GMAT阅读理解第三次课堂笔记-黄深-110207

GMAT阅读主讲老师：黄深第三次上课2011-02-07上午：回顾长难句信息提取例句4，具备考点：一，给出了大写，二，给出了一对反义词，有对比关系。重点关注考点句，非考点句总结1.2.3记住：首（末）句+段首或段中however yet but句唯一文章主题词、多个段落关键词、态度词、主题句、结论句：关键词TW, AW, TS=CS; Linking Words其中态度词特别重要段落首末句+下段首句* 详读：段内对比：两个模块的反义词：因果机制：首末句：非因果机制非对比：一对并列词标记：让步、（甚至记住）句内对比比较、大小写。单词：突破阅读理解，单词是关键。例题：小蓝P3首先，判断文章套路。看文章的段首段尾，中间段的首句及关联词。新老观点：While表让步，重要，让步之后必有转折，让步给出正评价，主句必须负评价。Since之后是论据（态度证据），since之前是论点。在论据之中找考点和论点。其次，要判断段落模式。一般段落无法判断是什么模式，则一般认为其是并列模式。再次，选项中出现极端表达，而文中没有出现此极端表达，该选项错误。另外，other经常出现在错误选项。相似选项比较差别，往往是一字之差。对一个新观点，作者不可能给出一个反驳态度。In + n. 在句中出现表细节。GMAT阅读题型解析最难：信息题（1-2道）最易：核心题（2-5道）把握：定点题（8-10道）理想搭配：核心题：2道信息题：2道定点题：10道核心题（2-5道，属最易题）问主题或态度或结构。定位到TW, TS, CS, KW, AW解题各段首句（有时看首末段末句）1 主题题 Main ideaThe primary purpose of the passage is toWhich of the following best expresses the authors main idea?有TS，定位TS，特别注意TS中的NP。论点说明与评述文章TS在各段首句或末句。无TS，则1）找CS, CS=TS, 无CS，则2）综合各段TS，即综合各段首句（和手段的however句）注意：AW态度错误；NP错；片面KW错，行文顺序错误（前文and后文）。2 结构题 Logical structure: how constructed, how the author persuadesWhich one of the following best describes the organization of the passage?重读各段首句，确定各段关系结构：综合各段首句逻辑顺序，三大典型结构对应词汇现象解释前负后正：phen.-explanation(s)/theory(-ies)新老：new/novel/alterative; correct/revise/ challenge a theory总分：general view/ thesis-illustration/developed; theory-evidence.注意：顺序错误（and）套路错误3 态度题 style and toneThe authors attitude toward the culture toward the culture in most factories is best described asThe author regards the traditional view of the origin if the oceans with选项为态度词或题干中有态度词，如attitude, tone; value, drawback, success, object; problematic,定位到AW特例：混合评价的选项1） but, though, without, while, despite, 不能用and联结2） qualified agreement, tempered by, guarded, restrained, partially, critically, mild, limited混合评价的定位方向；各段首句态度的综合，含有态度的让步转折、中间态度词（kw的证据压缩）注意：态度相反、主要态度相反、态度正确但内容不符。# 每道核心题必须定位，切忌凭印象做题。选项设计存在陷阱（a+b+c vs. a+b+x）; 必须对照TS各个成分，特别NP。主题题套路总结（1） 新老观点对比型Showing that a certain interpretation is better supported by the evidence than is an alternative explanationa recently proposed explanation of a way in which wind-pollinated plants reduce pollen waste correct an erroneous belief by describing its originsdescribe an alterative hypothesis and provide evidence and arguments that support itrecommending a different approach provide evidence to dispute an accepted theory about the evolution of galaxies correct misconceptions(2) 现象解释型A phenomenon is described and an interpretation presented and rejected A problem(从意思上说是问题，从套路上说是现象) is presented and reasoned for its existence are supplied.Discussing a possible explanation for the way bilateral asymmetry is determined in lobsters.(3) 问题解决型suggesting an answer to a theoretical questionidentifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problemdiscussing a problem and possible solution to ita way to curb illegal digging while benifiting the archeological professionA problem is described and then reasons why various proposed solutions succeeded of failed are discussed,(4) 结论解释型A general opinion is expressed and then supportive illustrations are advanced.Stating a conclusion and adducing evidence that may justify itAn evaluation is made, and aspects of the evaluation are expanded on with supporting evidence.An assertion is made and several examples are provided to illustrate it.