现在完成时的用法

现在完成时 have has done have has been done 1 现在完成时常用的时间状语有 lately recently just already yet up to now till now so far to this day in the past few years months weeks days over the past few years during the last three months for the last few centuries through centuries throughout history 等 2 在时间状语从句中 谓语动词可以用现在完成时代替将来完成时 例如 Mother won t let her watch TV until she has finished her homework 母 亲要到她做完作业才让她看电视 The dinner party will begin after all the guests arrive have arrived 所有 的客人到了以后 聚餐就开始了 3 has have been to 与 has have gone to 的区别 has have been to 表示 曾去过 说明有某种经历 has have gone to 表示 已去某地 在途中 或已经到达目的地 例如 They have been to Sweden many times 他们去过瑞典许多次了 Jack isn t in He has gone to the supermarket 杰克不在 他去超市了 4 现在完成时特别强调瞬间动词和持续性动词 瞬间动词表示短暂 不能持续一段时间的动作 如 come go leave start begin become receive die 而持续性动词表 示能持续一段时间的动作 如 work stay live learn 等 下面列举一 些常用的瞬间动词和对应的持续性动词 leave be away die be dead put on wear fall ill be ill borrow keep catch cold have a cold buy have join the army be in the army 例如 My brother has been in the army for some time 我兄弟参军有一段时 间了 My brother joined the army some time ago 我兄弟是一段时间以前参 的军 He has been up for an hour 他起床有一小时了 He got up an hour ago 他一小时前起的床 Jack has been a soldier for some time 杰克当兵有段时间了 Jack became a soldier some time ago 杰克是在一段时间前当的兵 但是 瞬间动词的肯定结构可以用不与 for 时间段 连用的现在完 成时 说明某个动作已经发生 瞬间动词的否定结构可以与 for 时间 段 连用 说明某动作不发生的状态可以持续一段时间 例如 Hurry up The film has begun 快一点 电影已经开始了 We haven t heard from her for a long time 我们很久没收到她的来信 了 5 句型 It is has been 时间段 since 从句的谓语动词用一般过去 时 例如 It is two months since they came here 他们来这里两个月了 It is ten years since his father died 他父亲去世有十年了 6 持续性动词用于含有 till until 的句子结构 表示该动作一直持续 到某时间终止 而瞬间动词的否定结构用于 till until 句子中 表示某 动作不发生的状态延续到某时间终止 可译为 直到 才 例 如 They went on working till supper time 他们继续工作到晚餐时间 They didn t stop wording till supper time 他们一直到晚餐时间才停 止工作 I will stay until you come 我会等到你来 I won t leave until you come 直到你来了 我才会离开 7 句型 this is the first second third time that 从句的谓语动词用 现在完成时 例如 四 现在完成进行时 have has been doing 一般不 用该时态的被动语态 与现在完成时相比 现在完成进行时更强调 在从过去到现在的时 间里 动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现 例如 It seems oil has been leaking from this pipe for some time We ll have to take the machine apart to put it right 看来 这个管道漏油已有一段 时间了 我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障 At last you come I have been waiting for you for the whole morning 你终于来了 整个上午我都在等你 现在完成时几个值得注意的问题 关于现在完成时 现行教材着重处理了 已完成用法 和 未完成用法 无论哪种用法都强调一点 即过去动作给现在带来的结果或对现在造 成的影响 因此现在完成时不是属于过去时 而是属于现在时的范畴 但在高考复习中 还应该注意一些相关的问题才能对此时态有一个全 面的把握 一 已完成用法 是针对瞬间动词 即非延续性动词 而言 的 动词通常可以表示在说话之前已经完成 而后果或影响至今仍存 在 这些瞬间动词常用的有 start finish turn off on lose become leave open close join 等 例如 Li Ming has just turned off the light 李明刚把灯 关上 I ve finished my homework now 现在我已经做 完作业了 I have lost my pen 我把笔弄丢了 She has become a teacher 她已经当了一名老师 表示 已完成用法 的对应时间状语只能是表示 时间点的词 如 just now already yet not yet 或者干脆不带时间状语 如上述例句中的后两个 但是瞬间动词与时间段状语如 for a week three days 连用时 并非指瞬间动词的动作延续了多久 而是 包含下述两层意思 谓语动作已完成 接续动作要持续多久 例 如 He has come here for three days 他来了 准备待 三天 He has left Shanghai for New York for two years 他已离开上海去纽约 要在那里住两年 显然若把上述两句理解成 他已来了三天 和 他 已离开上海去纽约两年了 都是错误的 二 未完成用法 是针对延续性动词而言的 主要表示从过 去开始的动作已持续到现在 而且还会继续下去 动词多为 work study live know 等 所带的时间状语也是持续性的 如 lately these days since 2 days ago since 1991 for a long time so far up to now 等 例如 I have studied English since 1995 我从 1995 年 起开始就学习英语 He has lived here for two years 他住在这儿已经 两年了 但是延续性动词的完成时不带时间状语则不是说明 过 去开始的动作已持续到现在 而且还会继续下去 而是说明 动作已 经结束 而影响还留在现在 例如 She has been a teacher 她当过教师 含义 她现 在不是教师了 在干别的工作 比较 She has been a teacher for three years 她当教师已有三年 现在还是教师 三 按英语语法规律 瞬间动词不能和表示时间段的状语连 用 但是汉语里 却可以这样 因此英汉两种语言在转换时必然有障 碍 在这里 只要抓住转换规律 矛盾就会迎刃而解 现把中学阶段由 瞬间性转为延续性的若干对动词列举于下面 die be dead go out be out open be open begin start be on buy get have keep get up be up arrive in come to get to reach be in close be closed fall become be marry be married to get to know know finish end be over leave move be away be out of join be in borrow keep catch have come back be back put on wear have on wake be