阮绩智进出口贸易实务简答题.doc

(1) What is international trade? Viewed from the international sphere, the exchanges of goods and services across international boundaries or territories are worldwide trade transactions, and also known as international trade or world trade. (2) What are the benefits of international trade? Can you list a few examples from your daily life?The benefits of international trade include cheaper goods, more choices of goods, wider market for domestic producers, and the growth of domestic and world economy. (1) Enhance the domestic competitiveness (2) Take advantage of international trade technology (3) Increase sales and profits (4) Extend sales potential of the existing products (5) Maintain cost competitiveness in your domestic market (6) Enhance potential for expansion of your business (7) Gain a global market share (8) Reduce dependence on existing markets (9)Stabilize seasonal market fluctuations (3)Whats the difference between international trade and domestic trade? The fundamental characteristic making international trade different from domestic trade is that international trade involves transactions that take place across national borders. Special problems may arise in international trade, which are not normally experienced in domestic trade. These problems are listed as follows: International trade usually has to be conducted in foreign languages and under foreign laws and regulations. It is difficult to obtain information about the credit and financial standing of the possible dealing partners. It is often unavoidable to use foreign currency in international trade and exchange rate variations can be risky to international traders. Numerous culture differences may have to be taken into account in international trade. Risks levels might be higher in foreign market. The risks include political risks, commercial risks, financial risks and transportation risks.(4) Why do many countries impose restrictions on trade？some countries impose restrictions on import in order to maintain a balance of trade and balance of payments.(5) What is a tariff？How is it classified？ A tariff barrier is a direct monetary burden to discourage trade in which a duty or fee is levied on goods being imported into (or exported out of) a country. A non-tariff barrier, on the other hand, is not directly a monetary burden though it often costs more time and money. Non-tariff barriers include quota, license, foreign exchange control, technical standards, and regulations, etc. Terms(6) How many trade forms do you know? Please comment on two of them briefly. 1. Distributorship: an arrangement where the manufacturer makes its money on the sale of the actual goods that are distributed rather than for the right to distribute the goods.2. Tenders : a formal document used by potential suppliers to buy, or procure, particular goods and services. 3. Consignment 4. Auction 5. Agency 6. Countertrade (7) Can you name some of the organizations involved in international trade and explain them? 1. World Trade Organization (WTO)2. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 3. World Bank 4. International Monetary Fund (IMF)5. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)(8) Can you describe some frequently used laws and regulations in international trade? 1. the Uniform Rules for Collections (ICC Publication No. 552,1995), 托收统一规则 2.the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, ICC Publication No.600 跟单信用证统一惯例(国际商会第600号出版物） 3.INCOTERMS 2010 2010年国际贸易术语解释通则 1. United Nations Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes联合国国际汇票和国际本票公约 2. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)联合国国际货物销售合同公约 (1) Before business negotiations what preparations do you think the seller should make?1. Make investigations about the international market.2. Make careful marketing plans.3. Do some popularization so as to have business contacts.(2) How many steps does a business negotiation usually undergo? Which are indispensable steps for the formation of a sales contract? Why?Therere five stages: enquiry, offer, counter-offer, acceptance, conclusion of a contract. Offer and acceptance are indispensable stages, because theyre required for the formation of a sales contract. (3) What do the seller and buyer negotiate in international trade negotiation?(1)terms of commodity, including the name, quality, quantity, packing, inspection, etc.;(2) price terms, including unit price, total price, price terms, commission or discount, etc.;(3) delivery terms, including delivery time, place, mode of transportation, transportation insurance, etc.;(4) payment terms, including payment instrument, payment method, payment time, payment place, etc.;(5) conditions for settling disputes, including claims, arbitration, etc.(4) Why should there be general terms and conditions?(5) What is the difference between a firm offer and non-firm offer?A firm offer is the offer with a certain time limit while a non-firm offer is the offer without engagement.A firm offer must satisfy the following requisite conditions: It must be sent to one or more specific persons; The contents must be definite, that is, the conditions given must be complete, clear and final. A firm offer should include at least three specific conditions: the name, the quantity, the price of the commodity; It must indicate that once it has been unconditionally accepted by the offered within its validity, the offer is binding on both parties; It takes effect only after the offer reaches the offeree. It is always necessary to state the specific time zone when specifying the time of arrival.