they didnt care if you have values or were flexible. I was going to be a complete engineer:technical genius and sensitive humanist （人文学者）all in one.Now Im not so sure. Somewhere along the way my noble ideals crashed into reality, as all noble ideals eventually do. After three years of struggling to balance math, physics and engineering courses with liberal-arts courses, I have learned there are reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile （协调）engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply dontmix as easily as I assumed in high school. Individually they shape a person in very different ways;together they threaten to confuse. The struggle to reconcile the two fields of study is difficult.26.The author chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university because he _.A）wanted to be an example of practicality and rationality 答案：26.C 27.A 28.B 29.D 30.BB）intended to be a combination of engineer and humanistC）wanted to coordinate engineering with liberal-arts courses in collegeD）intended to be a sensible student with noble ideals27.According to the author, by interacting with people who study liberal arts, engineering students can _.A） balance engineering and the liberal arts B） receive guidance in their careersC） become noble idealists D） broaden their horizons28.In the eyes of the author, a successful engineering student is expected _.A） to have an excellent academic record B） to be wise and matureC） to be imaginative with a value system to guide him D） to be a technical genius with a wide vision29.The authors experience shows that he was _ A）creative B）ambitious C）unrealistic D）irrational30.The word “they”in “. . . together they threaten to confuse. ”（Line 3, Para. 5）refers to _.A） engineering and the liberal arts B） reality and noble idealsC） flexibility and a value system D） practicality and rationality阅读理解四、When one looks back upon the fifteen hundred years that are the life span of the English language, he should be able to notice a number of significant truths. The history of our language has always been a history of constant changeat times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two languages. Our language has always been a living growing organism, it has never been static. Another significant truth that emerges from such a study is that language at all times has been the possession not of one class or group but of many. At one extreme it has been the property of the common, ignorant folk, who have used it in the daily business of their living, much as they have used their animals or the kitchen pots and pans. At the other extreme it has been the treasure of those who have respected it as an instrument and a sign of civilization, and who have struggled by writing it down to give it some permanence, order, dignity, and if possible, a little beauty. As we consider our changing language, we should note here two developments that are of special and immediate importance to us. One is that since the time of the Anglo-Saxons there has been an almost complete reversal of the different devices for showing the relationship of words in a sentence. Anglo-Saxon (old English) was a language of many inflections. Modern English has few inflections. We must now depend largely on word order and function words to convey the meanings that the older language did by means of changes in the forms of words. Function words, you should understand, are words such as prepositions, conjunctions, and a few others that are used primarily to show relationships among other words. A few inflections, however, have survived. And when some word inflections come into conflict with word order, there may be trouble for the users of the language, as we shall see later when we turn our attention to such maters as WHO or WHOM and ME or I. The second fact we must consider is that as language itself changes, our attitudes toward language forms change also.The eighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate language practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write.1.In contrast to the earlier linguists, modern linguists tend to . A. attempt to continue the standardization of the languageB. evaluate language practices in terms of current speech rather than standards or proper patternsC. be more concerned about the improvement of the language than its analysis or historyD. be more aware of the rules of the language usage2.Choose the