Beginning Autocad xx英文原版工程技术教材教程教案

Beginning Autocad xx英文原版工程技术教材教程教案 Beginning AutoCADxxAutoCADxx_prelims14/06/xx19:02Page iOthertitles fromBob McFarlaneBeginning AutoCADISBN0340585714Progressing with AutoCADISBN0340601736Introducing3D AutoCADISBN0340614560Solid Modelling with AutoCADISBN0340632046Assignments in AutoCADISBN0340691816Starting with AutoCAD LTISBN0340625430Advancing with AutoCAD LTISBN03406457923D Draughtingusing AutoCADISBN0340677821Beginning AutoCAD R13for WindowsISBN0340645725Advancing with AutoCAD R13for WindowsISBN0340691875Modelling withAutoCAD R13for WindowsISBN0340692510Using AutoLISPwithAutoCADISBN03407xx6Beginning AutoCAD R14for Windows NT andWindows95ISBN03407xx4Advancing withAutoCADR14for WindowsNT andWindows95ISBN0340740531ModellingwithAutoCADR14for WindowsNT andWindows95ISBN0340731613An Introductionto AEC5.1withAutoCADR14ISBN0340741856AutoCADxx_prelims17/06/xx15:16Page iiBeginningAutoCADxxBob McFarlaneMSc,BSc,ARCST,CEng,FIED,RCADDesMIMechE,MIEE,MIMgt,MBCS,MCSDCurriculum ManagerCAD andNew Media,Motherwell College,Autodesk EducationalDeveloperOXFORDAMSTERDAMBOSTONLONDONNEW YORKPARISSANDIEGOSAN FRANCISCOSINGAPORESYDNEYTOKYOAutoCADxx_prelims14/06/xx19:02Page iiiButterworth-Heinemann Animprint ofElsevier ScienceLinacreHouse,Jordan Hill,Oxford OX28DP225Wildwood Avenue,Woburn,MA01801-2041First publishedxxCopyright?xx,R.McFarlane.All rightsreservedThe right of BobMcFarlane to be identifiedas theauthor of this work has beenasserted in aordance with the Copyright,Designs andPatents Act1988.No part ofthis publication maybe reproducedin anymaterial form(including photocopyingor storingin anymedium byelectronic meansand whetheror nottransiently orincidentally tosome otheruse ofthis publication)without thewritten permissionof the copyright holderexcept inaordance with the provisionsof theCopyright,Designs andPatents Act1988or underthe termsof alicence issuedby theCopyright LicensingAgency Ltd,90Tottenham CourtRoad,London,England W1T4LP.Applications for thecopyrightholders writtenpermission toreproduce anypart ofthispublicationshould beaddressed to the publisherBritishLibrary Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from theBritish LibraryLibraryof CongressCataloguinginPublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthis book is availablefrom the Libraryof CongressISBN0750656107Produced andtypeset byGray Publishing,Tunbridge Wells,KentPrinted andbound inGreat Britainby BathPress,AvonFor informationon allButterworth-Heinemannpublications visitour websiteat .bh.AutoCADxx_prelims14/06/xx19:02Page ivContentsPrefaceviiChapter1Whats newin AutoCADxx1Chapter2System requirementsand installation3Chapter3Using the book5Chapter4AutoCADxxgraphics screen6Chapter5Drawing,erasing and the selectionset19Chapter6The2D drawing aids30Chapter7Saving andopening drawings35Chapter8Standard sheet142Chapter9Line creation and coordinate entry44Chapter10Circle creation52Chapter11Object snap56Chapter12Arc,donut andellipse creation66Chapter13Layers andstandard sheet271Chapter14User exercise185Chapter15Fillet andchamfer87Chapter16Offset,extend,trim andchange mands92Chapter17User exercise2102Chapter18Text104Chapter19Dimensioning111Chapter20Dimension styles1118Chapter21Modifying objects129Chapter22Grips141Chapter23Drawing assistance148Chapter24Viewing a drawing154Chapter25Hatching160Chapter26Point,polygon andsolid175AutoCADxx_prelims14/06/xx19:02Page vChapter27Polylines and splines180Chapter28Modifying polylines andsplines189Chapter29Divide,measure andbreak196Chapter30Lengthen,align andstretch199Chapter31Obtaining