(6) Can you tell briefly the requisite conditions that a firm offer must satisfy? A firm offer should include at least three specific conditions: the name, the quantity, the price of the commodity.1. It must be sent to one or more specific persons. 2. The contents of the offer must be definite, that is , the conditions given must be complete, clear and final. A firm offer should include at least three specific conditions: the name, the quantity and the price of the commodity. 3. It must indicate that once it has been unconditionally accepted by the offered within the validity, the offer is binding on both parties. 4. It takes effect only after the offer reaches the offeree. Its always necessary to state the specific time zone when specifying the time of arrival.(7) What does an acceptance mean?Acceptance is the assent to the terms and conditions of the offer, required before a contract can be valid.(8) Why is a written contract so important? evidence that the two parties have come to an agreement. a necessary condition for the formation of a contract. the basis upon which the parties concerned perform the contract. (9) What are the essential elements of a sales contract?the name of commodity, specification, quantity, packing, price, shipment, port of shipment and port of destination, payment, etc. it also provides such clauses as claims, force majeure and arbitration covering the rights and liabilities of the parties and the dispute settlement(1) What are trade terms? Why are they used in international trade?Trade terms, also referred to as “price terms” or “delivery terms”, define the obligations of the buyer and the seller as regards the point of delivery, procurement of transport documents, contract of insurance, and other documents necessary for the export and import of the goods. Trade terms are abbreviations used to indicate the formation of the unit price and determine the responsibilities, expenses and risks borne by two parties as well as the time of the passing of the property in the goods.(2) What are the main international conventions on trade terms? What trade terms do they interpret respectively？1. Warsaw-Oxford Rules(W.O.Rules)19321932年华沙牛津规则 2. Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1990 1990美国对外贸易定义修订本 3. International Rules For the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2010 2010国际贸易术语解释通则 (3) What is Incoterms 2010? First published in 1936, the rules have been periodically updated, with the eighth version Incoterms 2010 becoming effective on January 1, 2011. Incoterms rules are recognized by UNCITRAL (联合国国际贸易法委员会) as the global standard for the interpretation of the most common terms in international trade.(4) What are the benefits of organizing the terms in Incoterms 2010 into two distinct classes?According to the ICC, all contracts made under Incoterms 2000 remain valid even after 2011. In addition, although the ICC recommends using INCOTERMS 2010 from January 2011 onward, parties to a contract for the sale of goods can agree to choose any version of the Incoterms rules after 2011. It is important, however, to clearly specify the chosen version of Incoterms being used (i.e. Incoterms 2010, Incoterms 2000, or any earlier version).(5) What are the similarities and differences among FOB and CFR and CIF? Similarities: a. Sellers risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods pass the ships rail. b. Seller is responsible for export customs formalities while buyer is responsible for import customs formalities. c. Buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination. d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation. Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyers risk.(6) What elements does an export price need to contain? Please state your reasons.1.tax 2.personal travelling and administration 3.domestic transportation 4.customs formalities handling 5.shipping 6. Insurance 7.packing 8. After sale service(7) Why is it advisable to use CIF in export and use FOB in import?The seller delivers the goods on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or procures the goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.The seller delivers the goods on board the vessel or procures the goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel. The seller must contract for and pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. The seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. (1) How do you understand the name of commodity?. The more specific meaning of the term commodity is applied to goods only. It is used to describe a class of goods for which there is a demand, but which is supplied without qualitative differentiation across a market.(2) What is meant by the quality of goods? Why is it considered to be a key factor in international trade?(3) What methods are commonly used to stipulate the quality of goods?Sale by actual quality: sales by inspection, sales by samples Sale by description: sales by specification/ grade/ standard/ brand-name/ description/ place of origin.(4) What products are generally sold by sample? Why?Samples of such goods as timber, coal, some mineral products, and natural products cannot really represent the exact quality of goods to be delivered. The terms and conditions of the contract about quality should be flexible, like “quality to be about equal to the sample”, ”quality to be similar to the sample”, otherwise, the exporter might be involved in trouble. (5) What should be done in the case of a contract for sale by sample or sale by description? the seller should keep a duplicate sample or keep sample of the original sample or type sample.