Unit-2-Cloning-全单元教案.doc

第50-55课时The second Period GrammarTeaching goals 教学目标1. Target language目标语言a. 重点词汇和短语bother, regulation, resist, unable, argument, reasonable, obtain, be bound to, from time to time, bring back to life, pay offb. 重点句子Altogether Dolly lived for six years, half the length of the life of the original sheep.The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.2. Ability goals能力目标 Enable the students to learn the modal verbs must, have to, have got to.3. Learning ability goals学能目标Help the students learn how to use the modal verbs must, have to, have got to.Teaching important points教学重点The use of the modal verbs must, have to, have got to.Teaching difficult points教学难点How to teach the students to master the usage of the modal verbs must, have to, have got to.Teaching methods 教学方法Study independently and practice.Teaching aids教具准备A projector and a blackboard.Teaching procedures & ways过程与方式Step Revision Check the students homework.T: Last class we talked something about cloning. Now, who can show your opinion?S: Let me have a try. In my opinion it is wrong to clone human beings. If my parents decided to have a clone made of me, I would feel very sad and I would never accept the clone as a member of the family or as my friend.T: Good job!Step GrammarT: Do you know the appositive clauses? Please pick out three more examples from the reading passage.Sample answers: The fact is that they are natural clones of each other.The whole scientific would follow the progress of the first successful clone, Dolly the sheep.Altogether Dolly lived for six years, half the length of the life of the original sheep.T: Now let me explain something about the appositive clauses. The appositive clause is a clause used as an appositive. The clause is an explanation to the noun before. The appositive clause belongs to noun clauses. Most of the appositive clauses may be introduced by the conjunction that. A content clause is frequently in apposition with such nouns as fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark, hope, belief, suggestion etc. Some examples:Nobody shares my belief that he was mad.My suggestion that he was mad was not accepted.They are familiar with the opinion that all matter consists of atoms.Where did you get the idea that I could not come?We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule should be adopted.T: The words the fact are often inserted in front of an object clause when the clause cannot be conveniently connected with the verb either directly or by means of the representative it. This cannot hide the fact that he is growing old.We must face the fact that we are living in a revolutionary world.Some supplements:同位语从句与that引导的定语从句1) 从先行词看同位语从句与名次之间在逻辑上是“主语+be+表语”的关系。该名词是需要做特殊说明的抽象名词。例如：They were delighted at the news that their team had won.The news was that their team had won.2) 从引导词来看引导词that在同位语从句中是连词，只起连接作用，无具体词，that不可省略；that在定语从句中是关系代词，它在从句中充当一定成分-主语或宾语，有具体词义，作宾语时还可以省略。The factory (that) we visited yesterday is a chemical one.The news that he will leave for Shanghai is true.3) 同位语从句的简易判断方法同位语从句与其先行词在逻辑上是“主语+be+表语”的同位语关系。所以，可以在名词从句之间加系动词be，使之构成一个新句子，如果合乎逻辑，句子通顺，则原句为同位语从句；定语从句是不能够用系表结构把先行词与从句连接起来的。The belief that the earth is flat is still held in some countries.The belief is that the earth is flat.能用于名词性从句的名词有：ability, patience, anxiety, answer, order, report, wish, decision, suggestion, belief, doubt, fact, hope, message, news, promise, question, reply等等。学好同位语从句关键应注意下列几点：一、理解同位语从句的含义，把握同位语从句的实质。在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that, whether等词引导，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information等名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系。例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。析：they had won the game说明The news的全部内容，因此该句为同位语从句。二、正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句。1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。析： the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部内容，且意义完整，因此应用that引导同位语从句。 2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“是否”的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。例： Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。析： the sports meeting will be held on time意义不完整，应加“是否”的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容，因此应用whether引导同位语从句。3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“什么时候”、“什么地点”、“什么方式”等含义，应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。例1： I have no idea when he will be back. 析： he will be back意义不完整，应加“什么时候”的含义才能表达idea的全部内容，因此应用when引导同位语从句。例2： I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike. 析： he went home意义不完整，应加“如何”的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此应用how引导同位语从句。三、把握同位语从句和定语从句的区别，明确同位语从句和相似从句的界限。同位语从句和定语从句相似，都放在某一名词或代词后面，但同位语从句不同于定语从句。同位语从句对名词加以补充说明，是名词全部内容的体现，且名词和同位语从句的引导词均不在从句中充当任何成分；定语从句对名词加以限制，是名词内容的修饰性定语，且名词和定语从句的引导词均在从句中作成分。例1 Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. (2001上海) A. while B. that C. when D. as 析：答案为B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的内容，且Information不在从句中充当任何成分，所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于：It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities， this is the information _ has been put forward. A. what B. that C. when D. as 析：答案为B。 that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，所以该句为定语从句。例2 She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth. (MET91) A. it B. which C. this D. that 析：答案为B。分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为a terrible noise，且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于：I cant stand the terrible noise _ she is crying loudly. A. it B. which C. his D. that 析：答案为D。she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的内容，且the terrible noise不在从句中充当任何成分，所以该句为同位语从句。