2011医学考博写作课程讲义(全)

第一部分 医学考博写作简介摘要写作概况例句：随着现代医疗科技的发展，越来越多的疾病找到了治疗方式。With the development of modern medical science and technology, surgeons/doctors have found cures for more and more diseases.（正）As developping of modren medical science and techonlogy, more and more diseases find cures.（误）单词的记忆与应用单词怎么背？背准单词的四个方面：1、读音2、外形3、词义4、用练习：practice对写作的整体认识认识两个人：出题的和改卷的1、出题的：a. 内容：医学科普文章 b. 形式 c. 时间和字数：50分钟；约200词2、改卷的：高分策略：1、字迹清楚；段落明朗 2、要点完整；紧扣提纲 3、首保正确；再求闪光 4、主体段落；先总后分 5、语句连贯；连词用上评分实例实例一Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:1当今社会上存在着很多不诚实的现象。2诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。 1. In our modern social life, there are many examples around us show many people are cheated. Advertisements cheat people, salesmen cheat people, even ones closest friends cheat him or her. So many heartbreaks are heard everyday that we cannot help asking: where is our honest exist? Everybody is taught honest in the primary school or even in the kindergarten. Honesty does good not only to ourselves, but to others as well. If we are honest to others. We will be happier and be in a better mood. Otherwise, well feel guilt at last. To a company and its advertisement, honesty will bring it more consumer and more profit. If we cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone. To a company, no consumer will buy your product againSo, as the above is said, it pays to be honest. Lets create a morally outstanding social（11分） 2. Although honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in our society. For example, some businessmen sell fake product to their consumers; some students cheat in the examsDishonest people are short-sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at first, but consumers wont buy their products any more. As a result, they will lose their fortune or even be sent to prison. By contrast, honest people gain a lot. Those who always tell truth or keep to their promise not only let others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. Such persons are sure to have a lot of good friends. Because they are trustable and respectable, everyone is eager to make friends with them. Besides, it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good job. Generally speaking, every employer wants his employees to be honest. So we can say that anyone who is honest will be paid back later（18分）3. With the development of modern economic and industry, competitive is becoming more and more obvious. At the same time, the performance of dishonest is becoming more and more clearlyNowadays, there are many dishonest performance in our society. For example, some people found that he saled goods had past the preservation date. Not throw them away, they revised the perservation date, and sated them again after several days. Another case in the point, a pair of shoes was made from goat. However, in order to sale at a high price, the salers would say they were made from cow which has good qualityFrom the foregoing, we can see that dishonest dose not only harm to yourselves but also harm to others. And it is no use only realise the harmness of dishonest. We should be honest from now on and be honest in our daily life.（7分）第二部分 写作常见错误分析六种易犯错误4句子成分缺失If work hard, we will surely be successful.Everywhere can find skyscrapers and flyovers in Beijing today.The apples five dollars per kilo. / This girl very beautiful.Finally, the service. The canteen workers arent patient enough when serving us.（二）动词形式错误 1时态错误 3单复数错误 1）A/The Wise man seeks opportunities rather than wait for them.（三）代词错误 1）As long as one works hard, you can learn English well.（四）冠词错误（五）词性错误错误改正方式1、老师修改2、自己修改（互相修改）3、跟范文对照4、对译第四部分 句子写作练习复合句1将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为主语从句。1）They need more help in English. That is quite obvious.2）She is still alive. That is good news.3）She will come here. It doesnt seem likely.4）We are badly in need of something. It is raw material.3将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句，并且用it作形式宾语。1）I was far more intelligent than he was. I always took that for granted.2）You were unable to attend our meeting. We all thought that was a pity.3）You should mind your manners. We consider that is important.4）He was too ill to go on working. He didnt want that to be known.5将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为同位语从句。