informationfrom a drawing205Chapter32Text fontsand styles211Chapter33Multiline text218Chapter34The ARRAYmand226Chapter35Changing properties234Chapter36User exercise3243Chapter37Dimension styles2245Chapter38Drawing with different sizes258Chapter39Multilines,plex linesand groups264Chapter40Blocks272Chapter41WBLOCKS286Chapter42Attributes294Chapter43External references301Chapter44Isometric drawings305Chapter45Model space and paper space310Chapter46Templates andstandards323Chapter47The AutoCADDesign Center336Chapter48The TODAY window347Chapter49ElectronicAutoCAD354Activities366Index385viBeginning AutoCADxxAutoCADxx_prelims14/06/xx19:02Page viPrefaceAutoCADis probablythe mostwidely usedPC-based CADsoftware packageavailable,and AutoCADxxis thelatest release.The programis verysimilar to AutoCAD2000,but incorporatesseveral new features includinggreater Interaessibility.These newfeatures,bined with the traditional AutoCAD interfacewill increasethe usersdraughting skillsand improveproductivity.This bookis intendedfor:a)new usersto AutoCADwho have aess toAutoCADxxb)experienced AutoCAD users wantingto upgradetheir skillsfrom previous releases toAutoCADxx.The objectiveof the bookis to introducethe reader to theessential basic2D draughtingskillsrequired byevery AutoCADuser,whether at the introductory,intermediate oradvancedlevel.Once thesebasic skillshave beenmastered,the usercan progresstothe moredemandingtopics such as3D modelling,customisation andAutoLISPprogramming.The bookwill proveinvaluable to any casualAutoCADuser,as well as thestudentstudying anyof theCity andGuild,BTEC orSQA CADDcourses.It willalso be usefulto undergraduatesand postgraduatesat higherinstitutions whorequire AutoCADdraughtingskills.Industrial CADusers will be ableto usethe book,as botha textbookanda referencesource.As with all myother AutoCADbooks,the readerwill learnby pletingworkedexamples,and furtherdraughting experiencewill beobtained bypleting theadditionalactivities whichplement manyof thechapters.All drawingmaterial hasbeenpleted usingReleasexxand allworkhas been checkedto ensurethere arenoerrors.Your mentsand suggestionsfor workto be included inany futurepublications wouldbegreatly appreciated.Bob McFarlaneAutoCADxx_prelims14/06/xx19:02Page viiTo:Stephen andAmanda.Many congratulationson yourmarriage,from Mum,Dad,Lynda andCiara.AutoCADxx_prelims14/06/xx19:02Page viiiWhats newinAutoCADxxNew featuresAutoCADxxhas severalnew andenhanced featuresincluding thoselisted below.True associativedimensioningAutoCAD now supports geometry-driven associativedimensioning andtrans-spatialdimensioning,providing anew methodof dimensioningthat eliminates:(a)calculatingdimension scalesand(b)creating specialannotation layers.New textfeaturesSeveral newtext utilitiesinclude anenhanced spellchecker,text scaling,text justifyingandmatching textbetween modelspaceand paperspace.The spellchecker supportsalltext objectsincluded inblock definitions.CAD standardsAllowa setof monproperties to be definedsuchaslayers andtext styles.This allowsforconsistency ininterpreting drawingswhen alarge number of userscontribute toadrawing.Design XMLDefinesa structurefor theefficient deliveryof geometricmodel informationover theweb.This is an advancedfeature of AutoCADxx.Layer translatorAllowslayers in the current drawing tobe changedto matchlayers inanother drawingorin CADstandard files.Block attributemanagerAllows attributedata inblock definitionstobemodified easily.Enhanced DWFfile formatDWFnowsupportsraster imageformats,thumbnail andpreview imagesas wellassupport for additional viewerapplications