巩固性练习：1. The fact _ she works hard is well known to us all. A. thatB. whatC. whyD. which 2. The fact _ he was successful proves his ability.A. thatB. whatC. whichD. why 3. The news _ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly. A. whatB. thatC. whyD. when 4. His suggestion _ the meeting be delayed was turned down. A. whichB. thatC. /D it 5. I have no idea _ he will start. A. whenB. thatC. whatD. / 6. Ive come from the government with a message _ the meeting wont be held tomorrow. A. ifB. thatC. whetherD. which 7. The thought _ he might fail in the exam worried him. A. whenB. whichC. whatD. that 8. The order _ the prisoner be set free arrived too late. A. whichB. whether C. thatD. what 9. The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patients fear _ he would die of the disease. A. thatB. asC. of which D. which 10. He often asked me the question _ the work was worth doing. A. whetherB. whereC. thatD. when Key: 1-5 AABBA 6-10 BDCAAStep III HomeworkFinish the work on pages 55-57. The third Period Extensive reading and writing第55-57课时Teaching goals 教学目标Integrating skills and writing.1.Target language 目标语言a. 重点词汇debate, issue, competition, in charge, topic, argument, reply to, summarize, profitable, donate, existence, embryo, justified, transfer, ethically.b. 重点句子I suggest that medical cloning is very important of curing serious illnesses that at present have no cure.I would like to suggest that medical cloning is not as simple as issue as my colleague claims.2. Ability goals能力目标 Activate the students to show their opinions about the cloning.Enable the students to write an article on this debate.3. Learning ability goals学能目标Help the students learn how to organize a debate and how to write a short composition of the debate.Teaching important and difficult points教学重难点 How to organize the debating materials.How to write a short composition of the debate.How to write a report.Teaching methods教学方法Task-based teaching method.Teaching aids教学准备A computer and a projector.Teaching procedures & ways教学过程与方式 Step RevisionCheck the homework and ask the students to speak out their opinion about the medical cloning.Step Reading taskT: Homework check is over. Please turn to page 58. Today we will make a debate. To begin with, I want to ask you what your opinion about debate is, have you seen any TV debates?S: Yeah, we have seen college students debate on TV.S2: I know in a debate there is one chairperson some-times two, four members each group, two leading debaters.T: You are right. Do you want to know more details about a debate?S: Yeah.Ask the students to read the debate rules.T: OK. Stop reading. Here are some questions for you. Question 1: What is the definition of debate?Ss: A debate is an activity in which students can discuss two sides of an issue. There is a chairperson to charge it.T: Question 2: Tell me the process of a debate in your own words.S: The leading debater who supports the topic speaks first, then another one who disagrees with the topic speaks, then other people take turns to give a free discussion. Towards the end of the debate, the last speaker of each side will summarize the arguments that have been made to support their point of view.T: Excellent, thanks for your answer. In our textbook there is an example of debate, read the topic carefully and discuss the questions with your partner. And I will divide you into two teams. One side agrees with the medical cloning and the other side is against the medical cloning.Then show the questions. Give students 6 minutes to prepare their answers.Team A: 1. Whats their argument? 2. Two reasons for medical cloning. 3. Do you agree with them? Why?Team B: 1. Whats their argument? 2. Two reasons against medical cloning. 3. Do you agree with them? Why?Sample answers: Team A: Q1: They support the idea that there should be medical cloning. Q2: a. There is no danger of the body refusing to accept the new calls. b. Patients can be treated immediately. Q3. Yes, I agree with them. Because the medical cloning can help our human beings to cure many diseases. With the help of the cloning techniques, people can be restored to perfect health and be able to live a good life.No, I disagree with them. I think all animals including human beings are natural things on the earth. We should not damage this natural rule.Team B: Q1. They disagree that there should be medical cloning. Q2. a. It brings many ethical problems. b. Many scientists are also worried about the efficiency of the system. Q3. Yes, I agree with them. Because the medical cloning brings many serious problems to our human beings. We must be very cautious about cloning until these problems are solved.No, I disagree with them. Because all of us want to lead a meaningful life. We should try our best to realize our dream. Step Speaking taskT: Just now, we learned how to organize a debate, now its our turn to continue the debate. The topic of our debate is “should we clone?” Now choose the team you agree with.Divide the whole class into four groups, two agree and two disagree.T: To begin this debate, I will give you some information about clone. You can choose what you need. During the speech, you can make notes so that you do not forget what you want to say. In our debate the person who speaks last must summarize your ideas. Here are some tips for you.Show the following. Center on the subject of the debate.Organize main ideas that support your point of view.List your own ideas.Make a conclusion.Ask the students to read the following informationShow the following. Why should we use cloning?The goals and purposes for cloning range from making copies of those that have deceased to better engineering the offspring in humans and animals. Cloning could also directly offer a means of curing diseases or a technique that could extend means to acquiring new data for the sciences of embryology and how