1）He is growing old. Nothing could hide the fact.2）He works hard. The fact does not necessarily mean that he is a competent leader.3）I have a complacent feeling. I feel that Im highly intelligent.4）He explained that he didnt see the notice. The explanation is unsatisfactory.6将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为定语从句。1）I have an arrangement with my bank. By the arrangement they let me use their money and repay them next month.2）He sent her a letter. In the letter he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.3）Mr. Brown just came from Britain yesterday. He will teach us accounting this term.4）She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan. She has some relatives there.7将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为状语从句。 （as long as, on condition that, lest, so.that, such.that, in case, as if, now that, whether.or, however, ）1）Youve bought a new car. What are you going to do with the old one?2）Wed better take the telescope with us. Perhaps it is needed.3）We must hurry off. Otherwise, we might miss the bus.复杂的简单句2起伴随或补充说明作用的从句、简单句或并列谓语往往可以改写为“with+名词+分词形容词介词词组”的结构作状语。1）They wear layers of clothes even in summer time. Newspapers are stuffed between the layers as further protection against bad weather.2）If more people help them, they probably will be able to accomplish the task ahead of time.3）As all his savings were gone, he started to look for a job.4）In the corner there is a table, One of its legs is shorter than the others.5）When the job was finished, we went to the seaside for a holiday.1表示时间、让步或条件的状语从句往往可以改写为介词词组作状语。1）They looked both ways before they crossed the street.2）l made my decision after I talked to Sir Francis.3）Although he was ill, he was determined to carry out his plan.4）Although theyre intelligent, they arent doing well in school.5）Although hes rich, he isnt very happy.6）If we had your support, we might succeed in performing our task.7）Even if there were air and water, plants still couldnt grow on the moon.8）If you dont work hard, you will accomplish nothing.9）If it had not been for their assistance, he would have found himself in trouble.3还有另外一些从句或简单句也可以改写为介词词组作状语。1）She wont go home until she has taken the exam.2）Because he had a bad leg, he couldnt walk as fast as the others.3）We are full aware that the situation is serious.4）She hurried back to school for fear that she miss too many lessons.5）We should not criticize Susan for what she has done. Instead, we ought to praise her for it. 6）Dr. Wilson did not go to New York yesterday to attend his daughters wedding. He flew to Florida for an emergency case.4系表结构的定语从句往往可以改写为直接用形容词、介词词组或分词结构作定语。1）I love girls who are intelligent.2）At the party, I got to know a professor who is in his thirties.3）I hate to see letters that are written in pencil.4）The substance, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized medicine.5）Among those who are taking part in the work, he is probably the most active.5两个句子的主语一致时，其中一个往往可以改写成分词结构作状语.1）Every one of us had been convinced that the project was feasible by the time we left the meeting.2）As Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic he looked tired out.3）Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking. 4）College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success. They cheat on exams more frequently.6两个句子的主语相关但不一致时，其中一个句子往往可以改写成分词的独立结构作状语。1）He sat in front of them. And his dusty face masked his age.2）She heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room. Her heart beat fast.3）The old beggar sat at the comer. Tears welled up in his eyes.4）Jim continued on his way. The dog was jumping about in front of him.5）The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile. Her long hair flowed in the breeze.7解释性的语句往往可以改写成同位语。1）This is Mr. Black. He is director of our hospital.2）Leave it to me, said Peter. Peter was the man on duty.3）Qinghai Lake is the largest inland body of salt water in China. It lies 3195 meters above sea level.4）The whole plan was completed within three months. That is half the usual time.5）He read all kinds of books. They were ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.6）He was formerly a worker himself. He is now an engineer.