inversion 倒装.docx

第二十八章 倒 装Chapter 28 Inversion 英语中的语序通常是主语在前，谓语动词在后。所谓倒装就是把动词放在主语之前。这种情况出现在疑问句中，也出现在其他一些特殊情形下。28.1两种倒装(Two types of inversion) |28.2|28.3|28.4|28.5|28.6|28.7|top|倒装一般分为两种，即主谓倒装和主语/功能词倒装。28.1.1主谓倒装(Subject-verb inversion)主谓倒装，又称为全部倒装（Full inversion），即把整个谓语动词放在主语之前。这一类倒装主要出现于地点状语后面，said John, answered Peter等有直接引语的结构中以及表语提前的情况下。例如：-At the far end of the room stood a tall policeman.-“I love you,” whispered John.-Completely different is the last story.28.1.2主语/功能词倒装(Subject-operation inversion)这种倒装又称为部分倒装，即把功能词(助动词或情态动词)放在主语之前，动词的其余部分依然在主语之后。如果句中没有助动词或情态动词，则要加一个助动词do, does或did。例如： -He had no money, nor did he know anyone he could borrow from. -On no account must this switch be touched. -Only by chance did I hear that her mother had died. -Were she alive today, she would grieve at the changes.28.2在以neither, nor, so等开始的句子中(Sentences beginning with neither, nor, so, etc.)|28.1|28.3|28.4|28.5|28.6|28.7|top|用neither, nor和so引导的句子表达某人、某事或某种情况与刚才提到的相同，在这种情况下必须要用倒装。neither, nor表示“也不”；so表示“也如此”。这种倒装是部分倒装。 -“I didnt get much sleep last night.” “Neither/Nor did I.” -“My husband never touches a drying-up cloth.” “Neither does mine.” -He refused to apologize. Neither/Nor would he offer any explanation. -All the students were obviously very miserable. Nor were the teachers satisfied with the conditions atthe school. -John saw the accident and so did Mary. -She was angry and so was I.请比较下面两句中so和neither/nor表达截然不同的意思。 -The corn is ripening, and so are the apples. -The corn isnt ripening, and neither/ nor are the apples.请注意：a. so放在句首也可以用来表达另外一种意思，即对于别人讲的情况加以肯定，表示附和。在这种情况下，不用倒装。请比较： -“Youve spilled coffee on your dress.” “ Oh, dear. So I have.” (哎哟，真的呀。) -Youve spilled coffee on the table, and so have I. (=, and Ive spilled coffee on the table, too.) -“Thats Isabel, look!” “So it is!” (就是她) -“Im having a tooth out tomorrow.” “So am I.” (=, I am having a tooth out tomorrow, too.) -You asked me to leave, and so I did. (你叫我走，我就走了。) -You asked him to leave, and so did I.（你叫他走，我也叫他走啊 。）b. neither虽然放句首，但是其中心词作句子主语时，不用倒装。例 如： -Neither of them wanted to stay.c. Neithernor句型中的nor分句也应该用倒装。如： -Sam neither has long hair, nor does he wear jeans. -Mary was neither happy, nor was she sad. -They have neither replied to my letters, nor have they answered my telephone calls.28.3在以否定副词（如hardly, never等）开始的句子中(Sentences beginning with negative adverbexpressions:hardly, never, etc.)|28.1|28.2|28.4|28.5|28.6|28.7|top|在正式文体中，许多表达否定意义的副词或状语词组可以放在句首。在这种情况下，必须用部分倒装。表达否定意义的副词和词组常见的有seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, never, few, little, invain, much/even/ still less,以及含有no/ not的词组/句型如no sooner(than), on no account, inno circumstances,in no way, by no means, at no time, no longer, not until, nowhere等等。例如： -Seldom had I seen such confusion. -Never in history had technology made such spectacular advances. -Hardly had I arrived when a quarrel broke out. -No sooner was she back at home than she realized her mistake. -At no time was the entrance left unguarded. -Not till he got home did he realize that he had lost it. -On no account must this switch be touched. -In no circumstances must the door be left open. -In no way can Mrs. Pethers be held responsible. -To no one will they admit their guilt.注意，如果位于句首的这种否定词/词组是作句子主语，句子不需要倒装。如： -Little help can be expected from Peter. -Not a single word that he said entitles you to make that accusation. -No honest man would lie. -Not many people came to the party.28.4在以表示地点或方向的副词（如here, there, down, away等）开始的句子中(Sentencesbeginning withadverbs of position and direction: here, there, down, away, etc.)|28.1|28.2|28.3|28.5|28.6|28.7|top|当表示地点或方向的副词位于句首时，句子可用全部倒装。句中的谓语动词常常是come, lie,stand,walk, live等不及物动词或是系动词be。在文学性和描写性文章中采用这类倒装主要是为了使其更加生动，而把主语置于句末则是为了使之成为信息中心。 -Down fell a dozen apples. -Away goes my chance of winning! -In walked a man dressed in a black gown. -Next to it stood a pile of paper cups. -A few miles further on lies the enchanting suburb of Balham, gateway to the South. -Over the bridge marched the soldiers. -On the very top of the hill lives a hermit.