Earth_Science练习题.doc

Chapter 2 Composition of the Earth（Question of mineral and rocks）1. Which of the following is a required characteristic of minerals? EA) Inorganic solid. B) Naturally formed.C) Distinct chemical formula. D) Ordered arrangement of atoms. E) All of the above.2. What are the two most common elements in the earths crust? DA) Carbon and nitrogen B) Hydrogen and heliumC) Iron and nickel D) Silicon and oxygen3. What kind of a silicate mineral is Hornblende (an amphibole)? CA) Orthosilicate (single tetrahedra). B) Single chain silicate.C) Double chain silicate. D) Sheet silicate.E) Framework silicate (three-dimensional networks).4. What kind of a silicate mineral is Muscovite (a mica)? D A) Orthosilicate (single tetrahedra). B) Single chain silicate.C) Double chain silicate. D) Sheet silicate.E) Framework silicate (three-dimensional networks).5. Which of the following is not a silicate mineral? BA) Augite. B) Calcite. C) Kaolinite. D) Olivine. E) Quartz.6. What mineral family does gypsum belong to? EA) Carbonates. B) Halides. C) Oxides. D) Silicates. E) Sulfates.7. What is another polymorph of the mineral diamond? BA) Calcite. B) Graphite. C) Halite D) Orthoclase. E) Quartz.8) Which of the following minerals is lowest on Mohs hardness scale? DA) Calcite. B) Diamond. C) Quartz. D) Talc. E) Topaz.9) What is a rock with mineral grains too small to see with the unaided eye called? AA) Aphanitic. B) Glass. C) Phaneritic. D) Porphyritic. E) Tuff.10) Which rock is the fine-grained equivalent of granite (same composition but aphanitic)? EA) Andesite. B) Basalt. C) Komatiite. D) Obsidian. E) Rhyolite.11) Which of the following rocks contains the most quartz (the lowest temperature mineral on Bowens Reaction Series)? EA) Andesite. B) Basalt. C) Komatiite. D) Obsidian. E) Rhyolite.12) Which igneous rock is composed of unusually large crystals?A) Granite. B) Pegmatite. 结晶花岗岩C) Volcanic breccia.火山角砾岩D) Welded tuff. 熔结凝灰岩 E) Xenolith. 捕虏岩13) What is the most abundant type of sedimentary rock? EA) Conglomerate. B) Evaporites. C) Limestone.D) Sandstone. E) Shale.14) Which sedimentary rock tends to be fissile? EA) Conglomerate. B) Evaporites. C) Limestone. D) Sandstone. E) Shale.15) Which sedimentary rock is usually composed of mostly quartz? DA) Conglomerate. B) Evaporites. C) Limestone. D) Sandstone. E) Shale.16) Which sedimentary rock is made of calcite? CA) Conglomerate. B) Evaporites. C) Limestone. E) Sandstone. F) Shale.17) Which sedimentary rock contains the smallest clasts?A) Conglomerate. B) Evaporites. C) Limestone. D) Sandstone. E) Shale. 18) Which of these rocks is not detrital (clastic)?A) Arkose.长石砂岩 B) Breccia. C) Dolostone. D) Graywacke.杂砂岩 E) Quartz sandstone.19) What sequence of rock types will shale pass through with successively higher grades of metamorphism?A) Shale, phyllite, gneiss, schist, slate, partial melting.B) Shale, phyllite, gneiss, slate, schist, partial melting.C) Shale, phyllite, slate, schist, gneiss, partial melting.D) Shale, slate, phyllite, gneiss, schist, partial melting.E) Shale, slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, partial melting.20) What type of metamorphism exhibits high temperature but low pressure? AA) Contact metamorphism. B) Fault zone metamorphism. C) Regional metamorphism.Chapter 3 Geologic time1. What is relative dating? CA) Going on a date with a sibling兄弟 or cousin堂兄.B) Establishing that something happened a very long time ago.C) Establishing a sequence of events.D) Placing a specific date on an event. E) The concept of radioactivity.2. If a dike protrudes through several layers of rock, what can we conclude? DA) A batholith岩基 resides nearby. B) A volcano resides nearby.C) The dike formed before the rock layers. D) The rock layers formed before the dike.E) The rock layers are igneous.3. What is an unconformity? AA) A sedimentary surface that represents a time gap in the sedimentary record.B) An offset补偿 of sedimentary layers along a fault.C) The boundary between two rock types such as sandstone and shale.D) The top of an anticlinal fold背斜. E) Tilted (non-horizontal) strata.4. If sandstone in contact with