高中英语Module 9 Unit 1 Other Countries,other cultures grammar 课件牛津版选修九.ppt

grammarandusage overviewofsubordinateclass whataresubordinateclauses whenanumberofideasarecombinedinonesentence someideasaremoreimportantthanothers wecanusesubordinateclausestoexpresslessimportantideas thesecanbedividedintothreekinds adverbial nounorattributiveclauses whatareadverbialclauses completethefollowingwithproperconjunctions asididn tknowtheway iaskedapoliceman ifitsnowstomorrow wewillbuildasnowman hedidn tgotoschooluntilhewaseleven wearrivedearly sothatwegotgoodseats weintendtogou s evenifairfaresareexpensive adverbialclausescanexpresstime place manner contract condition reason purposeorresult theyareintroducedbyconjunctionsthatindicatethemeaningsoftheclause e g when where how although if since because inorderthatandsothat a as when while的区别1 thedaywenton theweathergotworse met90 a withb sincec whiled as2 ihadjuststeppedoutofthebathroomandwasbusilydryingmyselfwithatowel iheardthesteps 湖南卷 a whileb whenc sinced after3 i mgoingtothepostoffice you rethere canyougetmesomestamps nmet99 a asb whilec becaused if 状语从句疑难点 1 as when while都表示主 从句的动作或状态同时发生 但三者意义不尽相同 as和when引导的从句既可表示一点时间 也可表示一段时间 从句中的谓语动词既可以是持续性动词 也可以为短暂性动词 经常可以互换使用 while引导的从句通常表示一段时间 从句中宜用持续性动词作谓语 当从句中的谓语动词为持续性动词时 这三者可以通用 如 motherwasworriedbecauselittlealicewasill especiallyas when whilefatherwasawayinfrance 妈妈担心 因为小艾丽思病了 特别是当父亲远在法国的时候 状语从句疑难点 1 如果从句和主句要表示一个人的两个动作交替进行或同时完成时 则多用as 可译为 一边 一边 例如 helookedbehindfromtotimeashewent 他一边走 一边不时地往后看 ithoughtofitjustasyouopenedyourmouth 你一张嘴我就知道你要说什么 若表示两个短促动作几乎同时发生时 用as的场合多于when 当主从句之间表示转折或对比关系时 多用while 不用as或when 如 shethoughtiwastalkingaboutherdaughter whileinfact iwastalkingaboutmydaughter 她以为我在谈论她女儿 而事实上 我在谈论我的女儿 状语从句疑难点 1 如果表示从句的动作在主句的动作 之前 或 之后 发生时 多用when after 不用as或while 此外 when还含有 atthatmoment 的意思 andthen 引起的句子不能放在句首 也不能用as while来替换 例如 hewasabouttoleavewhenthetelephonerang 他正要离开 忽然电话铃响了 wewerewatchingtvwhensuddenlythelightswentout 我们正在看电视 突然灯灭了 theyhadjustarrivedhomewhenitbegantorain 他们刚到家 天就开始下雨了 状语从句疑难点 1 1 notuntilibegantowork howmuchtimeihadwasted nmet90 a didn tirealizeb didirealizec ididn trealized irealized2 notuntilallthefishdiedintheriver howseriousthepollutionwas nmet95 a didthevillagersrealizeb thevillagersrealizedc thevillagersdidrealized didn tthevillagersrealize 状语从句疑难点 2 3 itwasnot shetookoffherglasses irealizedshewasafamousstar met92 a when thatb until thatc until whend when then4 itwasnotuntil1920 regularradiobroadcastsbegan nmet95 a whileb whichc thatd since 状语从句疑难点 2 until与till及not until till的用法 1 until和till都可表示 直到 为止 与持续性动词的肯定式连用 如 hewaiteduntil tillwefinishedourmeal 他一直等到我们吃完饭 2 当until和till表示 直到 才 时 通常与短暂动词的否定式连用 这时 until和till也可用before代替 如 ididn tleaveuntil till beforeshecameback 直到她回来 我才离开的 3 be动词肯定式和否定式都可以和until或till连用 4 until引导的从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后 但till从句一般不放在句首 状语从句疑难点 2 didyouremembertogivemarythemoneyyouowedher yes igaveittoher isawher 2001北京春招 a whileb themomentc suddenlyd onceithoughtherniceandhonest imether a firsttimeb