省略句英语经常省略与上文相同的内容或虽无其词已有其意的内容。1）You can do it this way if you care to do it.2）His face is tanned and his hands are big and strong.3）Fill in the blanks with articles wherever they are necessary.4）As it was scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.5）The boy looked as if he were afraid of nothing.6）When you are in need, dont hesitate to ask me for money.7）When he was still a young man, he was appointed to that position.倒装句英语的句子在以下几种情况下可以倒装。1否定词位于句首时1）I have never been to Europe.2）He had hardly eaten anything before the dinner was over.3）She had scarcely fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.4）Anne had arrived no sooner than she fell ill.5）She cares little about what others say about her.2so,neither,nor等词位于句首，表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时1）Richard can speak Japanese. His sister can speak Japanese, too.2）Copper is a good conductor. Many other metals are good conductors, too.3）Paul could not dance, and he could not sing either.4）The husband was not hospitable to the visitor. And the wife did not say a word of welcome either.3含有sothat结构的句子将so引导的部分位于句首时1）He was so excited that he could not go to sleep.2）He spoke so forcefully at the meeting that everyone present was convinced.3）He worked so hard that he obtained his Ph. Ddegree one year ahead of schedule.4only引出的状语位于句首时1）His father called his name only once.2）The doctor realized only then that his patient needed surgery.3）We can conclude the business only when you adjust down your price.5as表示让步时1）As he is old, he insists that he should attend the project.2）As she is a girl, she is not afraid of snakes.6主语部分过长或上下文需要衔接时1）The young father who wished to purchase a life insurance policy and agreed to pay a sum of $200 per year for 40 years was sitting in front of the counter.2）The question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, death and financial loss is more important.被动句英语中被动句的使用远远多于汉语。以下几种情况英语都用被动语态：（1）不知道动作的执行者；（2）没有必要指出或不想指出动作的执行者；（3）虽然需要同时指出动作的执行者但更强调动作的承受者。英语中被动句的使用远远多于汉语。以下几种情况英语都用被动语态：（1）当汉语用人们、我们或有人做主语时（2）汉语的无主句将下列句子改为被动形式。1）All people believe that the Internet will play a more important role in the future.2）We should take effective measures to stop various forms of pollution.3）Someone saw the young man enter the building next to the bank.4）I heard the wind roar through the trees.5）They do not allow you to smoke in the laboratory.6）What should one do in a case like this?否定句改写下列句子，注意否定转移。1）I left college not because I was tired of learning.2）We set up the corporation not merely because we wanted to make profits.3）John married Alice not because she was rich, nor because she was pretty.4）He joined the Confederate army not because he stood for slavery.5）The police arrested him not because he had really committed any crime, nor because he was an escaped prisoner.强调句改写下列句子，强调划线部分。1）Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.2）The author praises all that is progressive with genuine（真实的）feeling.3）We could not cross the river because the water had risen.4）Jim, a heartless fellow, was heard shouting at his mother in the dead of night（在深夜）.5）Mrs. Williams didnt know anything about it until I told her.第三部分 写作用词练习用词准确化1Choose the more precise of the two words in brackets and fill in the blank with your choice: 1）The President spoke on radio to the _（country, land, state, nation）2）Is that _ gentleman sitting on the bench your father? （old, elderly）3）Your niece impressed me as sweet and _（childlike, childish）4）People are serious and _ in religious services（respectable, respectful）5）She _ to have lunch with her friend, saying that she wasnt feeling well（refused, declined）2Complete the following sentences, using words given below in their proper forms: come fall get go grow run turn1）Meat soon _ bad in hot weather2）His hair is beginning to _ grey, though he is only thirty3）The streams _ dry because it had not rained for months4）One does not necessarily _ wise as