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1Biotechnology can be considered to be the application of biological organisms and processes to manufacturing industries.Biotechnology encompasses a wide range of disciplines and subjects.Although present day activities are highly sophisticated and novel many of the processes have their roots in the dawn of history.2biotechnology appears to be an area of expansion and opportunity involving many sectors of industry,including agricuture,food and feedstuffs,pharmaceutical,energy and water industries.it will play a major role in the production of new drugs,hormones,vaccines and antibiotics,cheaper and more reliable supplies of energy and(in the longer term)chemical feedstuffs,improved environmental control and waste management.biothenology will be largely based on renewable and recyclable materils thus being better fitted to the needs of a world where energy will become increasingly more expensive and in short supply.3Extracelluar and intracellular microbial enzymes are produced industrically by submerged,deep tank,and solid substrate fermentation techniques.Most liquid media are mixtures of several complex undefined materials,such as molasses,starch hydrolysates,corn steep liquor,yeast extract.Batch cultivation is the most utilized method of production.Enzyme production can be controlled by environmental and genetic manipulation.,4 Growth is the increase of cell material expressed in terms of cell number. The doubling time of an organism population is the time required for the doubling in biomass while generation time relates to the period necessary for the doubling of cell numbers.Mathematical equations have been developed describing the essential features of microbial growth in bioreactors.In batch cultivation,there is a continuously changingnutrient environment which is reflected in the physiological state of the culture.In contrast,in continuous culture,with controlled addition and removal of medium,a steady state of population characteristics can be achieved.,5In fermentation technology,large numbers of cell are grown under defined,controlled conditions for biomass or product formation.In genera the processes are carried out in a containment system or bioreactor,the main function of which is to minimize the cost of producing a product or service.Processes can be considered as conversion cost-intensive or recovery cost-intensive.Bioreactors can operate on a batch,fed-batch or continuous basis.The biocatalysts can function in a free form or be immobilized.Optimization of a bioreactor process will involve minimizing raw materials and energy use and maximizing product formation.,1. Biotechnology is an area of applied bioscience and technology which involves the practical application of biological organisms or their subcellular components to manufacturing and service industries and to environmental management: 2. The reactions of biotechnological processes can be catabolic, in which complex compounds are broken down to simpler ones (glucose to ethanol ), or anabolic or biosynthetic, whereby simple molecules are built up into more complex ones(antibiotic synthesis).3. biotechnology includes fermentationprocess(ranging from beers and wines to bread, cheese, antibiotics and vaccines), water and waste treatment, parts of food technology, and an increasing range of novel applications(ranging from biomedical to metal recovery from low grade ores4A high proportion of the techniques used in biotechnology tend to be more economic, less energy demanding and safer than current traditional industrial processes and for most processes the residues are biodegradable and non-toxic.1. The recognition that these process were being affected by living organism, yeasts, was not formulated until the 17th century, by Anton van Leeuwenhoek 17Anton van Leeuwenhoek 2. Of more resent introduction is mushroom cultivation which probably dates back many hundreds of years for Japanese shii-ta-ke cultivation and about 300 years for the Agaricus mushroom now widely cultivated throughout the temperate world.shii-ta-ke300 Agaricus3. It cannot be ascertained whether these microbial processes arose by accidental observation or by intuitive experimentation but their further and continued development were early examples of mans abilities to use the vital activities of organisms for his own needs.4. Many important industrial compounds such as ethanol, acetic acid, organic acids butanol and acetone were being produced by the end of the 19th century by microbial fermentation procedures that were open to the environmentthe control of contaminating microorganisms was achieved by careful manipulation of the ecological environment and not by complicated engineering practices.195. A new direction in biotechnology came in the 1940s with the introduction of complicated engineering techniques to the mass cultivation of micro-organisms to ensure that the particular biological process could proceed with the exclusion of contaminating microorganisms.19406. Isolated enzymes have long been a part of many biotechnological processes and their catalytic properties are being further utilized with the development of suitable immobilization techniques allowing reuse of the biocatalyst.7. The ability to produce in quantity biological molecules such as antibodies or enzymes together with the techniques of protein and cell immobilization are allowing the development of radically new sensors that can be used for biodetoxification purposes.8. The practitioners of biotechnology will employ techniques derived from chemistry, microbiology, genetics, biochemistry, chemical engineering and computer science, and their main mission will be the innovation, development and optimal operation of processes in which biochemical