英语介词、助动词总结.docx

表示年,月,日时刻等at “prep. 在（表示存在或出现的地点、场所、位置、空间）；以（某种价格、速度等）；向；因为；朝；忙于”,in“prep. 按照（表示方式）；从事于；在之内adv. 进入；当选；（服装等）时髦；在屋里adj. 在里面的；时髦的n. 执政者；门路；知情者n. (In)人名；(中)演(广东话威妥玛)；(柬)殷(用于名字第一节)， 因；(日)寅 (名) 过去式 inned 过去分词 inned 现在分词 inning ”on“adv. 向前地；作用中，行动中；继续着prep. 向，朝；关于；在之上；在时候adj. 开着的；发生着的，正在进行中n. (On)人名；(日)温(姓、名)；(缅、柬、印)翁” 表示时间的前后用before“prep. 在之前，先于adv. 以前；在前conj. 在以前；在之前”,after” adv. 后来，以后prep. 在之后conj. 在之后adj. 以后的” 表示期限等用By” prep. 通过；被；依据；经由；在附近；在之前adv. 通过；经过；附近；互联网 白俄罗斯的国家代码顶级域名”,Until” 直到;多用于否定句中;消息”Till” n. 地理水文 冰碛；放钱的抽屉；备用现金prep. 直到conj. 直到.为止vt. 耕种；犁vi. 耕种；耕耘n. (Till)人名；(法)蒂伊；(匈、德、捷)蒂尔；(英)蒂尔(女子教名Matilda的昵称)” 表示期间等用for,during,through 表示时间的起点等用from,since 表示时间的经过等用in,within 表示年,月,日时刻等用at,in,on at 用于表示时刻,时间的某一点 at noon at night at present at 8 oclock We usually have lunch at 12. on 用于某天,某天的上,下午(指具体某一天时,一律用on) 返回 on Monday on Tuesday morning on June 12th on a cold night on the night of May 1st We didnt listen to the lecture on Friday afternoon. in 用于表示周,月,季节,年,泛指的上午,下午,晚上 in the week in May in spring in 1992 in the morning in the afternoon 返回 in the night People go skating in winter. 表示时间的前后用before,after before 在.之前 Wash your hands before dinner. He will call me before he leaves here. after 在.之后 Lets sing some songs after school. Please close the door after you leave the room. 表示期限等用by,untill,till by 在.之前;截至. How many English books had you read by the end of last year. untill(till) 直到.为止 (untill 与 till 可通用) We didnt begin to watch TV untill (till) nine oclock. Ill wait for him untill he comes here. 表示期间等用for,during,through for 达.之久 返回 He has lived here for 20 years. We will stay in the city for two days. during 在.期间 They are going to have a good rest during the summer holidays. through 一直.(从开始到结束) They played the cards through the night. 表示时间的起点等用from,since from 从.起(时间) The meeting will be held from eight to ten. The meeting will be held at eight since 自从.以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续) I have been sick since yesterday. The doctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor. 表示时间的经过等用in,within 返回 in 在.后(未来时间) in an hour in a week or so He will be back in five hours. They said they would arrive here in a week. within 不超过.的范围 within 3 hours I must finish painting the cat within five minutes. They worked hard. They finished the work within 2 days at last. 表示场所,方向的介词 表示场所的介词: at,in,on,under,by,near,between. 表示方向的介词: into,out of,along,acros,through,to,from. at,in at 在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所) 返回 at school at home at No.2 Baker Street at a factory Ill meet him at the Beijing railway station. in 在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所) in Beijing in China in the world in the street She was born in China. on,under,over,above,below on a.在.上面,有接触面 on the desk There are two maps on the wall. b.在.靠近.的地方 on the right on the river above 在.上方 Our plane flew above the clouds. over 在.正上方,是under的反义词 返回 There is light over Li Ming. A few birds were flying over the sea. under 在.下面;在.之内 under the table under the jacket The dog is under the table. below 在.下方(不一定是正下方) There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water. near,by near 近的,不远的 near = not far Is there a bus stop near here by 在.旁边,距离比near要近 by the window by me The boy is standing by the window. between,among,around 返回 between 在两者之间 My teacher is sitting between Tom and Mike. Whats the difference between A and B among 在三者或更多的之中 There is a beautiful house among the trees. He is very popular among the students. around 环绕,在.周围,在.四周 We sat around the table. They walked around the street. in front of,behind in front of 在.的前面;在.的前部 The is a tree in front of the house. There is a big desk for the teacher in front of the classroom. behind 在.后面 是 in front of的反义词 返回 There is a tree behind the house. in,into,out of in 在.之内,用于表示静止的位置 The students are in the classroom. into 进入 The students run into the classroom. He jumped into the water. out of 和into一样,也表示有一定的运动方向 The students rushed out of the room. along,across,through along 沿着 I was walking along the river when it began to rain. across 横过 返回 I often swim across the river through 贯穿,通过 The river was through the city. to,for,from to 到达.