organisms develop as a whole over time. Currently, the agricultural industry demands nuclear transfer to produce better livestock. Cloning could massively improve the agricultural industry as the technique of nuclear transfer improves. The goal of transgenic livestock is to produce livestock with ideal characteristics for the agricultural industry and to be able to manufacture biological products such as proteins for humans. Researchers can harvest and grow adult cells in large amounts compared to embryos. Scientists can then genetically alter these cells and find which ones did transform and then clone only those cells.Scientists also ponder the idea of cloning endangered species to increase their population. The possibilities are endless. However, we are actually doing much of this research for the improvement of life for humans. Scientists foresee the cloning of pigs that will produce organs that will not be rejected by humans. Cloning also provides better research capabilities for finding cures to many diseases. There are also possibilities that nuclear transfer could provide benefits to those who would like children. For instance, couples who are infertile, or have genetic disorders, could use cloning to produce a child. Equally important, women who are single could have a child using cloning instead of in-vitro fertilization or artificial insemination. Cloning could also provide a copy of a child for a couple whose child had died.Why should we not use cloning?The biggest problem with the use of cloning on a large scale is the decline in genetic diversity. Think about it, if everyone has the same genetic material, what happens if we lose the ability to clone. We would have to resort to natural reproduction, causing us to inbreed, which will cause many problems. Also, if a population of organisms has the same genetic information, then the disease would wipe out the entire population. Helping endangered species by cloning will not help the problem. Currently, zoologists and environmentalists trying to save endangered species are not so much having trouble keeping population numbers up, but not having any animals to breed that are not cousins. The technique of nuclear transfer is also early in its developmental stages. Thus, errors are occurring when scientists carry out the procedure. For instance, it took 277 tries to produce Dolly, and Roslin scientists produced many lambs with abnormalities. If we tried to clone endangered species we could possibly kill the last females integral to the survival of a species. This may be the main reason science is holding out on cloning humans.Other arguments for cloning include if we are taking nature into our own hands by cloning animals or people. People question when we will draw the line for getting involved in natural events. Religious organizations consider nuclear transfer to cause men to be reproductively obsolete. This claim was deduced by gathering of the information that cloning requires only oocytes, any cell, and a woman to develop in. They also claim that cloning does not respect the fact that humans have souls. They also consider cloning unnatural, and say we are taking the work of God into our own hands. There is also a debate as to the moral rights of clones. Some say their rights will be defied because clones are not granted the birth of newness. We would not receive clones with such excitement as a child of a couple who conceived naturally. If natural reproduction were to occur, genetic variation would occur. They say cloning would deprive a person of uniqueness. They argue that identical twins are not unique from each other, but that they are new in genetic variation and unique from anything that came before them. People also wonder what mental and emotional problems would result if a clone was to find out that he or she was cloned. Then give students 10 minutes to prepare, everyone finds their roles in the debate. As a chairperson, the teacher is in charge of the debate. Ask the students to do as follows:First leading speaker gives an argument.Then others give speech freely.Last the fourth speaker gives a summary.Chairperson: From our debate, we really can learn much. All of you have performed well. Whether can we clone? This is a long term argument. To me, if people can use this method properly, its really useful, but if we use it in other ways, it can bring us disaster. Sample notes: arguments for cloning 1) Cloning will be beneficial to humans. For example, if a couple cant have children, cloning could help give them a child; 2) we could use cloning to cure illnesses. arguments against cloning 1) health risks from mutation of genes; 2) emotional risks; 3) risk of abuse of the technology; 4) against nature; 5) cloned animals get ill and die quite young; 6) people are afraid of that scientists will create thousands of copies of the same person; 7) Cloning is dangerous because scientists my create monsters by mistake.Sample speech 1: The topic of my speech is: Cloning should be banned. If I had the power, I would ban cloning for several reasons. Firstly, it is against nature and dangerous. Any living things have life and death recycle periods, which promote the evolution of life. The cloning technique is extremely risky right now. An abnormal baby would be a nightmare come true. And people are worried about the possibility that the genetic material used from the adult will continue to age so that the genes in a newborn baby clone could be 30 years old or more on the day of birth. Also monsters may be created by mistake. According to a survey, 29 European countries do not permit medical cloning. Secondly, people are afraid of that scientists will create thousands of copies of the same person. There are powerful leaders in every generation who will seek to abuse thi