catalysis has a fundamental and irreplaceable role1Although mediun and large scale biotechnology currently have only a few truly economic successes there can be little doubt that within the next two decades there will be the establishment of large scale microbiological processes using vegetable material as feedstock.1. Renewable resources from agriculture, forestry and industrial organic wastes are gaining increasing importance since they offer, by biotechnological processing, a politically and strategically important base for food, feed, basic chemicals and energy production.Each biotechnological scenario will require continuous assessment of the resources available, the economics and the impact on the environment, together with the heath and safety of operators and the impact on the environment.It will play a major role in the production of new drugs, hormones, vaccines and antibiotics, cheaper and more reliable supplies of energy and (in the longer term) chemical feedstuffs, improved environmental control and waste management.1. The analysis and manipulation of genetic material has been revolutionized by the development of in vitro gene cloning technology which have allowed the isolation, purification and selective amplification in suitable biological systems of almost any discrete segment of DNA from almost any organism.2. The 1978 Genetic Manipulation Regulations defined genetic manipulation as the formation of new combinations of heritable material by the isolation of nucleic acid molecules, produced by whatever means outside the cell, into any virus, bacterial plasmid, or other vector system so as to allow their incorporation into a host organism in which they do not naturally occur but in which they are capable of continues propagation19783. The newly synthesized vectors or chimeric DNA molecules are introduced by transformation into host organism such as E.coli, Bacillus subtilis or Saccharomyces cerevisae and as the host cells grow and multiply(cloning) so also will the vectors replicate and amplify the foreign DNA.DNADNA 4. Genetic manipulation techniques offer revolutionary abilities because they are rapid, universally applicable, allow a high degree of control over the manipulation process and above all generate the formation of new genetic combinations which have never before been selected by laboratory methods.5. Genetic engineering must be properly seen as the capstone of the massive framework of applied genetics which has been developed so successfully over the past three decades.6. Secreted proteins are characterized by signal sequences which consist mainly of hydrophobic amino acid residues which determine the expert of the protein across the cell membrane.: 7. In the future many other areas of biotechnology including energy and chemical feedstocks and waste treatment will benefit from the ability of applied geneticists to produce the ideal organism for a desired purpose.1. Paralleling this development of product formation was the recognition of the role microorganisms could play in removing unpleasant wastes and this has resulted in massive world-wide service industries involved in water purification, effluent treatment and waste management.2. More advanced and sophisticated large-scale processes require control of the entire environment so that the fermentation process can proceed efficiently and, what is more important, can be exactly repeated with the same amount of raw material, broth and cell inoculums producing precisely the same amount of product.3. The main function of a bioreactor is to minimize the cost of producing a product or service while the driving force behind the continued improvement in design and function has been the need to increase the rate of product formation and the quality of the product or service.,.1Growth of organisms may be considered as the increase of cell material expressed in terms of mass or cell number and is the result of a highly coordinated series of enzymically catalysed biological steps.The initial lag phase is a period of no observable growth but chemical analyses show much hidden metabolic turnover indicating that the cells are adapting to the new environment and that growth will begin in due course4. In a completely mixed continuous culture system sterile medium is fed into the bioreactor at a steady flow-rate(f) and culture broth emerges from it at the same rate keeping the volume of culture in the vessel(v) constantf5. In practice maximum production efficiency combining a high output with efficient utilization of substrate will be obtained with a flow-rate at or a little below the maximum output rate and the highest practicable substrate concentration.6. Although similar conditions would be used when the desired product, for example ethanol, is a fermentation product which is formed in proportion to the amount of substrate consumed, widely different condition might be required for the production of complex metabolic products such as antibiotics.1Less than two decades later the inanimate nature of enzymes was clearly demonstrate with cell free extracts of yeasts which were able to catalyse the conversion of glucose to ethanol.7. Although the normal locus of enzyme action is in the interior of the living cell there are numerous examples of cells being able to excrete enzymes (extracellular enzymes) into the environment to break down large organic molecules (protein, fats, starches) which otherwise could not enter the cell.()2It is particularly costly for a manufacturer to obtain approval from legislative authorities for the use of products derived from unproven microorganisms as they must be evaluates for toxicity and safety.3The most important drawbacks in the use of isolated enzymes are that they are not sufficiently stable under