地点(目的地)或方向 He came to Japan in 1980. Tom has gone to school. for 表示目的地,向. Ill leave for America next week. leave for 动身去. start for 出发去. from 从.地点起. Its about ten minutes walk from here to the cinema. How far is it from our school to the hospital 其他介词 表示手段和材料的介词用with,in,by with a. 和.在一起 Will you please go with me b. 具有,带有 He was a handsome boy with large bright eyes. c. 用某工具或方法 返回 Li Li cut her hand with a knife. I see with my eyes. He wrote the letter with a new pen. in 表示用什么材料(例如用墨水,铅笔)等,或用什么语言,或者表示衣着,声调特点时,不用with,而用in She wrote a letter in black ink. Dont write it in pencil but in ink. by 通过.方法,手段 He goes to school by bicycle. of, from of (属于).的;表示.的数量或者种类 This is a map of China. Will you please give me a cup of tea from 来自(某地,某人);以.起始(时间或地点) 返回 Im from Nanjing. I have got a letter from my friend. without,like,as without 没有,是with的反义词 Men cant live without air and water. I cant read the book without using a dictionary. Please give me a cup of coffee without milk. Please give me a cup of coffer with milk. like 象.一样 Nancy is just like her mother. as 作为 He is famous as a scientist here. against,about 返回 against 反对;靠着 He is against the plan. The teacher is standing against the blackboard. about a. 关于;各处;身旁 Tell me something about your life. He looked about himself. I have no money about(= with) me. b. 询问某人某物的情况或提出建议 What about your sister How about going to the park1) 简单介词:about, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beside, but, by, down, during, for, from, in, of, on, over, near, since, to, under, up, with等等。 2)合成介词:inside, into, outside, throughout, upon, without, within 3)短语介词:according to, along with, apart from, because of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, owing to, up to 4)分词介词:considering, reguarding, including, concerning 从意思上考虑，介词可分为下面三类: 1)引导时间短语的介词: at, on, in, during, before, after, over, from, following, by, till, until, towards, for, throughout, upon, since 2) 引导地点状语的介词: in, at, across, to, down, under, near, between, over, from, into, through, onto, off, outside, out of, inside, within, beside, behind, below, among, beyond, against, around, before, up, ahead of, via, in front of, under, along, past, opposite, above, next to 3) 引导其他短语的介词: by, with, about, except, like, of, according to, instead of, without, in, due to, because of, along with, as for, in spite of, on account of ，owing to, against, apart from, for, failing, plus, including2) 定义一种可以改变主要动词意义的一组动词3) 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 他们表示时态，语态，构成疑问句与否定副词not合用，加强语气助动词半助动词4) 编辑本段半助动词5) 功能介绍6) 在功能上介乎主动词和助动词之间的一类结构，称为半助动词。常见的半助动词有be about to, be due to, be going to, be likely to, be meant to, be obliged to, be supposed to, be willing to, have to, seem to, be unable to, be unwilling to等。.情态助动词7) 情态助动词 1.情态助动词包括will(would), shall(should), can(could), may(might), must, need, dare, ought to, used to, had better后接原形不定词。 2.情态助动词不受主语的人称和数的限制。 3.两个情态助动词不能连用。 中文:他将能够及时完成此事。 (误)He will can finish it i.8) 编辑本段基本助动词9) 基本助动词 基本助动词只有三个：be, do, have, 他们没有词汇意义，只有语法作用，如协助构成进行体，完成体，被动态，否定句，疑问句等。 例如 He is giving a lecture. 他在作报告He has made a plan. 他已经订了计划The small animals are kept in the cages. 小动物都关在笼子里。10) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用11) a. 表示时态，例如：12) He is singing. 他在唱歌。13) He has got married. 他已结婚。14) b. 表示语态，例如：15) He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。16) c. 构成疑问句，例如：17) Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？18) Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？19) d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：20) I dont like him. 我不喜欢他。21) e. 加强语气，例如：22) Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。23) He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。24) 3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall,will, should, would25) 编辑本段具体用法26) have的用法27) 一、have作助动词28) 形式29) 主要变化形式：have，has，had30) 动名词/现在分词：having31) 1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例：32) He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。33) By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.34) 上月末为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。35) 2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时（现在完成时），例：36) I have been studying English for ten years.37) 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。