(5) 特别套路：评述某人观点/著作evaluating the soundness of a work of criticismindicated the importance of Jean Wagners analysis of Afro-American poetryreviewing a historical study of the status of women in Mexico City during the nineteenth-centurydiscussing an important work in Black American literaturean appraisal of a biography by A.N. Wilsonsummarizing and assessing a study an evaluation of a scholarly studyanalyzing a scholarly study and pointing out a central weakness注意事项1） 顺序先在文中找评价，再看选项2） 混合评价的表示方法（大负小正，大正小负，纯粹的混合评价）a. but 或and连接的评价词correct and limited 正 负is useful but can cause problems b. 修饰词所限定的评价词Partially correct, qualified approval, enthusiasm tempered by minor reservation, guarded criticism, tentative acceptance, reluctant acceptance3) 避免极端选项态度题的极端选项a. 过于中庸，无态度Indifference, ambivalence, resigned, light-hearted, jocularb. 人身攻击Condemnation, indignant, envious, offensive, insincere, callousDefiance, derision, scornful, cynical, spitefulc. 过于热情，甚至谄媚Fervent, fanatical, adulatoryd. 程度过强，不留余地Complete(ly), entire(ly), tota(ly), absolute(ly),Understrained, unmitigated, unchecked信息题 Supporting ideas 发问对象涉及多句或全文内容，无法精确定位单独某个句子。解法：a) 核心排除TS/CS 排除首末句排除（2-3个与主题无关，与结论相反，与态度相反） b) NP再定位KW?- 比较各段首句KW，确定段落。典型错误：新否定 新比较 most, only, more than4. 信息题The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions? 全文定位定点题 （8-10道） Supporting Ideas, inferences, application, Arguments assessment & counterarguments题干往往出现according to（直接事实），infer, imply, suggest(常有取非)等词，考察某句内容，不牵涉上下文。定位之后直接将原句改写即为正确答案。答案为原居的语言变换（+）逻辑变换，切忌先读选项。优先定位段落常考语言。定位后找出答案中心词，以中心词排除3个选项；剩余2个选项如有相似成分，比较其差异，再以差异定位。5细节定位题=直接事实题题干常有according to，考段中细节。提炼题干名词，比较各段首句KW，确定定位段落后再到段中寻找。答案为定位句的文字对应，最常见的同义词改写。例1，2，36列举题原文连续并列3-4个内容，问哪个有（或没有）提到：mention/cite/refer to/state(EXCEPT) supporting ideas例47In order to/作用题 Logical Struction: The reason of the authors use of some details针对原文任何内容，问其在语境中（context）的作用。题干常有行数提示，定位容易。题干题到某个句子成分、句子、观点为了干什么。题干常用词：in order to, serve to, intend, be used to解法：所问对象指向的逻辑上一层主题，答案多往前走，偶尔也在后文，此类题目极其常见。技巧：如问到例子的作用，答案就是他所说明的论点，答案常有illustrate或give an example of。例5，6，78取非题Inferences1) 对比取非 可归入细节题，定位某句得到答案原文有对比内容：different, distinction, compare, distinguish, unlike, not found, absent, first , the most, more/less 或者时间对比：early-later, traditionally-now, until recently-recent 题干常有differ from, distinguish, compare, relative to, characteristic, feature等词。A-B相反，相互取非，或者，原文说A.B, 答案常有否定词例7，82）观点或态度取非题干中常有would, might，将原来内容反过来说，则答案将另一部分取非。逆否命题 AB B- A- 弱化版：A, B A-, B-例9，109逻辑题 选项可出现原文所无内容 Arguments Assesment & Countergument1) 逻辑反对 题干：if true, would weaken/undermine/ cast doubt on a certain theory in the passagei) 反对原因：反对论据；反对关系 ii）有它因2）逻辑支持 题干：if true, would support/strengthen a certain theory in the passagei) 支持论据；举例或重复；取非反对论据 ii) 无它因10距离应用 example, exemplify, illustrate Select an example11. 类比 analogous to, similar to, parallel to, comparable to, identify a hy pothetical, compa