forthefirsttimec thefirsttimed bythefirsttime 状语从句疑难点 3 有时 thetime 当 的时刻 themoment 当 的时刻 bythetime 到 时候为止 nexttime 下次 thefirsttime 第一次 的时候 thelasttime 上次 的时候 immediately 一 就 instantly 一 就 directly 一 就 等词或词组以及hardly scarcely when 刚 就 nosooner than 刚 就 等关联词也可引导表示时间的状语从句 状语从句疑难点 3 例如 besuretocallonusnexttimeyoucometotown 下次你进城一定来看我们 bythetimehewasfourteen einsteinhadlearnedadvancedmathematicsallbyhimself 爱因斯坦到十四岁时就自学完了高等数学 sherushedintotheroomimmediately themomentsheheardthenoise 她一听到这声音 就冲进房间 heleftmeagoodimpressionthefirsttimeimethim 我第一次见他时 他给我留下了好印象 状语从句疑难点 3 例如 hehadnosoonerarrivedtherethanhefellill 他刚到达那里就生起病来 hehadhardlyfinishedwhensomeonerosetorefutehispoints 他还没全说完 就有人起来反驳他的论点 当hardly scarcely nosooner位于引起的句子的开头时 常用倒装语序 上面的例句可以依次改写成 nosoonerhadhearrivedtherethanhefellill hardlyhadhefinishedwhensomeonerosetorefutehispoints 状语从句疑难点 3 if和unless的用法1 thewtocannotliveuptoitsname itdoesnotincludeacountrythatishometoonefifthofmankind 2000全国 a aslongasb whilec ifd eventhough2 themenwillhavetowaitallday thedoctorworksfaster 01北京春 a ifb unlessc whetherd that 状语从句疑难点 4 if和unless的用法一般情况下 unless相当于if not 可以互换 如 iwon tletyouinunlessyoushowmeyourpass iwon tletyouinifyoudon tshowmeyourpass 如果你不出示通行证 我就不让你进来 但是 在下列情况下 两者是有区别的 1 unless引导真实条件句 if not可以引导真实条件句或非真实条件句 2 unless从句中有否定词时 不能换成if not结构 状语从句疑难点 4 if和unless的用法3 如果主句描述的是情感或情绪活动方面的内容 if not结构不能换成unless 如 i llbequitegladifshedoesn tcomethisevening 她今晚如果不来我很高兴 4 unless表示唯一条件 不能用and连接重复使用 if not则可以 状语从句疑难点 4 because since as for的区别1 shewasill shedidn tcometoschoolthismorning a sinceb becausec asd for2 wehadbetterhurry itisgettingdark met1984 a andb butc asd unless3 theitalianboywasregardedasahero hegavehislifeforhiscountry met85 a accordingtob becauseofc onaccountofd because 状语从句疑难点 5 because since as for的区别 1 在这四个连词中 because语气最强 它引导的从句表达的是未知的新信息 也是该主从复合句中的焦点 一般都置于主句之后 也可以放在主句之前 用逗号隔开 在回答 why 引导的特殊疑问句时 一般只能用because 在强调结构 itis was that 中 也只能用because 例如 it sbecausehehelpedyouthati mpreparedtohelphim 正是因为他帮助过你 所以我乐意去帮助他 whydidn tyouphonemelastnight 你昨天夜里为什么没给我打电话 becauseididn twanttodisturbyou 因为我不想在夜里打扰你 状语从句疑难点 5 because since as for的区别 2 since和as语气不如because强 as的语气最弱 他们引导的从句大多置于句首 有时放在主句之后 as从句在复合句中的位置更为灵活 表达的往往是已知信息 即所指的原因是人们已知的客观事实 所以 复合句的重心在主句 不在从句 例如 sinceyouhavenolicense youarenotallowedtodrive 因为你没有驾驶执照 所以不允许你开车 ashewasnotwellenough ihadtogowithouthim 由于他身体欠佳 我只好不带他去了 状语从句疑难点 5 because since as for的区别 3 for的语气不及because since as强 为并列连词 引导的分句常放在主句之后 从句前通常用逗号 表示说话者为所做的推断和预测提供理由 或对前一分句进行补充和解释 如 itmusthaverainedlastnight forthegroundiswet for分句表示说话者推断 昨晚天下雨 的理由 此时 because不能替代for 因为地湿不是造成下雨的直接原因 原句可改为 thegroundiswet for becauseitrainedlastnight 状语从句疑难点 5 sothat so that such thatwewerein whenweleftthatweforgottheairlinetickets 2003上海高考 a arushsoanxiousb asuchanxiousrushc soananxiousrushd suchananxiousrushsallyworkedlateintheeveningtofinishherreport herbosscouldreaditfirstthenextmorning 2003安徽春招 a sothatb becausec befored orelse 状语从句疑难点 6 sothat so that such thatsothat 以便 结果 表目的和结果 注意 在从句中有情态动词表目的 无情态动词表结果 so that 如此 以致于 表结果 该结构常见于 1 so 形 副 