andproducts.Chapter1Beginning withAutoCADxx.qxd14/06/xx19:03Page1Enhanced featuresAutoCADTodayAllows the user tomanage drawingand template files,load symbollibraries,aess theBulletin Board forcollaborative workand aessthe AutoDESKPoint Adesign portal.Live ObjectEnablersIncreases thevalue ofdesigns andreduces timebetween drawingand datasharing.Publish toWebThe usercan thePublish toWeb wizardwith template,themes andI-drop options.Many(but notall)of thesenewfeatureswill be discussed in thisbook.2Beginning AutoCADxxBeginning withAutoCADxx.qxd14/06/xx19:03Page2System requirementsandinstallationThe requirementsfor usingAutoCADxxare:Operating system?Windows2000?Windows MillenniumEdition(ME)?Windows98?WindowsNT4.0with ServicePack5.0.Processor?Pentium233minimum?Pentium450or higherremended?Any equivalentprocessor.RAM?32MB minimum?64MB remended.Video?800600VGA with256colours minimum?1024768with64thousand coloursremended.Note:Windows-supported displayadapter required.Hard disk?130MB forinstallation?64MB ofswap space?60MB minimumsystem folder(75MB remended)?20MB sharedfiles.Pointing device?Mouse,tracker ballor otherdevice.CD-ROM?For installationpurposesany speed.Chapter2Beginning withAutoCADxx.qxd14/06/xx19:03Page3Optional hardware?Open GL-patible3D videocard?Printer orplotter?Digitizer?Modem oraess toan Interconnection?Network interfacecard.The installationprocedure shouldfollow theinstructions givenin the AutoCADxxUsersManual.4Beginning AutoCADxxBeginning withAutoCADxx.qxd14/06/xx19:03Page4Using the book Theaim of thebookistoassist thereader onhow to use AutoCADxxwith aseriesof interactiveexercises.These exerciseswill bebacked upwith activities,thus allowingthereadertopractice thenew skillsbeing demonstrated.While noprevious CADknowledge is required,it wouldbeusefulif thereader knewhow touse:the mouseto selectitems from the screenWindows packages,e.g.maximise/minimise screens.Concepts forusing thebookThere areseveral simpleconcepts withwhich thereader should bee familiar,andthese are:1Menu selectionwill be in bold type,e.g.Draw2A menusequence will beinbold typeand beeither:a)Drawor b)Draw-Circle-3PointsCircle3Points3User keyboardentry willalso behighlighted inboldtype,e.g.a)coordinateentry125,36;100,50;20045b)mand entryLINE;MOVE;ERASE c)response toa prompt154Button/icon selectionwill be displayed asa smallpicture of the iconwhere appropriateusually thefirst timethe icon is used.5The AutoCADxxprompts will beintypewriter face,e.g.a)promptSpecify firstpointb)promptSpecify secondpoint ofdisplacement6The symbolorwill be used tosignify pressing the RETURNorENTER key.Pressing the mouse right-button willalso give theeffectcalled right-click.7The termpick iscontinually usedwithAutoCAD,and refersto the selection ofa line,circle,text item,dimension,etc.The mouseleft buttonis used to pickan objectcalled left-click.8Keyboard entrycan beLINE orline.Both are aeptable.Saving drawingsAll workshould be saved forrecall atsome latertime,and drawings can be saved:onaformatted floppydiskina named folderin thehard drive.It is the users preferenceas towhich methodis used,but forconvenience purposesonlyI willassume thatanamedfolder is being used.This folderis namedBEGIN and whena drawingisbeingsaved oropened,the terminologyused will be:a)save drawingas BEGINWORKDRGb)open drawingBEGINEXER_1.Chapter3Beginning withAutoCADxx.qxd14/06/xx19:03Page5The AutoCADxxgraphics screenIn this chapterwe willinvestigate the graphics screen and discusssome of theterminology associatedwith it.Starting AutoCADxxAutoCADxxis started:a)from the WindowsStart screenwitha double left-click