38) 3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成时态的被动语态，例：39) English has been taught in China for many years.40) 中国教英语已经多年。41) 二、have作普通动词42) 形式43) 肯定式 否定式 疑问式 44) 现在时 have（got）或have havent（got）或dont have have I（got）？或do you have？ 45) 过去时 had hadnt（got)或didnt have had you（got)?或did you have？ 46) 为表示习惯动作，do与have连用：47) Do you have earthquakes in yourcountry？ 你们国家地震吗？48) Yes,but we dont have them very often. 有，但不经常。49) have意指take（a meal）（吃），give（a party）（举行）等。50) We have lunch at one. 我们1点钟吃饭。51) They are having a party tomorrow. 他们明天举行聚会。52) I hope youll have a good holiday. 我希望你愉快地度过假期。53) do的用法54) 形式55) 主要变化形式：do,did，done56) 动名词/现在分词：doing57) 1） 构成一般疑问句，例如：58) Do you want to pass the CET?你想通过大学英语测试吗？59) Did you study German?你们学过德语吗？60) 2） do + not 构成否定句，例如：61) I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。62) He doesnt like to study. 他不想学习。63) In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。64) 3)构成否定祈使句，例如：65) Dont go there.不要去那里。66) Dont be so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。67) 说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，。68) 4） 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：69) Do come to my birthday party please.请一定来参加我的生日宴会。70) I did go there.我确实去那儿了。71) I do miss you.我确实想你。我真想你了！72) 5） 用于倒装句，例如：73) Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。74) Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.75) 只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。76) 说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。77) 6） 用作代替动词，例如：78) - Do you like Beijing?-你喜欢北京吗？79) - Yes, I do.-是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）80) He knows how to drive a car, doesnt he?81) 他知道如何开车，对吧？82) may和can83) may用来表示许可84) may用于所有人称的现在时及将来时句子中。85) might用于所有人称的过去时及条件句中。86) 否定形式：may not/maynt，might not/mightnt87) 疑问式：may I？might I？等88) 否定疑问式：may I not？/maynt I?等89) 表示许可的may的其他形式可用allow，be allowed的相应形式代替。90) may后面接不带to的不定式（即动词原形）。91) can用来表示许可92) can用于所有人称的现在时及将来时的句子中。93) could用于所有人称的过去时及条件句中。94) 否定式：can not/cant,could not/couldt95) 疑问式：can I？could I？等96) 否定疑问式：can I not？/cant I？could I not？/couldnt I？等97) 表示许可的can的其他形式可用于allow，be allowde的相应形式代替。98) can与不带to的不定式连用。199) shall和will的用法100) shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：101) I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。102) He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。103) 说明：104) 在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:105) He shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）106) He will come.他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）107) shall在疑问句中,用于第一,第三人称,征求对方意愿108) shall I turn on the light?109) 要开灯吗?( 我把灯打开好吗?)110) shall he come to see you?111) 他要不要来看你112) (比较: will he come to see you? 他会不会来看你)113) shall 用在陈述句, 与第二第三人称连用, 变为情态动词 表示允诺,命令,警告,和说话人的决心等。114) should,would的用法115) 1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如：116) I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.117) 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。118) 比较：119) What shall I do next week?I asked.120) 我下周干什么？我问道。（可以说，shall变成直接引语时，变成了should。）121) 2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如：122) He said he would come. 他说他要来。123) 比较：124) I will go, he said. 他说：我要去那儿。125) 变成间接引语，就成了：126) He said he would come.127) 原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。过去式从原来的go变为came。128) 有关汉语助动词的用法129) 参见：南京师范大学青年学者文丛：中古汉语助动词研究先秦汉语助动词研究中古汉语助动词研究等专著；论汉语助动词短语的结构现代汉语助动词研究等论文。130) 助动词用法讲解131) 助动词一般没有词意，不能单独作谓语动词。其作用在于帮助构成各种时态、语态、否定、疑问等。1、助动词be（am, is, are, was, were, being, been）的用法（1） be后跟现在分词构成进行时态。Who is playing the violin?谁在拉小提琴？She was reading a book then.那时她正在读书。（2）be后跟过去分词构成被动语态。He was asked to do the work.有人要他干这件工作。You are invited to attend the meetintg.有人邀请你参加会议。（3）be 后跟不定式作谓语，有如下几种情况：表示计划、安排将要发生的事。Who are we to meet?我们要见谁呀？Im to have supper with John this afternoon.今天下午我要与约翰一起吃晚饭。表示指示、命令，否定式表禁止。You are to see the headmaster today.今天你必须去见校长。You are not to enter the room without permission.未经允许你不能进入房间。表示义务、责任等，同should。You are to be back before 5.你得在5点钟以前回来。What is to be done?该干什么。表示可能性，与情态动词may, can同义。Such books are to be found in any library.这种书任何图书馆都有。Not a sound was to be heard.一点声响也没有。表示后来发生的事，可以用来表示命运或注定They say good-bye, little knowing that they we