that2 so 形 a an 单数名词 that3 so many much 复数名词 不可数名词 thatsuch that 如此 以致于 表结果该结构常见于 1 such a an 形 名词 that2 such 形 复数名词 不可数名词 that 状语从句疑难点 6 as though引导的倒装句1 hetalksalotabouthisfavouritesingersafterclass a aquietstudentashemaybeb quietstudentashemaybec quietashemaybeastudentd ashemaybeaquietstudent2 hewasunabletomakemuchprogress a hardashetryb hardashetriedc ashetriedhardd hetriedhard 状语从句疑难点 7 as though引导的倒装句as though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前 形容词 副词 分词 实义动词提前 fastasyouread youcan tfinishthebooksosoon 纵然你读得快 你也不能这么快读完这本书 注意 a 句首名词不能带任何冠词 childas thoughhewas heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo thoughhewasasmallchild heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo 状语从句疑难点 7 as though引导的倒装句注意 b 句首是实义动词 其他助动词放在主语后如果实义动词有宾语和状语 随实义动词一起放在主语之前 tryhardashewill heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily thoughhetrieshard heneverseems 虽然他尽了努力 但他的工作总做的不尽人意 objectasyoumay i llgo though althoughyoumayobject i llgo 纵使你反对 我也要去 状语从句疑难点 7 thisisaveryinterestingbook i llbuyit 陕西 a nomatterhowitmaycostb howmayitcostc howmuchmayitcostd howevermuchitmaycosthetriedhisbesttosolvetheproblem difficultitwas tianjin2005 a howeverb nomatterc whateverd although 状语从句疑难点 8 youcaneatfoodfreeinmyrestaurant youlike chongqinog2004 a wheneverb whereverc whateverd however motherwillwaitforfathertohavedinnertogether nmet1997 a howeverlateisheb howeverlateheisc howeverishelated howeverheislate 状语从句疑难点 8 nomatter 疑问词 或 疑问词 后缀ever nomatterwhathappened hewouldnotmind whateverhappened hewouldnotmind 注意 nomatter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句 1 错 nomatterwhatyousayisofnousenow 对 whateveryousayisofnousenow whateveryousay是主语从句 2 错 prisonershavetoeatnomatterwhatthey regiven 对 prisonershavetoeatwhateverthey regiven 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么 状语从句疑难点 8 nounclausesfunctionlikenounsinasentence andcanbethesubject theobjectorthepredicative theystartwiththewordthat orwithaquestionword what which whose when how why whereandwho0 oriforwhether whatisnounclause yourwordwasright whatyousaidwasright whatyousaid作主语 为subjectclauseiwanttoknowyouropinion iwanttoknowwhetheryouagreeitornot whetheryouagreeitornot作宾语为objectclause whatisnounclause theproblemisnotsettledyet theproblemishowtosettletheproblem howtosettletheproblem作表语为predicativeclausethenewsofourvictoryisexciting thenewsthatwehavewoninthegameisexciting thatwehavewoninthegame作同位语为appositionclause whatisnounclause 1 在主语从句中连词的确定 1看意义 2看在从句作何成分 1 knowledgecomesfrompracticeisknowntoall a whatb wherec ifd that2 isknowntoallthatwtostandsforworldtradeorganization a whichb whatc asd it3 wecan tgetseemsbetterthan wehave a what whatb what thatc that thatd that what4 we llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather a ifb whetherc thatd where5 thereislifeonanotherplanetisalmostimpossible a howb thatc whyd whether 主语从句应注意的问题 d d a b b 2 主语从句作主语时般为单数 1 thaticanpaybackthehelppeoplegiveme mehappy make 2 whetherhe llbeabletocome notyetknown be 3 whytheyhavenotleftyet