Cross Cultural Communication Unit 1 4 跨文化交际ppt课件

IntercuIturalcommunicationinvolvesinteractionbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent Ourgoalinthisclassistoanswersomeofthefollowingquestions Whydoweoftenuncomfortablewhenencounteringpeoplewhoaredifferentfromyourself Whydopeoplefromdifferentculturesbehaveinwaysthatseemstrangetoyou Howdoculturaldifferencesinfluencecommunication Whichculturaldifferencesareimportantandwhichareinconsequential Whyisitdifficulttounderstandandappreciateculturaldifference CHAPTER1 CommunicationandCulture TheChallengeofTheFuture CHAPTER1 CommunicationandCulture TheChallengeofTheFutureChallenge Societiesaroundtheglobehavebeeninterwovenintoacomplexfabricofinterdependenteconomic technological political andsocialrelationships ThisiscalledGlobalization Globalizationhasgreatlyincreasedtheeconomicstrengthofmanynationsandbringpeopletogetherfromdifferentcultures However itcouldresultingmorecompetitionfornaturalresources internationalconflictsandsecurity environmentalissues andworldhealthissues CHAPTER1 CommunicationandCulture TheChallengeofTheFutureOtherchallenges Duetotheworld sincreasingpopulation wewillsee morepeoplearemovingtodevelopedcountries shiftingpopulations Thiscouldbringmorecommunicationissuesinmulticulturalsocieties Meanwhile agingpopulationinmoredevelopedcountriesCouldbringmorecommunicationissuesbetweenoldergenerationsandyoungergenerations thiscanbetreatedasco culture NoDirectMind to MindContact WecanonlyInfer Weseektodefinetheworld Communicationisself Reflective TheBrainisanopensystem welearntocommunicate Communicationhasaconsequence CHAPTER1 CommunicationandCulture TheChallengeofTheFutureDefiningCommunication it sadynamicprocessinwhichpeopleattemptstosharetheirinternalstateswithotherpeoplethroughtheuseofsymbols PrinciplesofCommunication Itisadynamicprocessb ItissymbolicItiscontextual situations d itisself reflectivewelearntocommunicatef ithasaconsequenceFunctionsofCommunication GatherinformationaboutotherpeopleFulfillinterpersonalneedsEstablishespersonalidentitiesInfluenceothers DominantCultureIt stheoneinpower control Controlthemajorinstitutionswithintheculturesuchas church gov education military massmedia monetarysystems etc Co CulturesTheyarenumerous Distinctanduniquepatternsofcommunicationthattheyhavelearned Canbebasedonrace ethnicbackground age sex orotherfactors CHAPTER1 CommunicationandCulture TheChallengeofTheFuture WelearnourculturethroughproverbsOfferanimportantsetofinstructions CHAPTER1 CommunicationandCulture TheChallengeofTheFutureCultureisTransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationLearnedSharedBasedonsymbolsDynamicAnintergratedsystem Welearnourculturefromfolktales legends andmyths TheEpicofGilgameshWencheng Sumerian WelearnourculturethroughartArtisasymbolicwayofcommunicating picstakenfromTheCorningMuseumofGlass Welearnedourculturethroughmassmedia Cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration Cultureisbasedonsymbols Cultureissubjectedtochange Cultureisintegrated CultureisEthnocentric Cultureisadaptive CHAPTER1 CommunicationandCulture TheChallengeofTheFutureDefiningCulture it sasetofhuman madeobjectivesandsubjectiveelementsthatincreasedtheprobabilityofsurvivalsatisfactionfortheparticipantsinanecologicalnichesharewiththosewhocouldcommunicatewitheachotherandlivedinthesametimeandplace Subjectiveelementsinclude values beliefs attitudes orientations andunderlyingassumptionsprevalentamongpeopleinthesociety BasicfunctionsofCulture adapttoaparticularecology andincludestheknowledgethatpeopleneedtohaveinordertofunctionintheirownsocialenvironment Elementsinclude History Regligion Values Socialorganizations andLanguage CHAPTER1 CommunicationandCulture TheChallengeofTheFutureInordertostudycross culturalcommunication wemustpayattentiontothefollowing Eachindividualareunique Stereotyping Objectivity CommunicationisnotaCure all CHAPTER2 TheDeepStructureofCulture RootsofReality CHAPTER2 TheDeepStructureofCulture RootsofRealityThedeepstructureofcultureistheunconsciousassumptionsabouthowtheworldoperates Itmakeseachcultureunique andexplainshowandwhyofaculture scollectiveaction Atthecoreofanyculture sdeepstructureareitssocialorganizations orsocialinstitutions