(6) Explain quality latitude and quality tolerance and their functions.quality latitude :by setting the range of deviationquality tolerance :An allowed deviation in quality stipulated by an international organization and recognized internationally. (7) How many methods are commonly used to calculate weight? (1) By gross weight (2) By net weight Four ways to calculate tare: By actual tare or real tare: The actual weight of the package. By average tare: The package weight so reckoned on the basis of an average tare of a part of the commodities. By customary tare: Certain standard packages have a generally recognized weight, which is used as the customary tare to denote the weight of such packages. By computed tare: The tare previously agreed upon by the seller and the buyer. (3) By legal weight (4) By net net weight (5) By theoretical weight (6) By conditioned weight (8) How tare is calculated when weight is measured by net weight？Four ways to calculate tare: By actual tare or real tare: The actual weight of the package. By average tare: The package weight so reckoned on the basis of an average tare of a part of the commodities. By customary tare: Certain standard packages have a generally recognized weight, which is used as the customary tare to denote the weight of such packages. By computed tare: The tare previously agreed upon by the seller and the buyer. (9) What are “gross for net”, F.A.Q and G.M.Q.?Grossfornetmeans that goodsarepriced bygrossweight instead of bynetweight.F.A.Q (Fair Average Quality) means a quantity of a product that is offered not on a particular quality specification but on the basis that is equal to the average quality of the current group, recent shipment, etc.G.M.Q (Good Merchantable Quality) refers to the sound quality that is free from defects and is sufficiently good to satisfy the purpose for which the buyer intended to use the goods or for which the seller intends that they should be used.(10) What is a more or less clause? Why do we need to stipulate this clause in the contract？Owing to the influence of natural conditions, limitations of packing or transportation conditions, the actual quantity of goods tends to be hardly in conformity with that stipulated in the contract. In order to avoid disputes in the settlement of contract, both parties should decide the delivery quantity reasonably and flexibly beforehand by setting a more or less clause(also called a plus or minus clause). It consists of three parts: the quantity of the deal+the measurement unit+ a more or less clause. For example: Dehydrated Garlic Flakes, 300 M/T with 5% more or less at sellers option. This is used because quite often the shipment is over-delivered or under-delivered, especially for trading of bulk goods.(11) How is the price determined for the shipment over-delivered or under-delivered？ Under the more or less clause, the payment for the over-delivered or under-delivered will be effected according to the contract price or at the market price at the time of shipment.(1) What is the significance of packing and marking in international trade?Packing is one of the important ways to realize the value of commodities. It protects and prettifies commodities and forms an important process in the storage, transportation, and sales of commodities. In international trade, packing is also decisive in identifying commodities. Hence, packing is one of the key terms in business communication and negotiation.In addition, shipping marks, indicative and warning marks play an important role in identification and proper handling of commodities during transportation and process of loading and unloading.(2) How is packing of goods classified in international trade? What are some of the major functions of each type of packing? 1. Types: Transport packing Sales packing Neutral Packing2. Major functions: Transport packing is mainly used for protecting the goods and facilitating loading/unloading, stowage, transport and sorting & counting of goods.Sales packing is not only adopted as a form of protection to reduce the risks of goods being damaged in transit prevent pilferage, but also mainly used for the propose of promoting sales.Neutral Packing is chiefly utilized for breaking through different limitations and political discriminations of importing countries and regions.(3) What is package marking and how is it classified? 1. Definition: Package marking refers to different diagrams, words and figures that are written, printed, or brushed on the outer packing.2. Types: Shipping Mark Indicative Mark Warning Mark Identification Mark(4) For some commodities, why are indicative and warning marks necessary in international trade? The symbols or words that indicate the nature of the contents of the package and give instructions to facilitate the smooth handling of the cargo that needs special care. Reminding the cargo handlers to take necessary safety measures. (5) Why are shipping marks important in international cargo transportation? Please describe the standardized form of a shipping mark suggested by the ISO.1. Reason: because it is not only stenciled on the transport packing of cargoes but also appears on the commercial documents such as invoice, insurance policy or certificate, bill of loading.2. The standardized form of a shipping mark: It has four lines in total with no more than 17 letters in each line and contains no graphs. A standardized shipping mark consists of the following four parts: Abbreviations of consignee or buyer Reference number Port of destination Package number.(6) What is neutral packing? Why is it used in