unclear be 4 whereapersoncomesfrom theirstyleofspeech affect 5 howtheycamehere everyoneofus puzzle 6 whattheywanttobuy books be 当what引导的从句有时可是复数 3 由于主语从句在句首往往会造成主语过长 因此在句首的通常是it做形式主语 而真正的主语放到后面 这时在句中的that不能省略 thatthewoundedsoldierisstillaliveisawonder itisawonderthatthewoundedsoldierisstillalive 主语从句应注意的问题 makes is is affects puzzles are 4 if一般不能用于引导主语从句 表示是否 应用whether来引导 1 ornoti llofferhelpisuptome 2 hewillhelpusisstillaquestion 5 在itisnecessary important advisable strange proper unusual wonderful natural surprising that句型中 会出现虚拟的结构 如 1 itisproperthatyou himnottodoit warn 2 itissuggestedthatwe ameetingnextweek attend 3 itisrequiredthateveryone therules obey 4 itisrequiredthatnobody here stay 5 itisimportantthateverypupil abletounderstandtheruleofschool be 6 it simportantthatwe goodcareofthepatient take 主语从句应注意的问题 whether whether warm attend obey stay be take 1 think believe suppose expect等动词的宾语从句如是否定 往往转移到主语上来 如 idon tthinkthatheisright idon texpectthatheisathome 2 在带复合宾语的句子中 that引导的宾语从句要放到句子的后面 it做形式宾语 youmaythinkitstrangethatanyonecouldliveinsuchaplace ihearditsaidthathehadwonthefirstprize 3 关于that的省略 宾语从句中的that一般都是可以省略的 但是当有两个宾语从句时 第二个从句的引导词that不能省略 hesaidhewasnotinatthattimeandthatheshouldbeblamedfortheaccident 4 当宾语从句中动词与从句被插入语分开是 that不能省略 whenhegottolondon hefound however thathisenglishwastoopoor 宾语从句应注意的问题 5 当以下动词后带宾语从句时 会出现虚拟的结构 insist order suggest require demand advise plan propose等 1 hesuggestedthatwe hisoffer accept 2 thegeneralorderedthatthetroop anotherattackassoonaspossible make 3 heorderedthatthestudents theclotheseveryweekbythemselves wash 4 sherecommendedthatwe givingoffense avoid 5 heinsistedthatallofus thereontimebyanymeans arrive 6 hewishedhe that 他希望他没讲那样的话 7 hetalksaboutromeasthoughhe therehimself 他谈论起罗马来就好像他去过那里似的 宾语从句应注意的问题 accept make shouldwash shouldavoid arrive hadn tsaid hadbeen 6 在宾语从句中连词的确定 1看意义 2看在从句作何成分 1 weknowlittleabouttheyoungladyexcept youtoldme a whatb thatc howd 2 isthemostusefulinvention a doyouthinkwhichoftheseb whichofthesedoyouthinkc whichoftheseyouthinkd youthinkwhichofthese3 thesephotographswillshowyou a whatourvillagelookslikeb whatdoesourvillagelooklikec howourvillagelooksliked howdoesourvillagelooklike4 thefiredestroyed wasinthebuilding a allb whatc thatd which5 youwillrealize breaksthelawwillbepunished a thatthosewhob thatthosethatc whoeverd thosewhoever 宾语从句应注意的问题 a b a b a 何为同位语 1 由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构 其中前项与后项所指相同 句法功能也相同 后项是前项的同位语 mr smith ournewteacher isverykindtous 我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好 ournewteacher是主词mr smith的同位语 指同一人 yesterdayimettom afriendofmybrother s 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆 afriendofmybrother s 是受词tom的同位语指同一人 hetaughtusstudentsenglish students是us的同位语weyouthshouldstudyhardforourcountry youth是we的同位语 同位语从句 在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句 它一般跟在某些名词后面 用以说明该名词表示具体内容 如 iheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon 我听到了我们队获胜的消息 ihadnoideathatyouwerehere 我不知道你在这里 