LessonsaboutlifeandwaysforlivingthatlifeIt sbasedoncooperationThreemostenduringandinfluentialsocialorganizationsthatdealwithdeepstructureissuesareFamilyState Community Religion Worldview CHAPTER2 TheDeepStructureofCulture RootsofRealityWhydomostseriousconfrontationsandmisunderstandingscanbetracedtoculturaldifferences DifferentcivilizationshavedifferentviewsontherelationsbetweenGodandman theindividualgroupandthegroup thecitizenandthestate parentsandchildren husbandandwife aswellasdifferingviewsoftherelativeimportanceofrightsandresponsibilities libertyandauthority equalityandhierarchy p 51 CHAPTER2 TheDeepStructureofCulture RootsofRealityTheDeepStructureofCulturecontainsthefollowing Aculture smostimportantbeliefsHistory origin InvolvesdeepandemotionalfeelingsSupplymuchofaperson sidentity CHAPTER2 TheDeepStructureofCulture RootsofRealityTheImportanceofFamily Thefamilyistheprincipaltransmitterofknowledge values attitudes roles andhabitsfromonegenerationtothenext Throughwordandexample thefamilyshapesachild spersonalityandinstillsmodesofthoughtsandwaysofactingthatbecomehabitual p 55 CHAPTER2 TheDeepStructureofCulture RootsofRealityTraditionally mostpeopleencountertwofamiliesduringthecourseoftheirlife thefamilytheyarebornintoandthefamilythatisformedwhenandiftheytakeaname Buttherearefewer typical AmericanfamiliesintheU S thaneverbefore Mostofthesechangeswerebroughtaboutbythefollowing EconomicchangesTechnologicalinnovationsDemographicsGenderrolesandopportunitiesforwomen Examples Singleparent nevermarriedcouples adoptedchildetc CanyouthinkofanysimilarchangesinChina CHAPTER2 TheDeepStructureofCulture RootsofRealityGlobalizationhasmajorimpactontraditionalfamilystructureallthroughtheworld Thetwocharacteristicsofglobalizationthathavebeenthemostresponsibleforthosechangesare 1 massmediaand 2 migration MassMediaFamilyvaluesexposedtodifferentsetofvaluesExample materials moneyvs spirituality principlesMigrationMillionsofworkersleavetheirfamiliesandmovefromoneplacetoanotherplacetoseekjobsorhigherwages CHAPTER2 TheDeepStructureofCulture RootsofRealityFamiliesperformaseriesofkeyfunctionsinallcultures Thesefunctionsincludeteachingmembersofthecultureabouteconomics socialization valuesandreligion individualismandcollectivism andsocialskills CHAPTER2 TheDeepStructureofCulture RootsofRealityHistoryisthewitnessthattestifiestothepassingoftime illuminesreality vitalizesmemory providesguidanceindailylife andbringsustidingsofantiquity Aculture shistoryaffectsindividualperceptionandbehaviorandhowpeoplerelatetoanotherculture Twoassumptions Historicaleventshelpexplainthecharacterofaculture Whatacultureseekstorememberandpassontothenextgenerationtellsusaboutthecharacterofthatculture CHAPTER2 TheDeepStructureofCulture RootsofRealityHistoryofUnitedStates ThosewhooriginallyarrivedontheAtlanticcoastbroughtmanyEnglishvalues systemoflaw andthebasicorganizationofcommerceduring16thcentury Life libertyandthepursuitofhappiness libertieshadtobesecuredagainstabusivepowerofgovernment independentfromBritain Environmentalfactorsbroughtpsychologicaleffectsonthesettlers survivalbasedonindividualism CHAPTER2 TheDeepStructureofCulture RootsofRealityHistoryofRussia ThehistoryofRussianshavebeensubjectedtoinvasionandsuffering Mongols Germans Turks Poles Swedes French andEnglish therefore militarizedabsolutism Moldedbythetypeofleadershipthathascontrolthecountryforthousandofyears followordersandaccept words dictums oftheirleaders Adeepappreciationanddevotiontotheperformingartsandculturalarts Thesizeoflandhavecreatedthepeopletothink muse aboutlife CHAPTER2 TheDeepStructureofCulture RootsofRealityHistoryofChina Considerthepastthenyou llknowthepresent theimportanceofhistory Historylinksallmembersoftheculture China slonghistoryofphysicalandculturalisolation maypartlyattributedtheirintensenationalpride Theywerethesourceofthecultureofmostofneighbors Consideredotherswereinferior Viewfamilyvalueaspriorityandcivilizationhasbeenbuiltonagriculture Collectivism CHAPTER2 TheDeepStructureofCulture RootsofRealityHistoryofJapan Basedonseriesofislands Japanisyetanotherisolatedcountry strongsenseofself identity acutelyawareofanythingthatcomesfromoutside 250yearsoffeudalperiod loyaltyforthefeudallordsinthepast