he grows old5）Youll _ wet if you go out in the rain without an umbrella6）His dream _ true at last. He became a very famous surgeon7）The children _ tired of playing the same game all day long8）The recorder isnt working properly. Something must have _ wrong9）Leaves _ yellow in autumn. But when spring comes, they green10）When she heard of her daughters sudden death, the poor old woman _ mad11）Last night he _ ill and ran a high fever用词多样化Replace the italicized parts with words or phrases of the same or similar meaning and usage1）Some people think that exams will still play a very important role in different fields of human life2）More and more people begin to keep pets3）There have been big increases in the price of houses in the past three years4）Developing countries have made big progress in their peoples medical conditions5）I think its a good idea to go to Hainan during the Spring Festival6）As a newborn information delivering system, the Internet has made a lot of information available at our fingers tip7）It was through his uncles influence that he got his position8）His car uses too much fuel第五部分 写作题型分类扩展字数例文摘要型写作步骤：1）通读全文（约5分钟。浏览文章，掌握文章大意与结构）2）阅读划线（约10分钟。划出主要内容，亦即去除原文段落中铺垫、举例、详述、复述、反证、让步以及交代条件、背景、原因等与主题不直接相关的语句，或去除长句中不重要的修饰语，如某些定语、状语、补语、同位语）Directions: For this part, you are to write a composition of no less than 200 words on the following topic and outline.最近国内有些高校允许适龄在校人学生结婚。对此人们有不同观点，有人赞成，有人反对。你的观点如何?1）有些人对高校允许学生结婚的做法持肯定态度2）另一些人则反对3）我的观点 Should College Students Be Allowed to Get Married?There is no denying the fact that it is a hotly debated topic today whether college students should be allowed to get married. As we know, the ban on college students getting married was lifted some time ago. Yet peoples attitudes differ sharply on this issue. Some hold the positive view. They say that most college students are adults and that it is a basic right for those who have reached the appropriate ages to get married（The ban on this means a severe violation of human rights.）Besides, they argue that with their physical and emotional needs met, these students will be better motivated to study（Forbidding them getting married would most possibly result in a series of social problems, such as illegal cohabiting and unmarried parents.）Many others, however, hold the negative/opposite view. They claim that the university or college is a place to study instead of a community to lead a family life. Allowing college students to get married would adversely affect their study. For instance, they would spend too much time attending their family and loves unable to concentrate on their school work. As a result, they may not be able to perform well academically or graduate on timeAs far as I am concerned, / Weighing the arguments of both sides, I believe that it is feasible to allow college students to get married. Anyway, this is their freedom. Actually, we dont have to worry too much because facts have shown that most college students would choose not to get married in the face of such fierce competition and heavy school work（或 As far as I am concerned, Weighing the arguments of both sides, I believe that college students should not be allowed to get married. Though mostly adults, they are actually immature psychologically. Their wish to get married is, more often than not, an impulse. Besides, as students, they are not ready to support a family financially缩短字数大纲样题Directions: Read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200words in English on the ANSWER SHEET Make sure that you cover all the major points of thearticle.一般说来，如今大中城市里的年轻父母对子女的营养问题相当重视，他们也有足够的经济实力为子女提供良好的膳食。然而，我们在临床工作中却看到，有些小儿面黄肌瘦、体重偏低。对这些小儿进行膳食营养调查后发现，其中多数小儿存在着热量摄入不足的问题。不少小儿在增加热量摄入量后，症状得到明显改善。显然，热量的缺乏是导致这些小儿消瘦的主要原因。我们还发现，家长中普遍存在着一种错误的“共识”。他们认为有营养的食物就是鸡、鸭、鱼、肉等含蛋白质较多的动物性食品，这些食品的市场价格也确实较高。据观察，家长为孩子提供的食谱中不乏此类食品，甚至还有乌骨鸡、甲鱼等比较昂贵的食品。但是综观这些孩子的全部饮食，粮食所占的比例往往少得惊人，常常是几匙米饭或半碗稀粥，仅此而已。这些家长认为，粮食所具有的营养价值就像它们的市场价值一样，无法与动物性的食品相比，简直可以不屑一顾。现在，人们的消费能力提高了，也舍得为孩子买高价的营养品。但是家长们不曾想到，由粮食等淀粉食物或糖提供的碳水化合物，在体内的物质代谢中同样具有非常重要的作用。碳水化合物是最主要也是最经济的供能营养素。1克碳水化合物能提供的热量为16.7千焦。蛋白质的供热量虽与碳水化合物相同，但价格较贵。1克脂肪能提供的热量为37.7千焦，但食物易产生饱腻感，无法摄人过多。所以说，碳水化合物提供的热量是人体热量的主要来源，约占总热量的60。蛋白质和脂肪在体内