appropriate meaning for the word “inflection” used in line 4 of paragraph 2.A. Changes in the forms of words.B. Changes in sentence structures.C. Changes in spelling rules. D. Words that have similar meanings.3.Which of the following statements is not mentioned in the passage?A. It is generally believed that the year 1500 can be set as the beginning of the modern English language.B. Some other languages had great influence on the English language at some stages of its development.C. The English language has been and still in a state of relatively constant change.D. Many classes or groups have contributed to the development of the English language.4. The author of these paragraphs is probably a(an) .A. historianB. Philosopher C. anthropologist D. linguist5.Which of the following can be best used as the title of the passage?A. The history of the English language. B. Our changing attitude towards the English language.C. Our changing language. D. Some characteristics of modern English.Vocabulary：1.span n. 跨度，范围，一段时间，期间 2.imperceptible adj. 感觉不到的，觉察不到的，极细微的3.organism n. 生物体，有机体 4.possession n. 拥有，占有，领土，领地5.ignorant adj. 无知的 6.folk n.人们，民族 7.permanence n.永久，持久8.Anglo-Saxons n.盎格鲁撒克逊语，地道的英国人9.reversal n. 颠倒，反向，逆转 10.inflection n. 词尾变化 11.preposition n. 前置词，介词12.conjunction n. 联合，关联，连接词 13.in terms of 根据，按照，用的话，在方面长难句解析：【解析】“who”引导非限制性定语从句，修饰“the common, ignorant folk”。“much as”引导状语从句。“kitchen pots and pans”意为“锅碗瓢盆”。【译文】一方面它是那些普通人甚至无知民众的财产，他们每天都像使唤他们的牲畜和锅碗瓢盆一样用着语言。【解析】此句为一个复合倒装句。“until”引导一个并列句，前一句的主语是“a tendency”，“to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew”作“tendency”的定语，第二句的主语也是“a tendency”，“to”后面的句子作“tendency”的定语，“in which”引导的定语从句修饰“ways”。【译文】例如在18世纪一种产生于各种来源的趋势把语言固定在一个不常使用和不利于语言发展的模式中，而到了当今，主流是要反复研究、评价人们说话、写作中的语言实践。主要讲述英语演变过程的一些特点，指出了古英语与现代英语的不同，以及语言学家对待语言形式的态度的变化。1.B细节题。阅读文章时注意首末段及各段开头的句子，往往都是考点。这篇文章讲的主要是英语语言演变的一些特点，指出了古英语与现代英语的不同，以及语言学家态度的转变。本题问的正是现代语言学家与早期语言学家不同的倾向。文章末尾The eighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate language practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write.现代语言学家倾向于根据人们说和写的方式评价语言实践，而不是像早期的语言学家根据一定的模式评价语言。选项B符合文章的意思。2.A词汇题。要根据上下文的信息判断单词的意思。文章在第二段中间再次提到inflection时说，A few inflections, however, have survived. 后面文章又举了WHO/WHOM和ME/I为例说明inflection，这是一篇关于语言学的文章，从例子可以看出inflection的意思应该是“单词的变形”，选项A正确。3.A细节题。根据文章的内容，选项A“普遍认为1500年是现代英语的起点”在文章中没有提及，故为正确答案。文章第二句说The history of our language has always been a history of constant change - at times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two languages. 我们语言的历史是一个不断变化的历史在一些时间里缓慢得几乎难以察觉，在另一些时间里则是两种语言的激烈碰撞。由此可以推断一些其他的语言对英语的发展有重大影响，选项B符合文章的意思。4.D词汇题。此题考查考生的推测能力和词汇量，文章讲述的是英国语言演进的具体细节，最适当答案是D。作者很可能是一位语言学家。A(历史学家)和C(人类学家)也可以有点迷惑性。B(哲学家)是最不符合的。5.C主旨题。本文从各个方面谈及英语作为一种语言的发展变化，但并不是讲述英语的历史。所以选项A不对，选项C作为文章的题目最为贴切。B只是文章阐述的一个方面，不全面。文章是在谈到英语的不断变化的时候谈到了现代英语的一些特点，所以D也失之于片面。 阅读理解五、Culture is one of the most challenging elements of the international marketplace.This system of learned behavior patterns characteristic of the members of a given society is constantly shaped by a set of dynamic variables: language, religion, values and attitudes, manners and customs, aesthetics, technology, education, and social institutions. To cope with this system, an international manager needs both factual and interpretive knowledge of culture. To some extent, the factual knowledge can be learned; its interpretation comes only through experience.The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environment stem from the fact that one cannot learn cultureone has to live it. Two schools of thought exist in the business world on how to deal with cultural diversity. One is that business is business the world around, following the model of Pepsi and McDonalds. In some cases, globalization is a fact of life; however, cultural differences are still far from converging.The other school proposes that companies must tailor business approaches to individual cultures. Setting up policies and procedures in each country has been compared to an organ transplant; the critical question centers around acceptance or rejection. The major challenge to the international manager is to make sure that rejection is not a result of cultural myopia or even blindness.Fortune examined the international performance of a dozen large companies that earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseas. The internationally successful companies all share an important quality: patience. They have not rushed into situations but