nowcompanies disciplineandsacrifice lackofindividualism Collectivism cooperativeefforts groupidentificationandgroupaction CHAPTER3 CultureandtheIndividual CulturalIdentity CHAPTER3 CultureandtheIndividual CulturalIdentityHowidentityinfluencesandguidesexpectationsaboutyourownandothers socialroles andprovidesguidelinesforyourcommunicationinteractionwithothers Factorsinclude politicalviews religiousbeliefs lifestylechoices ethnicsimilarity economicinterest etc Someselectedsocialidentitiesinchapter RacialIdentityEthnicIdentityGenderIdentityNationalIdentityRegionalIdentityOrganizationalIdentityPersonalIdentityCyberandFantasyIdentity CHAPTER3 CultureandtheIndividual CulturalIdentityTheinitialexposuretoouridentitycamefromourfamily wherewebegantolearnculturallyappropriatebeliefs values andsocialroles Later educationandmassmediacanplayaconsiderableroleinouridentitydevelopment Three stageidentitydevelopmentmodels Phinney Unexaminedethnicidentity ethnicidentitysearch ethnicachievementFour stageidentitydevelopmentmodels MartinandNakayama Modelforminority Unexaminedidentity conformity resistanceandseparatism integrationModelformajority Unexaminedidentity acceptance resistance redefinitionandreintegration CHAPTER3 CultureandtheIndividual CulturalIdentity CHAPTER3 CultureandtheIndividual CulturalIdentityTheDarkSideofIdentity Stereotyping ameansoforganizingyourimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatyouusetorepresentanentirecollectionofpeople canbepositiveornegativenarrowourperceptions oversimplified exaggerated andovergeneralized stereotypesarelearned again beginswithourearlyeducation mayevolveoutoffearofpersonsfromgroupsthatdifferfromone sownHowtoavoidstereotypes awareofyourtendencytoengageincategorizationopentonewinformationandevidencebeingawareofyourzoneofdiscomfort CHAPTER3 CultureandtheIndividual CulturalIdentityTheDarkSideofIdentity Prejudice part1 theyaredeeplyheldnegativefeelingsassociatedwithaparticulargroup Thesesentimentsoftenincludeanger fear aversion andanxiety directedatasocialgroupanditsmembersinvolvewithevaluativedimension right wrong moral immoral possesscentrality strongbelief Functionsego defensive holdprejudicewithouthavingtoadmit utilitarian receivingrewardsbyholdingontotheirprejudicialbeliefs value expressive whentheybelievetheirattitudesareexpressingthehighestandmostmoralvaluesoftheculture knowledge abletocategorize organize andconstructtheirperceptionsofotherpeopleinamannerthatmakessensetothem CHAPTER3 CultureandtheIndividual CulturalIdentityTheDarkSideofIdentity Prejudice part2 Fiveexpressionsofprejudice antilocution avoidance discrimination physicalattacks exterminationCauses Societalsources majororganizationsandinstitutionsproducelaws regulations andnormsthatcreateprejudicewithinasociety Maintainingsocialidentity theconnectionbetweenouridentityandculturecanbepersonalandemotional Anythingthatthreatensthatbondcanbecomethetargetofprejudice Scapegoating minoritygroupgetstheblame Howtoavoidprejudice Personalcontact education CHAPTER3 CultureandtheIndividual CulturalIdentityTheDarkSideofIdentity Racism isanextensionofstereotypingandprejudice thebeliefintheinherentsuperiorityofaparticularrace canbecategorizedaseitherpersonalorinstitutional institutionalcanrefertoschools corporations hospitals orcriminaljusticesystem maybeintentionalorunintentionalsomecanbeeasilytodetect whileothersarealmostimpossible Howtoavoidracism TrytobehonesttoyourselfObjecttoracistjokesandinsultswheneveryouhearthemRespectfreedomExaminethehistoricalrootsofracism CHAPTER3 CultureandtheIndividual CulturalIdentityTheDarkSideofIdentity Ethnocentrism isthenotionthatone sowncultureissuperiortoanyother linksethnocentrismtotheconceptsofstereotyping prejudice andracism canbeviewedasthreelevels positive negative andextremelynegative mostpeopleareethnocentriccontributestoculturalidentityWhytherecanbeseriousconsequencesifyouengageinnegativeethnocentrism Themoreethnocentricyouare themoreanxiousyouare whenwearefearful wearelesslikelytoexpectapositiveoutcomeandlesswillingtotrustsomeonefromanotherculture Howtoavoidethnocentrism Avoiddogmatism CHAPTER4 ShapingInterpretationsofReality CulturalValues CHAPTER4 ShapingInterpretationofReality C