onthe AutoCADxxiconb)by selecting the windowstaskbar sequence:Start-Programs-AutoCADxx-AutoCADxxBoth methodsbriefly displaythe AutoCADxxlogo and then the AutoCADxxTodayscreen/dialogue boxas Fig.4.1.The Today screen isdivided intothree distinctsection,these being:a)My Drawings:Open Drawings,Create Drawingsand SymbolLibraries optionsb)Bulletin Board:for municationbetween panysitesc)Autodesk PointA:for Interaess.At presentwe willnot discussthe Todayscreen inany detail,so cancelit by picking(left-click)the Xbutton onthe rightin the title bar.The AutoCADxxgraphics screenwillthen be displayed.Chapter4Figure4.1The AutoCADTodayscreen.(a)My Drawings(b)BulletinBoard(c)Autodesk PointABeginning withAutoCADxx.qxd14/06/xx19:03Page6The graphics screen The AutoCADxxgraphics screen(Fig.4.2)displays thefollowing:1The title bar9The coordinatesystem icon2Thewindows buttons10The drawing area3The menu bar11The on-screen cursor4The Standard toolbar12The gripsand/or pickfirstbox5The Object Properties toolbar13Scroll bars6The Windowstaskbar14The Layout tabs7The Statusbar15The Modifytoolbar8The Command prompt window area16The Drawtoolbar.The AutoCADxxgraphics screen7Figure4.2The AutoCADxxgraphics screen.Beginning withAutoCADxx.qxd14/06/xx19:03Page7Title barThetitle baris positionedat thetop of the screen and displays the AutoCADxxicon,the AutoCADRelease versionand the currentdrawingname.The Windows buttons The Windowsbuttonsare positionedto the right of the titlebar,and are:a)left button:minimise screenb)centre button:maximise screenc)right button:close currentapplication.The menu bar Themenu bardisplays thedefault AutoCADmenu headings.By moving the mouseintothe menu bar area,the cursor cross-hairs changetoapick arrowand witha left-clickon anyheading,the relevantpull-downmenu will be displayed.The full menu barheadingsare:File EditView InsertFormat ToolsDraw DimensionModify ImageWindows HelpFigure4.3displays the fullmenupull-down selectionsforasample ofmenu barheadings,i.e.File,Format,Draw andModify.8Beginning AutoCADxxFigure4.3The pull-down menusfrom fourmenu barselections.Beginning withAutoCADxx.qxd14/06/xx19:03Page8Menu barnotes1Pull-down menu items whichdisplayresult ina screendialogue boxwhen theitemis selected,i.e.left-clicked2Pull-down menu items whichdisplay?result ina furthermenu whenselected.This istermedthe cascade menu effect.3Menu itemsin BOLDtype are available for selection.4Menu itemsin GREYtype arenot available for selection.5Menu bar and pull-down menuitems can be selected(picked)with the mouse orbyusing theAlt key with theletter which is underlined,e.g.a)Alt withM,activates theModify pull-down menub)then Altwith Y,activates theCopy mand.6Certain itemscan be activated using the control(Ctrl)keywitha letteror number.Themost monitems are:a)Ctrl withNNew drawingb)Ctrl withOOpen drawingc)Ctrl withSSave drawingd)Ctrl withPPlot drawinge)Ctrl with1Properties dialogue box.7Inthisbook,items will be generallyselected from the menu bar withthe mouse.The Standard toolbar TheStandard toolbaris normallypositioned below the menu barand allows the useraess to30button iconselections includingNew,Open,Save,Print,etc.By movingthecursor pick arrow ontoan iconandleaving it for abouta second,the iconname willbedisplayed in yellow(default).The standardtoolbar can be positioned anywhere onthe screen orturned offif requiredby the user.The Object Properties toolbarNormally positionedbelowthe Standardtoolbar,this allowsa furtherseven buttoniconselections.The iconsin thistoolbar areMake Objects LayerCurrent,Layers,LayerControl,Layer Previous,Color