a granite contains fragments of the granite, what can you infer? CA) The sandstone and granite are the same age. B) The granite is younger than the sandstone.C) The granite is older than the sandstone. D) The granite was intruded into the sandstone.5. Which of the following is not generally part of the formation of an angular unconformity? EA) Erosion. B) Folding. C) Marine regression海退.D) Marine transgression海进. E) Metamorphism.6. Which principle frequently uses dikes and faults for establishing sequences of events? AA) Cross-cutting relations. B) Faunal succession.C) Inclusions. D) Original horizontality. E) Superposition.7. Which of the following dating processes is most accurate for calculating the age the earth? BA) Heat loss from earth. B) Radioisotope dating. C) Rate of erosion.D) Saltiness of the ocean. E) Superposition.8) What conditions effect the decay rate of radioisotopes? FA) Bonding characteristics. B) Ionization. C) Pressure.D) Temperature. E) All of the above. F) None of the above.9) What does the term half life refer to? DA) Half the time required for an atom of a given radioisotope to decay.B) Half the time required for all the atoms of a given radioisotope to decay.C) The time required for a decaying uranium atom to move half way toward becoming lead.D) The time required for half the atoms of a given radioisotope to decay.E) The time required for half of the nuclear material to leave an atom.10) What time units are eras代 subdivided into? DA) Days. B) Eons. C) Epochs. D) Periods. E) Years.Chapter 4 plate tectonic1. Which layer of the earths interior is liquid? DA) Crust B) Inner core C) Mantle D) Outer core E) All of the above2. What portion of the earths volume is occupied by the mantle? EA) 20% B) 35% C) 50% D) 65% E) 80%3. What is the lithosphere composed of? BA) The continental and oceanic crust B) The crust and uppermost mantleC) The lower mantle D) The lower mantle and outer core E) The upper mantle4. What name did Wegener give to his proposed single supercontinent? DA) Eurasia B) Gondwanaland C) Laurasia D) Pangea E) Panthalassa5. What theory did magnetic anomalies on the seafloor give rise to? EA) Continental drift B) Isostasy C) Plate tectonics D) Rifting E) Seafloor spreading6. What does plate tectonic theory predict about the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes? BA) They should be evenly distributed throughout the earth.B) They should occur primarily along plate boundaries.C) They should occur primarily in deep ocean basins.D) They should occur primarily on continents.E) They should only occur along continental margins.7. What is the San Andreas Fault in southern California an example of? EA) Active continental margin B) Convergent plate boundaryC) Divergent plate boundary D) Passive continental marginE) Transform plate boundary8) What has become accepted as the primary mechanism for seafloor spreading? CA) Density differences in the crust B) Gravitational and tidal forcesC) Mantle convection cells D) The pole-fleeing force E) Weight of seafloor sediments9) Which modern continents were derived from Gondwanaland? AA) Africa, Antarctica, Australia, India, South AmericaB) Africa, Antarctica, Australia, North America, South AmericaC) Asia, Antarctica, Australia, Europe, South AmericaD) Asia, Antarctica, Australia, North America, South AmericaE) Asia, Europe, India, North America, South America10) What is the current comprehensive theory of horizontal crustal movements? AA) Continental drift B) Isostasy C) Plate tectonics D) Rifting E) Seafloor spreadingChapter 5 Earthquake and Volcano1. What is the point on the surface nearest the earthquake? AA) Epicenter B) Focus C) Foreshock D) Scarp E) Seismograph2. Where do most earthquakes occur? BA) Along dikes B) Along faults C) Along foldsD) Along joints E) Along unconformities3. In what order do earthquake waves arrive at seismic stations? AA) P-waves, then S-waves, then surface waves B) S-waves, then P-waves, then surface wavesC) S-waves, then surface waves, then P-waves D) Surface waves, then P-waves, then S-wavesE) Surface waves, then S-waves, then P-waves4. Which earthquakes travel