awake 此外还须记住一些由瞬间动词转换为延续性动 词的常用句型 1 瞬间动词的过去时 ago 延续性动词 的现在完成时 for 一段时间 例如 他参军三年了 He joined the army three years ago He has been a soldier for three years 电影已开始十分钟了 The film started ten minutes ago The film has been on for ten minutes 2 使用句型 It is has been 一段时间 since 瞬间动词的一般过去时 例如 他父亲已去世两年了 It is has been two years since his father died 从上述几点可以看出 在英语学习中 建立起延 续性动词和非延续性动词的概念对我们是非常重要的 四 正确理解 since 引导的时间状语从句 since 引导时间状语从句有三种情况 1 since 瞬间动词的过去时 其从句中的动 作已在过去完成 这是我们熟知的句型 例如 We ve been friends since we met at school 我们 自从在学校认识以来一直是朋友 2 since 延续性动词的过去时 它的要点是 时间从延续动词结 束后计算 这与瞬间动词的计算不同 现行教材基本没有讲到 例如 It is three years since he smoked 他戒烟已经三 年了 It is three years since he stopped smoking 3 since 延续性动词的现在完成时 其从句 的动作或状态延续至今 例如 They have the deepest affection for the old professor since they have worked with him 自打同这位老教授一同工作以来 他们就对他怀有最深 切的感情 他们和教授现在仍然一起共事 五 注意以下几个完成时的句型在含义上的区 别 1 have gone to somewhere 表示 去了某地 说话 时当事人不在场 用于第三人称 例如 He They has have gone to Beijing 他 们 去 了北京 现在仍在北京 不能说 I We You have gone to Beijing 2 have been to somewhere 去过某地 现在已经回来了 可用于各种 人称 所要求的时间状语是与倍数相关的词 如 once ever never twice several times many times 等 例如 I have never been to the Great Wall 我从未去过 长城 How many times have you been there this year 今年你去过那里多少次 3 在 It This is the first second time that 从句 中 that 从句部分要用现在完成时 例如 It is the first time that I have visited the city 这是我第一次到这座城市 This is the second time that they have finished the work ahead of time 这是他们第二次提前完成工作 4 This is the 形容词最高级 名词 that 从句 结构中 that 从句要用现在完成时态 例如 This is the best film that I ve ever seen 这是我 看过的最好的电影 六 瞬间动词的完成时的肯定式一般不与一段 时间状语连用 但是它的否定式和被动式常与一段时间状语连用 例 如 We haven t heard from Jane for a long time 我们 很久都没有收到简的来信了 七 介词短语如 in the past years in the last few years over the last century during the past ten years 以及 since two years ago 等 虽然含有明确的过去时间 但句子仍然要用现 在完成时 例如 With the rapid growth of population the city in all directions in the past five years 2003 北京 安徽 A spreads B has spread C spread D had spread They have been in poverty since two years ago when the plague hit the village 从两年前这个村子遭受瘟疫以来他们就 一直处于贫困之中 巩固练习 1 The coffee is wonderful It doesn t taste like anything I before NMET 2005 A was having B have C have ever had D had ever had 2 His father for five months A had died B has been dead C is dead D has died 3 Have you been to our town before No it s the first time I here A even come B even have come C ever come D ever have come 4 Years ago we didn t know this but recent science that people who don t sleep well soon get ill 2005 广东 A showed B has shown C will show D is showing 5 The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945 and their power increased enormously ever since 2004 上海 A is B was C has been D had been 6 My brother is an actor He in several films so far 2005 浙江 A appears B appeared C has appeared D is appearing 7 How are you today Oh I as ill as I do now for a very long time A didn t fell B wasn t feeling C don t fell D haven t felt 8 The window is dirty I know It for weeks NMET 2004 A hasn t cleaned B didn t clean C wasn t cleaned D hasn t been cleaned 9 在过去六百年中 人类社会发生了很大变 化 10 他离开这个村子已经五年了 Keys 1 C 2 B 3 D 4 B 5 C 6 C 7 D 8 D 9 During the past 6 hundred years great changes have taken place in human society 10 He left the village five years ago It is five years since he left the village He has been away from the village for five years How long he a fever Ever since last night A have got B have had C have caught D did have 解析 此句表示从昨晚起持续到现在的状态 应用现在完成时 去 掉答案 D 因为是段时间 所以不能用短暂行动词 get 和 catch 都 是短暂行动词 因此选 B My bowl is empty Who all my soup A drinks B had drunk C has drunk D drank 解析 碗是空的了 这里强调的是所发生的动作造成的结果 谁 把我的汤都喝了 应选 C How long he a fever Ever since last night A have got B have had C have caught D did have 解析 此句表示从昨晚起持续到现在的状态 应用现在完成时 去 掉答案 D 因为是段时间 所以不能用短暂行动词 get 和 catch 都 是短暂行动词 因此选 B My bowl is empty Who all my soup A drinks B had drunk C has drunk D drank 解析 碗是空的了 这里强调的是所发生的动作造成的结果 谁 把我的汤都喝了 应选 C 3 I you for a long time Where you A Didn t seen did go B didn t see have gone C haven t seen hav