可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有new idea fact promise question doubt thought hope message suggestion word 消息 possibility等 如 i vecomefrommrwangwithamessagethathewon tbeabletoseeyouthisafternoon 我从王先生那里来 他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了 英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词that whether 连接副词how when where等 如 lhavenoideawhenhewillbeback 我不知道他什么时候回来 hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreestoifornot 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题 1 表语从句的引导词如果为that时 不能省略 thereasonofhisabsenceisthathestayeduptoolatethenightbeforeandcouldnotgetupthatmorning 2 当主语为it that this时 because可以引导句子 出现在表语的位置上 否则 because应引导原因状语从句 itisbecauseweareclosertothesuninsummer thisisbecausehebrokethelaw 表语从句应注意的问题 if 和 whether 1 句首时用whether不用if 2 与不定式连用是用whether不用if 3 与ornot连用的多为whether 不是if 4 在系动词后用whether 不用if 5 容易引起歧异的用whether 不用if tellmewhetheryoulikeit tellmeifyoulikeit 告诉我你是否喜欢它 如果喜欢它 告诉我 attributiveclausesarelikeadjectives theygivemoreinformationaboutsomething theystartwitharelativepronoun which that who whomandwhose orarelativeadverb where whenandwhy therearetwokindsofattributiveclauses restrictiveandnon restrictive whatisattributiveclause 定语从句的构成 定语从句所修饰的词叫作先行词antecedent 引导定语从句的词叫关系词 关系代词和关系副词 关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句 如 therewasayoungmanwholikedpaintings 句中 who为关系代词 定语从句wholikedpaintings修饰先行词ayoungman 再如 thisisthehousewhereilivedlastyear 句中 where为关系副词 定语从句whereilivedlastyear修饰先行词thehouse 先行词antecedent的作用 1 定语从句一般应紧跟在先行词之后2 先行词是人用who whom whose 先行词不是人用which that whose when where 3 先行词确定who which that的单数或复数 4 先行词确定用that或which 5 先行词被thesame such修饰用as 先行词antecedent的作用 定语从句一般应紧跟在先行词之后把下面的句子改成定语从句 1 iknowtheboy hecanspeakenglishwell 2 thewomangotthejob wesawheronthestreet 3 theseasonissummer itcomesafterspring iknowtheboy whocanspeakenglishwell theseasonwhichcomesafterspringissummer thewoman whom wesawonthestreetgotthejob 先行词antecedent的作用 先行词确定who which that的单数或复数1 mrliistheonlydealerwho goodprice give 2 i who yourteacher willtellyouhowtouseit be 3 thesearethequestionswhich tobeanswered be 4 thehousethat ontheothersideoftheroadbelongstomary be 5 pleasetellthenewstoeveryonewho toattendthelecture want gives am are is wants 先行词确定用that或which只能用that做关系代词的情况1 当先行词是指物的不定代词时 如 all few little much every something anything everything 等2 当先行词被序数词或最高级和theonly thevery last next just等表强调的词修饰时3 当人和物合做先行词时attention 1 若主句中有疑问代词who which为了避免重复 2 在therebe句型中 只用that 不用which 先行词antecedent的作用 1 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分 去掉它主句意思往往不明确 翻译时应该译成一句 非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明 去掉了也不会影响主句的意思 它与主句之间通常用逗号分开 翻译时一般该译成二句 连词不用that thisisthehousewhich thatweboughtlastmonth 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子 限制性 thehouse whichweboughtlastmonth isverynice 这幢房子很漂亮 是我们上个月买的 非限制性 ihaveabookwhichisabouttheearth 我有一本关于地球的书 ihaveabook whichisabouttheearth 我有一本书 它是关于地球的书 限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别 as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 