through the earths core? AA) Only P-waves B) Only P-waves and S-waves C) Only P-waves and surface waves D) Only S-waves E) P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves5. Which waves cause the greatest amount of damage? DA) All equal B) P-waves C) S-waves D) Surface waves6. Which of the following is not associated with earthquake destruction? BA) Fires B) High winds C) Mass wasting D) Trembling earth E) Tsunamis7. Which region of the earth has the most frequent earthquakes? EA) Antarctic region B) Arctic region C) Atlantic region D) Indian region E) Pacific region8) Volcanic ash and dust can have the effect of _. EA) reducing the sunlight that reaches Earths surface, suppressing photosynthetic processesB) reducing Earths surface temperature C) damaging aircraft that fly through the dustD) causing unusual weather E) All of the previous answers are correct.9) When basaltic lava cools under water, it forms _ AA) pillow basalts B) flood basalts C) rift basalts D) sheet basalts E) regional basaltsChapter 6 Ocean1. What is the largest ocean on earth? DA) Arctic. B) Atlantic. C) Indian. D) Pacific.2. How deep are the ocean basins on average? CA) 4,000 feet. B) 4,000 km. C) 4,000 meters. D) 4,000 miles.3. What are the deepest parts of the ocean? EA) In ocean sinkholes. B) In random depressions. C) Near the continents.D) The middle of the ocean basins. E) In trenches（沟渠） formed by subduction zones.4. What is the most abundant dissolved ion in the oceans? BA) Calcium. B) Chlorine. C) Magnesium. D) Sodium. E) Sulfate.5. What is a typical salinity value for the oceans? EA) 5 ppt. B) 10 ppt C) 15 o/oo. D)25 ppt. E) 35 ppt.6. Where does ocean salinity tend to be the highest? AA) At desert latitudes. B) In deeper water.C) Near the equator. D) Near the poles. E) Near river mouths.7. What primarily drives the surface ocean currents? EA) Coriolis forces. B) Deep sea vents. C) Density differences between water bodies.D) Rotation of the earth. E) Winds.8. What primarily drives the deep ocean currents? CA) Coriolis forces. B) Deep sea vents.C) Density differences between water bodies. D) Rotation of the earth.E) Winds.9. As waves move along the surface of the water, what do water particles do? DA) They move back and forth in a direction parallel to wave motion.B) They move back and forth in a direction perpendicular to wave motion.C) They move along the crests of waves and can travel thousands of miles.D) They oscillate in circles whose diameters decrease with depth.E) They remain almost entirely motionless.10) How deep in water do surface waves cause particle motion? EA) Half the wave height. B) Exactly the wave height.C) Twice the wave height. D) Four times the wave height. E) Half the wave length.11. What determines wave speed in the open oceans?（此题待定，老师上课时没给答案）A) Wave height. B) Wave length. C) Wind velocity. D) All of the above.E) Wave speed is constant regardless of these factors.12. What is the relative tidal force of the sun and moon? DA) The sun and moon exert equal tidal forces on the earth.B) The sun exerts twice the tidal force of the moon.C) The sun exerts three times the tidal force of the moon.D) The moon exerts twice the tidal force of the sun.E) The moon exerts three times the tidal force of the sun.Chapter 7 Atmosphere1. What is the correct order of earths atmospheric layers from bottom to top? EA) Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Troposphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere.B) Stratosphere, Troposphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere.C) Stratosphere, Troposphere, Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Exosphere.D) Troposphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere.E) Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere.2. Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer? CA) Exosphere. B) Mesosphere. C) Stratosphere. D) Thermosphere. E) Troposphere.3. In which layer do virtually all weather phenomena take place? EA) Exosphere. B) Mesosphere. C) Stratosphere. D) Thermosphere. E) Troposphere.4. What frequencies of electromagnetic radiation are absorbed by the earths ozon