以上例句也可以不用倒装而用正语序，如： -A dozen apples fell down. -My chance of winning goes away. -A man dressed in a black gown walked in.但是如果主要动词是be时，句子总是用倒装，这时将be动词置于主语之前。例如： -Below is a restaurant. -Next to it is a different sign which says simply “Beware”. -Alongside him on the rostrum will be Mr. Mitchell Fromstein.以here, there开始的倒装句在口语中尤其多见。如： -Ah, here comes somebody at last! -There goes your last chance. -Here comes the train. -There goes the vicar (牧师).试比较here, there放句首和放在动词之后的区别：“Tom is here.”意思是“汤姆在这儿”。但是“HeresTom.”意味着他刚出现或我们刚发现他。“Tom comes here.”意味着他习惯于来这儿。“Here comesTom.”则有他正在到来或刚刚到达的含义。注意：主语是代词时，此类以地点状语开始的句子不用倒装。 -Here she comes!她来了！ -There he is. -Away they went. -Down they flew. -Into the stifling smoke we plunged.28.5在表语提前的句子中(Sentences beginning with a fronted predicative)|28.1|28.2|28.3|28.4|28.6|28.7|top|表语（主语补语）置于句首时，句子需要全部倒装。这种倒装主要是为了达到三种目的：a.把主语置于句末使之成为信息中心，同时又可以利用句子的前一部分来设置布景。例如： -Best of all was the Christmas pudding. -Shot by nationalist guerrillas were two entirely innocent tourists. -Standing in the doorway was a man with a gun.b.为了使上下文联系更紧密。例如： -His answer was a disgrace; equally regrettable was his departure immediately afterwards. -Her face was stony and even stonier was the tone of her voice. -A year ago, two crashes occurred, and more recently has come the news of a third.c.避免头重脚轻（因为原句主语太长，而谓语太短。）如： -At the head was Dr. Bethune on horse-back, followed by a donkey loaded with medical supplies. -Just as firm was her determination to tell the truth about her experiences. -Faint grew the sound of the bell.另外，出于同样的原因，有时会把状语提前，句子全部倒装。如：Without fear lives he who isdevoted to a just cause.28.6在以only +状语开始的句子中，或是not only(but) also句型中(Sentences beginning with only+ adverb,not only (but) also, etc.) |28.1|28.2|28.3|28.4|28.5|28.7|top|以only +状语开始的句子中，句子要部分倒装。在“not onlybut also”句型中，not only分句要部分倒装。这类倒装常见于正式文体中。如： -Only after entering the store did Anne realize that there was danger. -Only in this way is it possible to explain their actions. -Only in a few countries does the whole of the population enjoy a reasonable standard of living. -Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard. -Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives. -Not only is he ill-mannered, but he is also the laziest and most irresponsible creature you could everhope to meet. -Not only do they rob you, they smash everything too.注意：如果not only出现在句首，但它修饰的中心是句子主语，此时主语和功能词不能倒装。 -Not only he protested; several others joined in.28.7用于其他一些特殊句型中|28.1|28.2|28.3|28.4|28.5|28.6|top|28.7.1用于有直接引语的句型中在直接引语之后，“主语+ say/ ask之类的动词”可以用正语序，也可以倒装，在书面语中常用全部倒装。如： -“What do you mean?” asked Henry.（or:Henry asked.） -“Perhaps he isnt a bad sort of chap after all,” remarked Dave. -“I am aware of that,” replied the Englishman. -“Please go away,” said one child. “ And dont come back,” pleaded another.但是，主语是代词时不用倒装。请比较： -“What do you mean?” he asked. -“Whos paying?” shouted the fat man at the corner. “You are,” I answered.28.7.2用于表示祝愿/意愿的句型这种祈求性虚拟语气一般只用于几种相当固定的说法中。如： -Long live the Peoples Republic of China! -Far be it from me to spoil the fun. “may +主语+谓语”这种结构表示一种愿望或诅咒。 -May you live a long and happy life! -May the best man win! -May he never set foot in this house again! -May you break your neck!28.7.3用于“sothat”句型中把so置于句首的情形下，需要部分倒装。如： -So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him. -So suspicious did he become that -So vigorously did he protest that the authorities reconsidered his case.28.7.4用于as之后，表示状态和相似倒装在文学体裁中有时出现在as之后，例如： -She traveled a great deal, as did most of her friends. -The present owner is a keen art collector, as were several of her ancestors. -She looks forward, as does her secretary, to the completion of the building.28.7.5在条件和让步分句中，尤其在相当正式的用法中，可以用倒装。a.用于条件句中表达虚拟的if从句(非真实条件从句)中的if可以省略，句子呈现倒装。例如： -Were I Tom I would refuse. (=If I were Tom) -Had I known what was going to happen, I would never have left her alone.（=If I had known ） -Should you change your mind, no one would blame you. (= If you should change)b.用于以as, though引导的表达让