Control,Liype controland LineweightControl.The WindowstaskbarThis is at the bottom of the screen and displays:a)the WindowsStart buttonand iconb)the nameof anyapplication whichhas beenopened,e.g.AutoCADc)the time and thesound controlicond)perhaps someother iconsdepending onthe users system.By left-clicking onStart,the userhas aess to theother Programswhich can be runon top ofAutoCAD,i.e.multi-tasking.The StatusbarPositioned abovethe Windowstaskbar,the status bar givesuseful informationto theuser:a)on-screen cursorX,Y andZ coordinatesat the leftb)drawingaidbuttons,e.g.SNAP,GRID,ORTHO,POLAR,OSNAP,OTRACK,LWTc)MODEL/PAPER spacetoggleThe AutoCADxxgraphics screen9Beginning withAutoCADxx.qxd14/06/xx19:03Page9Commandpromptwindow areaThe mand prompt area iswhere the usermunicateswithAutoCADxxtoenter:a)a mand,e.g.LINE,COPY,ARRAYb)coordinate data,e.g.120,150,1530c)a specificvalue,e.g.a radiusof25.The mand promptareais alsoused byAutoCAD tosupply the user withinformation,which couldbe:a)a prompt,e.g.from pointb)a message,e.g.object doesnot intersectan edge.Themandarea can be increasedin sizebydraggingthebottomedge of the drawingareaupwards.I generallyhaveatwo-or three-line mandarea.The coordinatesystem iconThis is theXY iconat thelower leftcorner of the drawing area.This icongivesinformation aboutthe coordinatesystem inuse.The defaultsetting is the traditionalCartesiansystem withthe origin(0,0)at thelower leftcorner of the drawingarea.Thecoordinate iconwill bediscussed indetail later.The drawingareaThis is the users drawingsheet and canbeany sizerequired.In generalwe willuse A3sized paper,but willalso investigatevery largeand verysmall drawingpaper sizes.The cursorcross-hairsUsed toindicate theon-screen position,and movementofthepointing devicewill resultin the coordinatesin thestatusbarchanging.Thesizeoftheon-screen cursorcan beincreasedor decreasedto suituser preferenceand will bediscussed later.The Grips/Pickfirst boxThis isthesmall boxwhichisnormallyattachedto the cursorcross-hairs.It isused toselectobjects formodifying andwill bediscussed indetail ina laterchapter.Scroll barsPositionedat theright andbottom ofthe drawingarea andare used to scrollthe drawingarea.They arevery usefulfor largersized drawingsand canbeturned-offif they arenot required.Layout tabsAllows the user totogglebetween modelandpaperspace fordrawing layouts.Thelayout tabswillbediscussed ina laterchapter.Modify andDraw toolbarsBydefault,Releasexxdisplays thesetwo toolbarsat theleft ofthe screen.Toolbarswill bediscussedlaterin this chapter.10Beginning AutoCADxxBeginning withAutoCADxx.qxd14/06/xx19:03Page10TerminologyAutoCADxxterminology isbasically thesame aspreviousreleases,andthefollowinggives abrief descriptionoftheitems monlyencountered bynew userstoAutoCAD.MenuA menuisalist ofoptions fromwhich theuser selects(picks)the onerequired foraparticular task.Picking amenuitemis achieved by movingthemouseover the requireditem and left-clicking.There aredifferent typesof menus,e.g.pull-down,cascade,screen,toolbar buttonicon.CommandA mand isanAutoCAD functionusedtoperform sometask.This maybe todrawa line,rotate ashape ormodify an item oftext.Commands canbe activated by:a)selection from a menub)selectingthe appropriate iconfroma toolbar buttonc)entering themand from the keyboardat themand lined)entering themand abbreviatione)using theAlt keyas previouslydescribed.Only thefirst threeoptions willbe usedinthisbook.ObjectsEverything drawninAutoCADxxis termedan objector entity,e.g.lines,circles,text,dimensions,hatching,etc.are allobjects.The userpicksthe appropriateentity/object