1 which引导的从句与主句关系较密切 常放在主句之后 而as引导从句 可放在句首 句中或句尾 2 which既可代指先行词 又可代指整个主句的内容 相当于 andthis or andthat 译为 这一点 bambooishollow whichmakesitverylight 竹是中空的 这一点使它很轻 mysonnowgoestotheschool whichiusedgotowheniwasachild 我儿子现在上学 我小时候也这样 3 而as则只能代指整个主句的内容 译为 正如 那样 且已形成固定结构 如 asisknown asissaid asisreported asisoftenthecase asisexpected etc eg einstein asisknown isafamousscientist 众所周知 einstein是著名的科学家 asisreported chinahasbecomeanimportantcountryintheworld 正如报道的 中国已成为世界上一个重要国家 hedidn tcometoattendthemeeting asisexpected 正如报道的 他没有参加会议 高考题解析 1 isreportedinthenewspaper talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress a itb asc thatd what 2004京 34 2 isoftenthecase wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan a whichb whenc whata as 2004苏 33 3 helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantheothers ofcourse madetheothersenvyhim a whob thatc whatd which 2004津 23 4 theweatherturnedouttobeverygood wasmorethanwecouldexpect a whatb whichc thatd it 1994全国 39 5 isknowntoeverybody themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth a itb asc thatd what 2001全国 34 as as which which as 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 1 同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系 即说明它前面名词的内容 而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系 即限定前面的名词范围 或补充一些情况 如 thenewsthatlhovepassedtheexamistrue 我通过了考试这一消息是真的 同位语从句 that从句所表达的意思就是news的内容 thenewsthathetoldmejustnowistrue 他刚才告诉我的消息是真的 定语从句 that从句对news起修饰限制作用 即 他告诉我的 那个消息 而不是别的消息 例1 informationhasbeenputforward moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities nmet2001上海 a whileb thatc whend as析 答案为b moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities是information的内容 且information不在从句中作成分 所以该句为同位语从句 应将该句区别于 itissaidthatmoremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities thisistheinformation hasbeenputforward a whatb thatc whend as析 答案为b thathasbeenputforward为information的修饰性定语 且information在从句中作主语 所以该句为定语从句 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 例2 sheheardaterriblenoise broughtherheartintohermouth met91 a itb whichc thisd that析 答案为b 分析语境含义 句子结构和句子成分可知 该句为非限制性定语从句 先行词为aterriblenoise 且它在从句中作主语 应将该句区别于 ican tstandtheterriblenoise sheiscryingloudly a itb whichc thisd that析 答案为d sheiscryingloudly是theterriblenoise的内容 且theterriblenoise不在从句中作成分 所以该句为同位语从句 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 注意与有it的定语从句相区别 强调句型的判断方法是 将 itis was that who 结构去掉 剩下部分能构成一个完整的句子便是强调句型 itwassixyearsago hewenttotokyo 该句强调句型用that 因为去掉强调结构后仍然是一正确句子 即 sixyearsagohewenttotokyo itistheplayground ipickeduphisjacket 该句中只能填where引导定语从句 itwasmidnight hecameback itwasatmidnight hecamebackitwasonoctober1st 1949 hejoinedthepartythathewaskilled itwasoctober1st 1949 hejoinedthepartythathewaskilled itwasinthestreet imethimyesterday itwasthestreet imethimyesterday itisintheclassroom wewillhavethetest itistheclassroom wewillhavethetest when that that when that where where that 1 itis was willbethe 序数词 timethat从句 该句型意为 这是是某人第某某次做某事了 主句谓语动词用is时 从句用现在完成时 主句的谓语动词用was时